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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula | Mountain Silver Sagebrush
ABBREVIATION :
ARTCANV
SYNONYMS :
Artemisia cana var. viscidula Osterhout
A. argilosa Beetle [43]
SCS PLANT CODE :
ARCAV2
COMMON NAMES :
mountain silver sagebrush
silver sagebrush
coaltown sagebrush
TAXONOMY :
The fully documented scientific name of mountain silver sagebrush is
Artemisia cana Pursh. ssp. viscidula (Osterhout) Beetle.
The taxonomy presented here follows that of Beetle [2], who
differentiated three subspecies of silver sagebrush based upon
morphological, geographical, and ecological characteristics. Subspecies
viscidula represents the mountain form of the silver sagebrush complex.
Natural hybrids have been found between this subspecies and tall
threetip sagebrush (A. tripartita ssp. tripartita), mountain big
sagebrush (A. tridentata ssp. tridentata), and basin big sagebrush (A.
tridentata ssp. vaseyana). It has been hypothesized that subalpine big
sagebrush (A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana var. vaseyana) developed from a
cross between mountain big sagebrush and mountain silver sagebrush
[2,22].
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
N. McMurray, October 1986
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
N. McMurray, September 1988
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
McMurray, Nancy E. 1986. Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula | Mountain Silver Sagebrush
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Mountain silver sagebrush is generally restricted to areas along and
west of the Continental Divide. Its range extends from southeastern
Oregon, southern Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming southward through eastern
Nevada, Utah, and Colorado and into the northern portions of Arizona and
New Mexico [2,4,15]. This subspecies has been found east of the Divide
at the northern extension of its range in Montana, both in Beaverhead
County [24] and in Cascade County [29].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
STATES :
AZ CO ID MT NV NM OR UT WY
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
CEBR GLAC GRTE ROMO YELL ZION
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K018 Pine - douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K037 Mountain mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K063 Foothills prairie
SAF COVER TYPES :
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Mountain silver sagebrush is considered a climax species within
nonforested communities. It has been used as an indicator species in a
number of grassland, shrubland, and riparian typing systems throughout
the Rocky Mountains. Publications listing mountain silver sagebrush as
a dominant or codominant shrub layer species are as follows:
A preliminary classification of the natural vegetation of Colorado [1]
Classification of Artemisia vegetation in the Gros Ventre area, Wyoming [6]
Habitat characteristics of the Silver Lake mule deer range [8]
Sagebrush-grass habitat types of southern Idaho [16]
Plant associations of Region 2: Potential plant communities of Wyoming,
South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, and Kansas [17]
Habitat types on selected parts of the Gunnison and Uncompahgre National
Forests [18]
Grizzly bear distribution, use of habitats, food habits, and habitat
characterization in Pelican and Hayden Valleys, Yellowstone National
Park [14]
Grassland and Shrubland habitat types of western Montana [25]
The vegetation of Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, Wyoming [27]
A preliminary description of plant communities found on the Sawtooth,
White Cloud, Boulder, and Pioneer Mountains [28]
Soil-vegetation relationships of some Artemisia types in North Park,
Colorado [31]
Shrub-steppe habitat types of Middle Park, Colorado [33]
Plant associations (habitat types) of Region 2 [34]
Riparian community type classification of eastern Idaho - western
Wyoming [42]
Species commonly associated with mountain silver sagebrush include
native grasses such as slender wheatgrass (Elymus caninus), Sandberg
bluegrass (Poa secunda), bromes (Bromus spp.), fescues (Festuca spp.)
and a variety of rushes and sedges (Carex spp.). Seeded grasses have
become established on many areas; understories are sometimes composed
entirely of Kentucky bluegrass (P. pratense), rushes, and sedges.
Extensive, meadow-like stands have been reported on gently sloping,
alluvial benches, and toeslopes in portions of western Wyoming [42].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula | Mountain Silver Sagebrush
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Riparian zones dominated by mountain silver sagebrush are unique
habitats that contribute diversity and increase edge in nonforested
communities throughout the Rocky Mountains. Most sites are inaccessible
in the winter months due to snow cover; however, during the rest of the
year these areas are utilized by a variety of wildlife species. In
Oregon they provide fair cover and forage near water during much of the
mule deer fawn-rearing season [9]. They are important foraging areas
for mule deer, pronghorn, and sage grouse due to the lush growth of
native forbs and grasses produced by high water in spring.
