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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Atriplex canescens | Fourwing Saltbush
ABBREVIATION :
ATRCAN
SYNONYMS :
Atriplex occidentalis
Atriplex tetraptera
Atriplex nuttallii
Obione canescens
Obione occidentalis
Obione tetraptera
Pterchiton canescens
Pterchiton occidentalis
SCS PLANT CODE :
ATCA2
COMMON NAMES :
fourwing saltbush
wingscale
hoary saltbush
shadscale
chamiza
buckwheat shrub
cenizo
bushy atriplex
salt sage
wafer sage
TAXONOMY :
The fully documented scientific name of fourwing saltbush is Atriplex
canescens (Pursh) Nutt. [18]. Commonly recognized subspecies and
varieties are as follows [18]:
Atriplex canescens ssp. aptera (A. Nels.) Hall & Clements
Atriplex canescens ssp. canescens
Atriplex canescens ssp. canescens var. canescens
Atriplex canescens ssp. canescens var. laciniata Parish
Fourwing saltbush is one of the most variable and rapidly evolving
species in North America [53]. Numerous ecotypes, races, varieties, and
forms have been described. Mutations, alloploidy, and autoploidy are
common. Both diploid and polyploid (2n, 4n, 6n, 10n, 12n) races have
been described, and hybridization with other saltbush species is common.
Natural hybrids occur between fourwing saltbush and twelve other species
of saltbush (Atriplex spp.) including Atriplex tridentata, shadscale (A.
confertifolia), mound saltbush (A. obovata), Castle Valley clover (A.
cuneata), saltsage (A. gardneri), A. falcata, allscale saltbush (A.
polycarpa), and A. garrettii [51,52,53]. Artificial hybrids with spiny
hopsage (Grayia spinosa), spineless hopsage (G. brandegi), and black
greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) have also been produced [39].
Fourwing saltbush x Atriplex tridentata hybrids are very common
throughout Utah [52]. Saltsage x fourwing saltbush hybrids are
widespread in northern Wyoming and southern Montana and form populations
which have been delineated as the subspecies A. canescens ssp. aptera
(aptera fourwing saltbush). Some taxonomists prefer to recognize this
entity as a separate species, A. aptera [52]. Products of fourwing
saltbush x A. falcata crosses have been designated "A. bonnevillensis"
by some taxonomists, and products of hybridization with allscale
saltbush have been delineated as "A. laciniata" [52].
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
D. Tirmenstein, November 1986.
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
D. Tirmenstein, September 1990
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Tirmenstein, Debra A. 1986. Atriplex canescens. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Atriplex canescens | Fourwing Saltbush
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Fourwing saltbush is widely distributed throughout the western United
States from the Pacific Coast Ranges to the Great Plains [25]. It
extends from northern Mexico to southern Canada [36].
Diploids occur most commonly in Mexico, New Mexico, and southern
Arizona, with an isolated population in the Little Sahara Sand Dunes of
central Utah [53]. Tetraploids are widely distributed and hexaploids
reach greatest abundance in Nevada [53]. Decaploids and 12ploids grow
in southern California, Baja California, and northwestern Mexico [53].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
STATES :
AZ CA CO ID KS MT ND NE NM NV
OK OR SD TX UT WA WY AB MB MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
ARCH BADL BAND BIBE BICA BRCA
CACH CANY CARE CACA CHCU COLM
DEVA DINO FOBO GLCA GRCA GRSA
GUMO JOTR LAMR MEVE MOCA NABR
ORPI PEFO SAGU SCBL TICA WACA
WHSA WICA WUPA YELL ZION
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K037 Mountain mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K039 Blackbrush
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K041 Creosotebush
K044 Creosotebush - tarbush
K051 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K053 Grama - galleta steppe
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem prairie
K070 Sandsage - bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K098 Northern floodplain forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon - juniper
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Fourwing saltbush occurs as an understory species in many Great Basin
conifer forests, pinyon (Pinus spp.)-juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands,
northern and southern desert shrublands, Mohave and Sonoran desert
scrub, and salt desert scrub communities [29,56,62]. It is seldom found
in pure stands, but grows as a dominant or codominant species in a
number of saltbush-grassland communities. Common codominants or
associates include blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), black grama (B.
