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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Betula occidentalis | Water Birch
ABBREVIATION :
BETOCC
SYNONYMS :
Betula fontinalis
Betula fontinalis var. inopina
Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis
Betula papyrifera ssp. occidentalis
Betula occidentalis var. fecunda
Betula occidentalis var. inopina
SCS PLANT CODE :
BEOC2
COMMON NAMES :
water birch
red birch
black birch
spring birch
mountain birch
Rocky Mountain birch
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of water birch is Betula
occidentalis Hooker [12,22,46]. There are no recognized subspecies,
varieties, or forms.
In eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, western Idaho, and southern
British Columbia, water birch hybridizes with paper birch (Betula
papyrifera) producing many intermediate forms which appear to be well
established locally [20].
LIFE FORM :
Tree, Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Ronald Uchytil, August 1989
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1989. Betula occidentalis. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Betula occidentalis | Water Birch
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Water birch is distributed from southern Alaska to southern Manitoba and
North Dakota, and south to southern California and New Mexico [31]. It
is absent along the Pacific Coast mountain ranges [1]. In California,
water birch is found mainly on the east side of the southern Sierra
Nevada Mountains, with only a few isolated colonies on the west side
[13], and is mostly lacking from the central and northern Sierra Nevada
Mountains [39].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
AK CA CO ID MT NE NV ND OR SD
UT WA WY AB BC MB NT SK YT
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
BAND BICA BLCA BRCA CACH CANY
CARE CEBR COLM CODA DEVA DINO
FLFO GLAC GLCA GRCA GRTE GRKO
MEVE MORU NOCA ROMO THRO TICA
WICA YELL YOSE ZION
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Peidmont
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K007 Red fir forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K037 Mountain mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K070 Sandsage - bluestem prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K098 Northern floodplain forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
207 Red fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
213 Grand fir
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
235 Cottonwood - willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
247 Jeffrey pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Water birch is most often found in riparian woodland communitiesqq
characterized by cottonwoods (Populus spp.), willows (Salix spp.),
alders (Alnus spp.), and box elder (Acer negundo) [15,21,25,35,47].
These communities often occur as narrow bands adjacent to streams on
alluvial terraces throughout the mountainous West in the Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), or Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmannii) zones but may extend well into big sagebrush
(Artemisia tridentata) flats [18,30,34,47]. Water birch also grows in
riparian communities in the Mojave Desert of California [13]. In North
Dakota, aspen (Populus tremuloides)/water birch habitat types are found
on relatively steep northeast- to east-facing slopes of upland ravines
[16].
Published classification schemes listing water birch as a dominant part
of the vegetation in community types (cts), habitat types (hts),
riparian site types (rst), or dominance types (dts) are presented below.
Area Classification Authority
ND: Theodore general veg. hts Hansen, Hoffman,
Roosevelt Natl Park and Bjugstad 1984
seMT,swND,nwSD,neWY: upland forest & Hansen, Hoffman,
Missouri Plateau woodland veg. hts and Steinauer 1984
MT,WY: Bighorn Canyon general veg. cts Knight & others 1987
Natl Rec Area
WY riparian veg. cts Olson and Gerhart 1982
CO general veg. cts Baker 1984
MT riparian veg. dts Hansen, Chadde, and
Pfister 1988
swMT riparian veg. rst,cts,hts Hansen, Pfister, Joy
[and others] 1989
nUT, seID riparian veg. cts Youngblood & others
1985
sUT riparian veg. cts Padgett and Youngblood
1986
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Betula occidentalis | Water Birch
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
Water birch seldom reaches commercial size and is therefore of
little importance for wood products. However, the wood is "hard and
heavy" and is used locally for firewood and fence posts [21,30].
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Water birch is only lightly browsed by most classes of livestock. Sheep
and goats seem to browse this plant more than other livestock [44].
This species can sometimes form dense, monotypic stands, thereby
excluding access to livestock [15]. Community herbage production for
livestock may be low as a result of frequent flooding and alluvium
deposition [15].
Browsing of water birch by big game animals such as mule deer and elk is
light; use increases when other more palatable woody species become
scarce [18,28,29]. Birch (Betula spp.) catkins, buds, and seeds are
eaten by numerous bird species including sharp-tailed grouse, spruce
grouse, ruffed gouse, redpolls, pine siskin, chickadees, and kinglets
[6,37]. The broad-tailed hummingbird and red-naped sapsucker feed on
sap oozing from holes in the bark made by sapsuckers [14]. Beaver build
dams and lodges with water birch stems [14].
PALATABILITY :
Water birch is generally considered to have a poor to fair palatability
rating for most classes of livestock and wildlife. It may be slightly
more palatable to sheep and goats than to cattle and horses. The relish
and degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for water
birch in several western states is rated as follows [8,10,23,40,41].