PALATABILITY :
The relative palatability of mountain silver sagebrush is not widely
documented. In the Rocky Mountains stands are inaccessible during the
winter [3], and apparently summer use is also low. Winward [39] reports
limited fall browsing of flowerstalks in Oregon.
The relish and degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for
mountain silver sagebrush in several western states is rated as follows
[10]:
CO MT UT WY
Cattle Fair Fair Poor Fair
Sheep Fair Good Fair Good
Horses Poor Fair Poor Fair
Pronghorn ---- ---- Poor ----
Elk ---- ---- Fair ----
Mule deer ---- ---- Fair ----
Small mammals ---- ---- Fair ----
Small nongame birds ---- ---- Fair Fair
Upland game birds ---- ---- Good ----
Waterfowl ---- ---- Poor ----
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
As a whole, the silver sagebrush complex is rated as fair in energy
value and fair to good in protein value [10].
COVER VALUE :
Mountain silver sagebrush plants can provide hiding cover due to such
structural attributes as free branching, layering, and root sprouting.
The moderate height of the shrubs makes them acceptable hiding cover for
mule deer. On most sites, however, densities and canopy cover are not
sufficient to provide good thermal cover. Swans, geese, rabbits, and
coyotes utilize stands as cover [9].
The degree to which mountain silver sagebrush provides environmental
protection during one or more seasons for wildlife species in Utah is as
follows [10]:
Pronghorn Poor
Elk Poor
Mule deer Poor
Small mammals Good
Small nongame birds Good
Upland game birds Fair
Waterfowl Poor
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Due to its rhizomatous nature and ability to tolerate seasonally
saturated soils, mountain silver sagebrush appears to be a good
candidate for revegetating harsh sites within the Intermountain region.
It grows well on clay spoils and coal mine wastes and has been used
successfully for mined land reclamation [22]. Seed stored up to 4 years
remains viable [2].
Silver sagebrush subspecies occurring in the Intermountain region are
generally adapted for planting on sites having poorly drained, heavy
soils [20]. Monsen [23] recommends that silver sagebrush be used for
riparian plantings in mountain brush and sagebrush/desert communities.
Plants can be propagated via stem or root cuttings and also by wildings
[11,15]. Transplant material should consist of rooted cuttings, 1-0
nursery stock, or hardened-off, containerized stock.
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
In the Pacific Northwest, waterholes are sometimes developed in snow
catchment basins dominated by mountain silver sagebrush [9]. Drainage
ditches are dug across the basin floor to rapidly concentrate
spring-runoff from wide, shallow naturally occurring ponds into deeper
reservoirs where the water does not evaporate as readily. Consequently,
a reliable water source is maintained further into the livestock grazing
season. In smaller basins the drainage is so greatly improved that big
sagebrush and rabbitbrush are able to invade and replace stands of
silver sagebrush. Another method of creating additional water sources
without sacrificing the unique qualities of silver sagebrush communities
involves the installation of "guzzlers" (catchment aprons with storage
tanks) in adjacent community types.
Silver sagebrush has been used as an ornamental in England. In America,
this species has been used historically as fuelwood by both Indians and
white settlers [21].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
On many mountain silver sagebrush sites, competition between deer and
livestock for the associated herbaceous species is potentially high.
Grazing should be managed to protect plant vigor and also to protect the
riparian nature of these areas.
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula | Mountain Silver Sagebrush
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Mountain silver sagebrush is an erect, freely branching, native,
long-lived, aromatic, deciduous shrub reaching 3.3 feet (1 m) in height
[2]. This subspecies is not as silver in appearance as plains silver
sagebrush. The leaves of mountain silver sagebrush are smaller, more
narrow, and darker green than those of plains silver sagebrush and are
often crowded in clusters [22]. Although leaf morphology is highly
variable, leaves are generally simple, entire, and tapered at both ends.