eriopoda), galleta (Hilaria jamesii), alkali sacaton (Sporobolus
airoides) and other dropseeds (Sporobolus spp.), bottlebrush
squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum
smithii), Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), rubber rabbitbrush
(Chrysothamnus nauseosus), black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus),
black sagebrush (Artemisia nova), and broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia
sarothrae) [14,59,62]. Fourwing saltbush is listed as a dominant or
indicator species in the following publications:
Phyto-edaphic communities of the Upper Rio Puerco Watershed, New Mexico [10]
Preliminary habitat types of a semiarid grassland [11]
Plant associations of Region Two: Potential plant communities of
Wyoming, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, and Kansas [17]
A series of vegetation classification of Region 3 [28]
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Atriplex canescens | Fourwing Saltbush
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Fourwing saltbush is a valuable browse for many wildlife species and for
domestic livestock. However, significant variation exists in
palatability and nutritional levels of individuals and populations of
fourwing saltbush [27]. Consumption varies annually and may be related
to differences in salinity of the foliage [59]. Research indicates that
some browsers such as jackrabbits may show a preference for either
pistillate or staminate plants [67]. On many cold desert sites,
accessions in which leaves and seed persist are browsed heavily during
fall and winter months [37,39]. Leaves usually remain succulent during
the hot, dry summer months and can provide some forage even in years
when annuals fail. Fourwing saltbush generally provides good deer
browse during all seasons and is used by elk in winter [59]. Pronghorns
may feed on this shrub to some extent during all seasons of the year
[71]. Fourwing saltbush is a preferred browse of many rabbits and small
mammals [39]. Seeds are readily eaten by upland game birds, small
nongame birds, and rodents [39].
Fourwing saltbush has fair to good forage value for domestic sheep and
goats, and at least fair forage value for cattle [37]. In some areas,
leaves and twigs are consumed "in quantity" by cattle during the spring
and summer [25]. On rare occasions, fourwing saltbush has caused
scours, bloat, and anemia in domestic livestock [59].
PALATABILITY :
Fourwing saltbush is palatable to livestock, pronghorn, and deer in all
seasons, and to elk in fall and winter [59]. However, palatability
varies seasonally and annually [27]. Seeds and, in some instances,
foliage are also preferred by many species of upland game birds, small
nongame birds, rodents, and lagomorphs [39]. Palatability has been
rated as follows [7,57]:
CO MT OR UT WY
Cattle Fair Fair ---- Fair Fair
Sheep Good Good ---- Good Good
Horses Fair Fair ---- Fair Good
Pronghorns Good Poor ---- Good Good
Bighorn ---- ---- Fair ---- ----
Elk Good ---- ---- Fair Poor
Mule deer Good Fair ---- Good Good
White-tailed deer Poor ---- ---- ---- ----
Small mammals Fair ---- ---- Fair Fair
Small nongame birds Fair ---- ---- Fair Fair
Upland game birds ---- ---- ---- Fair Poor
Waterfowl ---- ---- ---- Poor Poor
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Fourwing saltbush is rated good in protein and energy value [7].
However, nutritional value is known to vary greatly by individual,
accession, plant part, and phenological development. Crude protein
levels range from 5.3 to 24.2 percent, with ash ranging from 13.3 to 16
percent [37,60]. Welch and Monsen [61] reported a mean winter crude
protein value of 9.6 percent. Nutrient content of fourwing saltbush has
been examined in detail [37,38,69]. The following values were obtained
from a Utah site in November [37]:
Crude Protein Crude Fiber Tannins Oxalates Carotene
10.4% 22.6% 5.8 mg/g 1.9% 31.1mg/100g
Mineral content is as follows [38]:
Ash P Fe K Ca Na
(percent dry weight)
12.89 .23 .02 4.68 1.60 .18
In vitro digestibility of fourwing saltbush ranges from 29.1 to 46.9
percent or more, with an average value of 38.3 percent [61]. Wintering
white-tailed or mule deer require approximately 50 percent
digestibility, suggesting the need to mix fourwing saltbush with species
such as big sagebrush, and dormant grasses to satisfy nutritional needs
[61].