AZ CA CO MT ND UT WY
Cattle ---- poor-fair poor poor poor poor ----
Sheep good poor-fair poor poor poor fair ----
Horses ---- poor poor poor poor poor ----
Goats good fair ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Pronghorn ---- ---- ---- ---- poor poor poor
Elk ---- ---- ---- poor ---- fair fair
Mule deer ---- fair-good ---- ---- poor fair fair
White-tailed deer ---- ---- ---- ---- fair ---- fair
Small mammals ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- poor good
Small nongame birds ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- poor good
Upland game birds ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- poor fair
Waterfowl ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- poor poor
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Water birch's energy and protein value is rated as fair [8].
COVER VALUE :
Water birch often occurs in dense stands which provide excellent thermal
and hiding cover for many wildlife species [15]. A member of woodland
riparian communities, water birch contributes to structural diversity
which is an important habitat requirement of many avian species [30,47].
Grouse often winter in these riparian habitats and use water birch for
cover and food [32]. Cavity-nesting birds utilize mature trees [47].
Plants overhanging streambanks provide shade and organic matter
important for fish habitat [47].
The degree to which water birch provides environmental protection during
one or more seasons for wildlife species is as follows [8]:
CO MT ND UT WY
Pronghorn ---- ---- ---- poor poor
Elk poor ---- ---- good fair
Mule deer fair ---- fair good good
White-tailed deer ---- ---- good ---- good
Small mammals ---- fair ---- good poor
Small nongame birds ---- good ---- good poor
Upland game birds ---- good ---- fair poor
Waterfowl ---- ---- ---- poor poor
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Water birch is well-adapted for revegetating disturbed riparian sites.
Nursery-grown seedlings transplanted onto moist sites establish easily
and grow rapidly [37,45], but direct seeding is considered unreliable
[37]. Once transplants become established their roots effectively
stabilize the streambank [47]. The best time for transplanting is in
the spring just as the buds begin to turn green [24].
Seed may be collected from local trees for establishing nursery stock.
Proven seed collection and planting methods should be followed [6].
Seedlings are normally transplanted when 1 or 2 years old.
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
In Utah, water birch is recommended for landscape plantings in
residential areas occurring on historic mule deer winter range. Many
traditionally used landscape plants have been heavily browsed and
damaged by mule deer. However, water birch is normally browsed only
moderately by mule deer and recovers quickly [2].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Soils on steep streambanks may be susceptible to sloughing, especially
along trails used by livestock and wildlife. Heavy recreational use
associated with fishing in nearby streams may increase sloughing rates
[15].
The dense root system of water birch effectively stabilizes streambanks.
Stands should therefore be maintained for their streambank stabilization
value [15,47].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Betula occidentalis | Water Birch
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Water birch is a highly variable species occurring as a deciduous shrub
or small tree. On favorable sites it may attain tree stature and grow
to about 33 feet (10 m) tall with several trunks having diameters of
about 14 inches (36 cm) [5,21]. However, it is more often found as a
shrub with several spreading trunks. As plants mature, dormant buds
hidden beneath the bark at the base of the trunk begin to sprout sending
up small new trunks alongside the original one. As these grow they also
produce sprouts so that a massive clump of up to a hundred or more stems
of all sizes is produced [30]. This dense thicket of multiple stems may
extend outward for several yards [15,47]. Windthrow is common since
plants are shallowly rooted and grow on sites with high water tables
[30]. The bark is thin, dark reddish-brown or yellowish-brown to brown
to nearly black on young trunks and has pale horizontal lenticels. It
does not peel as readily the bark of paper birch (Betula papyrifera)
does [21,46]. The leaves are simple, alternate, ovate to elliptic, 0.5
to 2 inches (1-5 cm) long and 0.25 to 1.6 inches (0.7-4 cm) wide, and
usually doubly serrate [5,46]. Mature plants have separate male and
female catkins. One or sometimes two pistillate catkins occur on a
lateral spur and become conelike at maturity. The fruit is a
broad-winged samara.
In eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, western Idaho, and southern
British Columbia water birch freely hybridizes with paper birch
producing many intermediate forms [20]. This further adds to the high
variability this species exhibits.
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Undisturbed State: Phanerophyte (microphanerophyte)
Burned or Clipped State: Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
The dispersal of thousands of small wind-blown seed is water birch's
primary method of reproduction.
Water birch plants are monoecious. Male flowers occur in narrow catkins
that form in the summer, remain naked until the next spring, and then
elongate and shed their pollen. The pistillate catkins appear with the
leaves, then become conelike as they mature by late summer or autumn.