On sites where the two occur together, mountain silver sagebrush is
always darker green than mountain big sagebrush [22]. In the Pacific
Northwest, mountain silver sagebrush is morphologically quite similar to
Bolander silver sagebrush (A. cana ssp. bolanderi), but can be
distingished by darker green leaves [39] and the absence of dense stem
tomentum [29]. Although allelopathy has been documented in plains
silver sagebrush [15], its occurrence in the mountain subspecies has not
been verified.
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Throughout its range, mountain silver sagebrush employs both sexual and
vegetative reproductive strategies. Within the Artemisia genus, the
silver sagebrush complex is distinguished by its ability to resprout
following disturbance. Vegetative regeneration is apparently the
primary mode of reproduction. Mountain silver sagebrush plants are
capable of spreading through rhizomes and root sprouting; they also
readily layer [2,9]. Little regeneration information has been reported
for this subspecies; however, a number of studies have involved plains
silver sagebrush. See Artemisia cana ssp. cana regeneration slot for
details.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
As the common name implies, mountain silver sagebrush represents the
high elevation form within the silver sagebrush complex. This
subspecies is typically associated with riparian zones within
nonforested, mountainous communities at elevations above 5,500 feet
(1,677 m) in the Rocky Mountains and above 6,900 feet (2,100 m) in the
Great Basin [15,21,24,39]. Sites include streamsides, meadow margins,
seeps, depressions, and wet mountain slopes. Mountain silver sagebrush
sites are characterized by seasonally high soil moisture conditions and
are often associated with areas of heavy, lingering snowpack. Although
generally well-drained, soils become saturated in the spring and early
summer [16], and standing water occassionally accumulates for short
intervals [9]. This subspecies usually occupies deep soils; surface
textures are highly variable. Soils are often derived from limestone
[29].
Throughout much of its range, mountain silver sagebrush occurs as
stringers along the edges of stream courses, moist meadows, and ponds.
Although silver sagebrush is usually the only component of a low shrub
stratum, sites support an abundant herbaceous understory, and ground
cover is generally high on all but the most severely disturbed sites.
Sites in Oregon are reportedly capable of producing over 2,000 pounds
(909 kg) of dry weight herbage per acre [39].
Elevational ranges for several western states are presented below
[6,18,25,28,33,42]:
from 7,872 to 9,840 feet (2,400 to 3,000 m) in CO
6,000 to 8,400 feet (1,830 to 2,561 m) in ID
greater than 6,000 feet (1,830 m) in MT
6,500 to 9,000 feet (1,982 to 2,744 m) in WY
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Mature, self-perpetuating stands of mountain silver sagebrush are
indicative of climax conditions in nonforested communities. Plants are
established during early seral situations and coexist with later
arriving species.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Detailed information has not been documented concerning the phenological
development of mountain silver sagebrush. Preliminary data on water
relations in plains silver sagebrush indicate that as plant moisture
stress becomes greater, phenology advances [38]. The following
generalized sequence has been described by Beetle [2] for Wyoming:
Growth initiation late April to May
Flowers blooming August to September
Seed matures October to November
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula | Mountain Silver Sagebrush
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Unlike the majority of woody Artemisias, the silver sagebrush complex is
moderately resistant to fire mortality. Generalized information
indicates that silver sagebrush resprouts vigorously via root sprouts
and rhizomes following fire [2]. Postburn regeneration also involves
the germination of off-site, wind-dispersed seed [40]. Preburn
coverages are rapidly regained in most cases. Studies on plains silver
sagebrush indicate that as burn intensity and severity increase, plant
mortality also increases and regrowth decreases [37]. See fire case
study information under plains silver sagebrush (A. cana ssp. cana) for
further details.
Fire effects information on mountain silver sagebrush has not been
widely documented. Apparently resprouting abilities differ between the
mountain (ssp. viscidula) and high desert (ssp. bolanderi) subspecies
[41]. Herbaceous production is potentially quite high on mesic sites
characterized by mountain silver sagebrush [39], and dense stands are
candidates for control measures. Although burning appears to be an
effective means of managing plant densities in the plains subspecies,
the degree to which these data apply to mountain silver sagebrush is
unknown. The mesic nature of most areas dominated by this subspecies
suggests that burns must be well-timed, especially where shrub control
is an objective.