COVER VALUE :
Fourwing saltbush has been planted to provide cover for upland game
birds in many parts of California since the 1960's [46]. In shrub tests
at a semiarid southern Idaho site, fourwing saltbush exhibited the
highest mean cover index (derived from crown diameter, growth form, and
leaf type and retention) for pheasant, California quail, and gray
partridge [46]. However, growth form and leaf retention and thus cover
value vary greatly by individual plant and accession. Cover value of
fourwing saltbush has been rated as follows [7]:
CO MT UT WY
Pronghorns Poor ---- Fair Poor
Elk ---- ---- Poor Poor
Mule deer Poor ---- Fair Poor
White-tailed deer ---- ---- ---- Poor
Small mammals Fair Fair Good Poor
Small non-game birds ---- Fair Fair Poor
Upland game birds Fair Fair Fair Poor
Waterfowl ---- ---- Poor Poor
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Fourwing saltbush has been widely used for rehabilitating mine spoils,
roadsides, and oil well reserve pits high in soluble salts [41]. It is
well suited for revegetating saline sites in southern and northern
desert shrublands, pinyon-juniper woodlands, and mountain brush
communities [72]. A number of cultivars have been developed including
'Rincon,' 'Wytana,' and 'Marana.' 'Rincon,' originally from
north-central New Mexico, is adapted to much of the Intermountain region
and grows well on sagebrush, pinyon-juniper woodland, and mountain
brushland sites ranging from 3,000 to 7,600 feet (915-2,318 m) in
elevation which receive 9 to 23 inches (23-58 cm) of precipitation
annually [3]. It is characterized by extremely rapid growth and high
productivity. 'Marana,' from southern California, is a hot desert
cultivar which has been widely planted from southern Arizona to western
Texas [53]. It does not survive temperatures below 10 degrees F (-12
degrees C). 'Wytana,' another widely used cultivar, originated from a
fourwing saltbush-saltsage cross. It grows well on coal, uranium,
bentonite, and hard rock mine spoils in Montana and Wyoming [3].
Researchers strongly recommend matching the cultivar or strain to be
used to the site in which it is to be grown. Cold-tolerant cultivars
may sometimes survive in warm climates, but hot desert cultivars often
succumb during harsh cold winters [68]. Evidence from a California
study suggests that rabbits and small rodents prefer strains from
distant areas to those adapted to the site [35]. Nonadaptive plants may
be seriously damaged or killed by these herbivores.
Seed may be broadcast or drill-seeded, but broadcasting often produces
better results [39]. However, seeding success is generally somewhat
sporadic. Seeding specifications by habitat zones are as follows [39]:
habitat broadcast (lbs/acre) drilled (lbs/acre)
Big sagebrush 1 0.5
Big sagebrush-severely 2 2
disturbed
Blackbrush 5 2.5
(Coleogyne ramossisima)
Black greasewood 1-2 0.5-1
Inland saltgrass 4 2
(Distichlis stricta)
Mountain brushland 1 0.5
Shadscale saltbush 1.5 1
(Atriplex confertifolia)
Seedlings, which tend to be more drought tolerant and less susceptible
to predation, may be transplanted with good results [46,72]. Seedlings
are generally transplanted during the early spring, since 3 weeks or
more of good soil moisture is required for establishment [9]. On
coal-based acidic spoils, pH adjustment through the application of lime,
and the addition of phosphorus may be necessary [45]. Sand or ash may
be spread over the spoils, the sand top-dressed, and sand or shale
incorporated into the spoils to improve fourwing saltbush growth [45].
Seedling survival is generally greater in areas lacking significant
amounts of perennial grasses [4]. A number of studies have documented
seedling success, relative costs, and growth rates on various types of
mine sites in several western states [1,20,30,32]. Pertinent data are
presented below.
Wyoming-
Seeding success and expenses at a Wyoming mine site were as follows
[20]:
Seeding rate Cost per acre Established seedlings Cost per
per acre per 1,000 seeds seedling
1.0 lb $20.00 3.30 0.12
52,000 seeds
First-year survival of bareroot transplants was estimated at 84 percent,
with a cost per plant of $0.24 [20].
Nevada-
On a seeded mine site in north-central Nevada, fourwing saltbush
seedlings grew rapidly and matured within 4 years [30].