Seed, in the form of winged nutlets, are dispersed in the fall by wind
and sometimes by water. During late fall and winter the catkins
disintegrate on the plant, a process which may be aided by the foraging
activities of small birds such as chickadees or kinglets. Seeds have
been observed blowing over crusted snow [6,30].
Birch (Betula spp.) seeds are very small and light. All birch average
from several hundred thousand to a few million seed per pound [6].
Light is apparently needed for good germination. Seed can germinate
soon after dispersal in the fall or the following spring. Nursery
managers have found that birch seedlings require shade for 2 to 3 months
during their first summer [6].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Water birch is typically a riparian plant, occurring almost exclusively
along streams, springs, or other water courses [1,15,21,35]. It is most
often found in colonies adjacent to streams on alluvial terraces or
steep sideslopes [15,18,35,47]. This species is very flood tolerant, in
some areas enduring floods every year [26]. Plants may occasionally be
found on uplands [16,36].
Associated species: Water birch is commonly found with other riparian
trees and shrubs. Commonly associated trees include several
cottonwoods, boxelder, bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum), aspen,
peachleaf willow (Salix amygdaloides), Douglas-fir, and Rocky Mountain
juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) [25,30,34,35]. Commonly associated
shrubs include red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea), woods rose (Rosa
woodsii), nootka rose (R. nutkana), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana),
thinleaf alder (Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia), Saskatoon serviceberry
(Amelanchier alnifolia), sandbar willow (Salix exigua), yellow willow
(S. lutea), inland currant (Ribes setosum), and skunkbush sumac (Rhus
trilobata) [15,18,24,34,47].
Soils: Water birch occurs on a wide variety of soil textures. In
Montana, silty or sandy soils overlying a rocky substrate are most
common [15]. In Utah, coarse-textured soils are most common, and most
soils contain at least 35 percent rock fragments [35,47]. Profiles are
usually thin and overlie river cobbles [18]. Water birch has very high
nutritional requirements especially for magnesium and calcium. Both
elements are normally available for uptake where it grows [26].
Elevation: Water birch generally occurs at low to middle elevations
[15,18,35,47]. Elevational ranges for the following western states are
presented below [8,13,19,23,33,39,46]:
from 7,000 to 8,000 feet (2,134-2,438 m) in AZ
2,000 to 9,000 feet (610-2,743 m) in CA
5,500 to 8,000 feet (1,676-2,438 m) in the White Mtns of CA
4,920 to 9,000 feet (1,500-2,750 m) eastern slope, southern
Sierra Nevada Mtns of CA,NV
5,000 to 9,500 feet (1,524-2,896 m) in CO
3,000 to 8,000 feet (914-2,743 m) in MT
4,000 to 8,800 feet (1,220-2,685 m) in UT
5,800 to 8,500 feet (1,768-2,591 m) in WY
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Although water birch communities are normally restricted to streamsides
which receive seasonal flooding, most communities appear to be stable,
with little changes in the vegetation due to flooding [35,47].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Water birch is a deciduous shrub or small tree. Male catkins begin
blooming in the spring before or as the leaves expand. After
fertilization the female catkins ripen and develop into conelike
structures which resemble "miniature spruce cones" [24] and
disintegrate on the tree in the fall and winter [6,30]. The leaves turn
yellow before they drop in the fall [36].
Flowering dates for several western states are presented below
[8,33,36]:
State Flowering Begins Flowering Ends
CA April May
CO May June
ID Feb June
MT April Sept
ND May June
UT May July
WY May August
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Betula occidentalis | Water Birch
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Water birch is generally restricted to streamside communities where
fires occur infrequently [7]. When fires do occur, water birch's
aboveground plant parts are easily killed by fire; however, plants
normally resprout from basal buds [18]. Wind-transported seed from
off-site plants may also be important in establishing new individuals
following fire [15].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
off-site colonizer; seed carried by wind; postfire years 1 and 2
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Betula occidentalis | Water Birch
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Aboveground plant parts of water birch are easily destroyed by fire
because its bark is both thin and flammable [18]. However, plants will
normally resprout from uninjured basal buds [15,18].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Water birch often sprouts from uninjured basal buds following fire
[15,18]. Fires may expose mineral soils which are favorable seedbeds for
this species' light, wind-dispersed seed [15].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Water birch is normally restricted to riparian areas which may act as
natural fire breaks [7].
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SPECIES: Betula occidentalis | Water Birch
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Intermountain Region, Ecology and Classification Program. 104 p.
[Preliminary draft]. [3054]
Index
Related categories for Species: Betula occidentalis
| Water Birch
|
 |