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula | Mountain Silver Sagebrush
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Fire effects on mountain silver sagebrush is not well documented.
Burning causes complete top-kill of plants regardless of the degree to
which aerial plant parts are consumed (fire intensity). Studies on the
morphologically similar plains silver sagebrush indicate that the extent
to which plants survive burning is directly related to fire intensity
and severity. Totally consumed plants sustain higher mortalities than
those less thoroughly burned. This trend is further accentuated by
season of burning; more plants survive spring burns than fall burns
[37]. Apparently soil moisture and phenological stage at the time of
burning have a significant influence on plant survival [38].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
In general, mortality in silver sagebrush is directly related to fire
intensity and fire severity as effected by soil moisture content at the
time of burning. White and Currie [37] conducted spring and fall burns
under comparable site conditions on a mixed-grass prairie in eastern
Montana. Results indicate significant differences in the mortality of
plains silver sagebrush on spring versus fall burns. Fall burning
produced a two- to three-fold increase in mortality over that of spring
burning. Mortalities were greatest when high intensity burns coincided
with dry soil moisture conditions; conversely, most plants were able to
survive moderately intense burns when conducted under high soil moisture
conditions. Apparently internal water stress in plants is increased as
the season progresses and soils dry out [38]. Soil moisture was
significantly diminished throughout the upper 23 inches (60 cm) of the
soil profile from early July through late September on study sites.
The degree to which this information applies to mountain silver
sagebrush is unkown. Since soil moisture content appears to have a
significant impact on plant mortality, attempts at plant control through
the use of fire would necessitate dry conditions in order to be
effective. Burning under the more mesic conditions associated with
mountain silver sagebrush sites may not achieve the desired effects.
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Information regarding the response of mountain silver sagebrush to fire
is lacking. As a group, the silver sagebrush complex resprouts
vigorously following fire. Postfire regeneration involves sprouting
from rootcrowns and rhizomes; new individuals are also established from
wind-dispersed seed [40,41]. Detailed fire response data has been
reported for plains silver sagebrush in Montana [37]. These studies
indicate that plant size prior to burning has little effect on
subsequent survival or regrowth; apparently postburn response varies in
relation to soil moisture conditions and season of burning. Preburn
levels are quickly restored following most spring burning, and the
majority of plants survive and resprout vigorously due to the combined
effects of reduced fire severities and favorable moisture conditions.
Because of the adverse growing conditions, fall burning results in
significant decreases in plant numbers and has a more lasting effect
upon plant coverages [37].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
Although not well-documented, most fire effects information on silver
sagebrush indicates that densities are rapidly regained and usually
enhanced following burning [7]. Recent detailed studies involving
plains silver sagebrush in Montana [37] indicate that increases in burn
intensity and severity tend to retard the resprouting abilities of
surviving plants. Season of burning also has an influence on postfire
response. Following spring burning sagebrush plants produced relatively
few (3 to 4) sprouts per plant. Stem elongation was rapid, however.
Severely burned plants reached heights of at least 8 inches (20 cm)
within 3 months of burning, while less severely burned plants grew to
over 12 inches (30 cm). Most plants were characterized by dense foliage
and a bushy growth form. In contrast, fall burning resulted in plants
which produced more sprouts per plant but which had little regrowth.
Lightly burned plants had an average of 10 sprouts per plant but failed
to reach 8 inches (20 cm) within 3 months of breaking dormancy. Plants
which were severely burned had only four sprouts per plant and averaged
less than 2.4 inches (6 cm) in length.
These results suggest that burning can be used to achieve a range of
management objectives within plains silver sagebrush stands. On winter
ranges where this subspecies is a palatable forage, spring burning can
be used to enhance plant coverages and rejuvenate stands. Where plant
control is deemed necessary, fall burning can drastically reduce
coverages. The degree to which these results apply to mesic sites
dominated by mountain silver sagebrush is presently unknown. Since soil
moisture conditions have a profound effect on postburn response, burns
must be precisely timed in order to have the desired effect on plant
densities.
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula | Mountain Silver Sagebrush
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Index
Related categories for Species: Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula
| Mountain Silver Sagebrush
|
 |