New Mexico-
A New Mexico mine rehabilitation project was direct-seeded with fourwing
saltbush without irrigation and drip-irrigated transplants. Growth here
after 5 years was as follows [1]:
Survival Height Crown Diameter
Plot 1 62% 72.4 cm 55.4 cm
Plot 2 88% 62.2 cm 59.7-98.3 cm
Arizona-
Fourwing saltbush successfully reestablished on southwestern Arizona copper
mine spoils with the following soil characteristics [32]:
pH Sol. salts Organics Na P NO3N
(ppm) (%) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
Tailing 7.75 355 .21 66 31 22
Overburden 7.85 2,452 .14 135 2 7
Mulching and irrigation are often required for establishment on mine
spoils [59]. Seven years after planting, growth of fourwing saltbush
was as follows [32]:
Plant Height (m) Diameter of Cover (m)
Tailing 1.4 2.6
Overburden 1.5 3.1
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Fourwing saltbush has been planted along many highways in the Southwest
[46]. It has been used to stabilize roadsides and other disturbed areas
and to improve production of depleted rangelands. It can be of great
value in watershed rehabilitation by trapping sediments on alluvial
floodplains [1].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Grazing: Fourwing saltbush often increases in response to heavy grazing
[65] and generally shows good recovery even when grazed fairly heavily
during the spring and fall [44]. In an Idaho study, up to 50 percent
utilization of annual growth by cattle did not adversely affect fourwing
saltbush [44]. The amount of available forage typically increases
throughout the growing season as follows [44]:
12 g/sq m May
33 g/sq m July
43 g/sq m August
Livestock poisoning: Fourwing saltbush grown in selenium-enriched soil
can accumulate selenium in excess of 160 p/m, creating a hazard to
browsers using large amounts of the plant [5]. Dayton [6] noted that
fourwing saltbush could sometimes poison sheep and if fed in
concentration could possibly cause scours in cattle.
Biomass: Fourwing saltbush herbage production has ranged from 5,195 to
5,379 pounds/acre (5,903-6,113 kg/ha) [37]. Herbage production could be
increased to 6,679 to 8,949 pounds/acre (7,590-10,169 kg/ha) by closely
spacing plants [37]. Productivity per plant ranges from 0.43 to 3.20
pounds (197-1,451 g) but averages approximately 1.49 pounds (664 g)
[61]. The cultivar 'Rincon' can produce from 5.72 to 9.69 pounds per
plant (2,600-4,400 g) [61]. Diploids tend to be more productive than
tetraploids, although variation by individual and accession is common
[37].
Interaction with grasses: The presence of fourwing saltbush enhances
growth of grasses such as crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum). A
greater concentration of nitrogen and other minerals under the fourwing
saltbush canopy may contribute to increased grass density [37,44].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Atriplex canescens | Fourwing Saltbush
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Fourwing saltbush is an erect, warm-season, freely branching evergreen
shrub [44,69] which generally grows from 1 to 7 feet (30-200 cm) in
height and from 1 to 15 feet (30-450 cm) in crown diameter [25]. A
giant or gigas form which is found in the Little Sahara Sand Dunes near
Jerico, Utah grows at nearly twice the rate of other fourwing saltbush
populations and typically reaches 8 to 15 feet (244-457 cm) in height,
with a crown spread of 12 to 15 feet (366-457 cm) [49,54]. Growth form
of fourwing saltbush varies from open and treelike to a dense, closed
canopy [47].
Fourwing saltbush is described as the most variable and rapidly evolving
species in North America [53]. Populations and individuals exhibit
great variation in chemical composition, reproduction, palatability,
seed production, sex expression, growth form, winter hardiness, leaf
retention, and tolerance to soil salinity or alkalinity [27]. Numerous
varieties, races, ecotypes, and forms, each adapted to a specific
habitat, have been identified. Diploid and polyploid races occur (2n,
4n, 6n, 10n, and 12n), with most populations autotetraploid (4n)
[51,53]. Most chromosomal races are morphologically distinct enough to
permit easy identification [51]. Most populations of fourwing saltbush
include both dioecious and low frequencies of monoecious individuals
[54]. Crowding, drought, and winter-induced stress can all result in
sex changes, usually by the pistillate individuals which assume male
characteristics [24,70].
Leaves are sessile to sub-sessile, entire, and gray-scrufy [69]. Some
accessions produce summer leaves which are followed by winter leaves,
whereas others produce only summer leaves [53]. Fourwing saltbush has a
deep and extensive root system, which can extend to 19.5 feet (594 cm)
in depth [6]. A plant 3.5 feet (107 cm) tall with a crown spread of 4
feet (121 cm) was found to have roots 6.5 feet (198 cm) deep in a
10-foot (304.8 cm) radius [34]. Fourwing saltbush accumulates wood
annually [50]. Mature plants often have considerable amounts of dead
wood in the crown (up to 60 percent of the total wood)[16]. Woody
tissues apparently absorb water in the spring when moisure has
evaporated [39].
Fruit of the fourwing saltbush is a wind- or gravity-dispersed, winged
utricle [9]. Fruit size and production are highly variable. Leaves and
fruit may persist into or even through the winter [39].
Fourwing saltbush is generally resistant to drought and tolerant of soil
salinity and alkalinity [37]. Salts from the soil in which it grows
tend to accumulate in the tissue of fourwing saltbush. These
accumulated salts may act as an "antifreeze" in more northern climates
or alternately may promote greater drought tolerance [50].
The lifespan of fourwing saltbush is variable. On neutral soils in
mountain brushlands, maturation is rapid, with senecence occurring at
approximately 10 years [39]. However, on drier alkaline sites, the
lifespan of fourwing saltbush is significantly longer [39].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Seed: Fourwing saltbush typically produces an abundance of light, wind-
or gravity-dispersed seed [9]. Seed production in this prolific species
has been observed in plants as young as 1 year of age, although this is
probably uncommon [9]. Wide annual fluctuation in annual seed
production occurs as does ecotypic variability in the amount of seed
produced at a particular site [9,26]. Seed fill is also highly
variable, ranging from very little to 75 percent or more [9]. Cultivars
generally produce fill in excess of 70 percent [9]. Little is known
about length of seed viability under natural conditions; however, seeds
have remained viable for 10 to 16 years in laboratory tests [40,46].
Seeds often remain on the plants until the following spring and can
persist on the plant for up to 2 years in some instances [9].
Germination: Germination is often erratic and varies greatly according
to ecotype, race, or form [41]. Germination rates are generally higher
in diploid than in tetraploid chromosomal races [55]. These differences
are illustrated below [54]:
Pollen Seed Seed Germination
Fertility Germination Fill of Filled Seed
(%) # % # % # %
Diploids 72 316/1100 28.7 1194/3720 32 1053/1194 88.11
Tetraploids 51 549/5800 9.5 1400/4093 34 140/2828 4.90
Maximum germination occurs between 55 and 75 degrees F (13-24 degrees C)
[67]. Germinating fourwing saltbush is best able to tolerate moisture
stress at 63 degrees F (17 degrees C) [41] and does not respond to the
presence or absence of light [46]. Dewinging seeds and using a
hammermill generally speed germination [41]. A 10-month afterripening
period typically enhances germination of fourwing saltbush [9].
Chemical treatments, scarification, and water soaks have been tried, but
none of these methods have consistently improved germination [9]. The
removal of pericarps generally speeds germination [58] but seed coats
are quite variable. Scarification has increased germination in some
types of fourwing saltbush seed but has had little effect on others
[67]. Although timing varies greatly, seedlings can emerge in only 6 to
20 days [9].
Seed Source Temperature Days % Germination
CA 65-75 degrees F 30 44
NM 65 degrees F 30 94
UT 32-38 degrees F 50 53
Vegetative regeneration: The fourwing saltbush is known to reproduce
vegetatively through root sprouting or layering. Adventitious buds
sometimes form on the root crown or underground portions of the stem
[63]. The relative importance of vegetative reproduction is not well
documented for this species. However, a study of two New Mexico sites
revealed that up to 77 percent and 96 percent of the plants respectively
were of root sucker origin [63]. The gigas diploid form which grows in
the Little Sahara Sand Dunes of Utah is known to layer [25].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Fourwing saltbush is well adapted to a wide range of temperature and
soil conditions. It is highly tolerant of drought, salinity, and
alkalinity. Fourwing saltbush occurs on sand dunes, in gravelly washes,
on mesas, ridges, alluvial plains, and slopes [25].
Soils: Fourwing saltbush is particularly common on deep, well-drained,
sandy often alkaline soils in desert and foothill ranges of the Great
Basin [49]. However, it also grows well on heavy clay and on
selenium-enriched soil [5,25]. Although fourwing saltbush has been
reported on sites with as much as 1 percent soluble salts [39], soil
salinity usually ranges from 307 to 1,693 p/m, and healthy plants have
been observed growing on soils with soluble salts in excess of 4,229 p/m
[60]. Cultivars have been developed which grow readily on coal,
uranium, bentonite, and copper or other hard rock mine spoils [3].
Elevation: Generalized elevational ranges are as follows [7]:
from 3,900 to 8,600 feet (1,190 to 2,623 m) in CO
4,200 to 8,000 feet (1,281 to 2,440 m) in UT
4,400 to 6,900 feet (1,342 to 2,105 m) in WY
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Fourwing saltbush occurs in a number of climax saltbush-grassland
communities. It also readily colonizes newly disturbed areas and is
well represented in many early seral communities [62].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Leaves generally remain succulent even during midsummer [29] when most
annual growth has ceased [44]. Depending on the accession or even the
individual, leaves may be retained throughout the winter months. Some
accessions produce summer leaves followed by winter leaves, whereas
others produce only summer leaves [53]. In the Upper Sonoran Desert,
growth resumes in spring to early summer, and in the Lower Sonoran
Desert, renewal growth begins with summer rains [59]. Time of flowering
is as follows [7]:
Beginning of Flowering End of Flowering
CO May September
MT August October
ND July August
UT May September
WY June September
Fruit generally ripens from October to December, with seed dispersal
from October through April (3 to 4 months after flowering) [9,59]. In
some instances, seed may remain on the plants for 1 or 2 years [9].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Atriplex canescens | Fourwing Saltbush
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Fourwing saltbush is a fire-tolerant sprouter which typically recovers
fully within 2 or 3 years after a burn [64]. Because of its unusually
low volatilization rate, fourwing saltbush has been described as "fire
resistant" [38].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Atriplex canescens | Fourwing Saltbush
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Fourwing saltbush is reportedly tolerant of fire. It is characterized
by a low volatization rate which renders the plant relatively
"fire-resistant" [38]. Char formation is increased at the expense of
flammable volatile compounds [38].
In most locations, underground regenerative structures survive even when
aboveground portions of the plant are consumed by fire [64]. However,
in southern Idaho, forwing saltbush seedlings were readily killed by
fire [S. Whisenant, pers. comm. 1987]. Young plants may be more
susceptible to fire-induced mortality, or ecotypic variation in
susceptibility may exist [S. Whisenant, pers. comm. 1987].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Fourwing saltbush generally sprouts vigorously from the root crown or
underground portions of the stem following fire [64]. However, no
sprouting was observed after young plants were burned in southern Idaho
[S. Whisenant, pers. comm. 1987]. Plants are presumably capable of
reestablishing some sites through an abundance of wind-dispersed seed
from adjacent unburned areas.
Reestablishment is usually rapid, with full recovery possible within 2
or 3 years [64]. The cultivar 'Rincon' was seeded and successfully
established within 2 years after fire in central Utah [4].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Fuels and flammability: Because of its unusually low volatilization
rate, fourwing saltbush was tested for use as a firebreak species in
southern California [38]. Researchers learned that fourwing saltbush
communities usually average less than 15 tons of fuel per acre [33].
Research also indicated that the greater the ash content, the higher the
moisture content of the foliage of fourwing saltbush [33]. Ash levels
typically range from 5.6 to 24.2 percent [60]. Heat value of fourwing
saltbush ranges from 7,500 to 10,000 BTUs per pound, with foliage
averaging 8,475 BTUs per pound [33].
Postfire rehabilitation: Managers have successfully planted cultivars
of fourwing saltbush on many burned sites with good results. Fourwing
saltbush recovers rapidly and cultivars such as 'Rincon' have
reestablished certain burned sites which had few competing perennial
grasses within only 2 years after fire [4]. In postburn communities
this shrub produced an average of 20 times the crown volume of winterfat
and 40 times the crown volume of big sagebrush [4].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Atriplex canescens | Fourwing Saltbush
REFERENCES :
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Index
Related categories for Species: Atriplex canescens
| Fourwing Saltbush
|
 |
