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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Ceratiola ericoides | Rosemary
ABBREVIATION :
CERERI
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
CEER3
COMMON NAMES :
rosemary
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name for rosemary is Ceratiola
ericoides Michx. [11]. There are no subspecies, varieties, or forms.
Rosemary is a monotypic genus placed with two other genera (Empetrum and
Corema) in the Empetraceae or Crowberry family, which is closely related
to Ericaceae [14].
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Milo Coladonato, November, 1992
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Ceratiola ericoides. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Ceratiola ericoides | Rosemary
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Rosemary is distributed along the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains from
southeastern South Carolina to the Escambia River in the Florida
Panhandle. Continuous populations exist in northern and central
Florida. Discontinous populations occur in the coastal counties of
Georgia and Mississippi [3,5,28].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
STATES :
FL GA MS SC
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
FOCA GUIS
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
NO-ENTRY
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K089 Black Belt
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K115 Sand pine scrub
SAF COVER TYPES :
69 Sand pine
71 Longleaf pine - scrub oak
74 Cabbage palmetto
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
89 Live oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
In addition to overstory associates mentioned above, common associates
include loblolly-bay (Gordonia lasianthus), myrtle oak (Quercus
myrtifolia), sand live oak (Q. virginiana var. geminata), chapman oak
(Q. chapmanii), hickory (Carya spp.), and red bay (Persea borbonia).
Shrub species found with rosemary include rusty lyonia (Lyonia
ferruginea), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), gallberry (I. glabra), fetterbush
(L. lucida), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), cabbage palmetto (Sabal
palmetto), and wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera) [5,6,8].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Ceratiola ericoides | Rosemary
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Lesser scaup and occasionally black bear eat the fruit of rosemary
[12,28].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
Rosemary stands provide nesting sites for the northern cardinal,
yellow-rumped warbler, gray catbird, common yellow throat, mourning
dove, and the federally threatened Florida scrub jay [4,29].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
In the Florida scrub, rosemary does not present any management problems
because it does not compete or hinder the growth of pines (Pinus spp.)
or evergreen scrub oaks (Quercus spp.) [25].
The seeds of rosemary are attacked primarily by fungi and insects [14].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Ceratiola ericoides | Rosemary
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Rosemary is a native, evergreen, dioecious, needle-leaved shrub that
grows to about 8 feet (2.5 m) tall. It has bushy branches and a
distinct, erect form. The slender stems are straight, and the small
leaves are alternate or whorled on the twigs. The buds are at the stem
tips. The very small sessile flowers are borne along the twigs at the
base of the leaf axils. The fruit is a juicy yellow drupe containing
two seeds [2,7,22].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Rosemary is a prolific seed producer; the literature suggests that
regeneration from seed is its only mode of reproduction. Seed
production begins at 15 to 20 years, peaks at 25 to 30 years, and then
declines. The seed is dispersed by several species of birds; it passes
through their digestive tracts unharmed. Many seeds are lost to mice
and insect predation [21,22,28].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Rosemary commonly occurs in scrub oak woods, dry open pinelands, and
stable dunes in the southeastern United States. It grows on
well-drained to excessively drained, infertile, acid to strongly acid
sandy soils of the order Entisols. The soils are made of quartz sands,
white to grayish with very little clay, silt of humus mixture, and no
horizon development. Rosemary often forms pure stands on the slightly
higher elevations which are surrounded by scrubby flatwoods [3,6,24].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Obligate Initial Community Species
Rosemary is a pioneer species. When there is a disturbance from a tree
falling, a road, or a fire, rosemary seedlings appear. As the site
matures, the oaks and palmettos begin to shade out rosemary [3,14].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Rosemary flowers from early spring to early summer. The fruit ripens in
the late summer and the seed is dispersed in the late fall [8,28].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Ceratiola ericoides | Rosemary
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Fire-stimulated germination of seed is rosemary's only known
fire survival mechanism, since it does not reproduce vegetatively. It
is adapted to a fire cycle of not less than 10 years and no more than 40
years. Fire intervals of less than 10 years would deplete the seed
bank. Fire intervals of longer than 40 years would selectively favor
plants that produce large seed crops when past the age of 40 years
[14,18,20].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Shrub without adventitious-bud root crown
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Ceratiola ericoides | Rosemary
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Rosemary is readily killed by fire [13,14].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Rosemary seeds germinate in response to fire [1,26]. Johnson [15]
reported that rosemary biomass increases slowly from postfire years 2 to
4, rapidly from postfire years 4 to 10, and less rapidly from postfire
years 10 to 34.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Burning dune scrub at intervals shorter than 15 to 20 years prevents
rosemary shrub from reaching reproductive maturity [16].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Ceratiola ericoides | Rosemary
REFERENCES :
1. Abrahamson, Warren G. 1984. Species response to fire on the Florida Lake
Wales Ridge. American Journal of Botany. 71(1): 35-43. [9608]
2. Austin, Daniel F. 1976. Florida scrub. Florida Naturalist. 49(4): 2-5.
[2900]
3. Austin, Daniel F.; Posin, Freda R.; Burch, James N. 1987. Scrub species
patterns on the Atlantic Coastal Ridge, Florida. Journal of Coastal
Research. 3(4): 491-498. [9340]
4. Breininger, D. R.; Schmalzer, P. A. 1990. Effects of fire and
disturbance on plants and birds in Florida oak/ palmetto scrub
community. American Midland Naturalist. 123(1): 64-74. [9875]
5. Brendemuehl, R. H. 1990. Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg.
sand pine. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical
coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric.
Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service: 294-301. [13392]
6. Craighead, Frank C., Sr. 1971. The trees of south Florida. Vol. 1. The
natural environments and their succession. Coral Gables, FL: University
of Miami Press. 212 p. [17802]
7. Davis, John H., Jr. 1943. The natural features of southern Florida
especially the vegetation, and the Everglades. Geological Bull. No. 25.
Tallahassee, FL: State of Florida, Department of Conservation, Florida
Geological Survey. 311 p. [17747]
8. Zobel, Donald B. 1990. Effects of low temperature, seed source, and seed
age on germination of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. Canadian Journal of
Forestry Research. 20: 1053-1059. [12096]
9. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
10. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
11. Godfrey, Robert K. 1988. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of northern
Florida and adjacent Georgia and Alabama. Athens, GA: The University of
Georgia Press. 734 p. [10239]
12. Harlow, Richard F. 1961. Characteristics and status of Florida black
bear. Transactions, 26th North American Wildlife Conference. 26:
481-495. [15402]
13. Hartnett, David C.; Richardson, Donald R. 1989. Population biology of
Bonamia grandiflora (Convolvulaceae): Effects of fire on plant and seed
bank dynamics. American Journal of Botany. 76(3): 361-369. [9647]
14. Johnson, Ann F. 1982. Some demographic characterisitcs of the Florida
rosemary Ceratiola ericoides Michx. American Midland Naturalist. 108(1):
170-174. [19142]
15. Johnson, Ann F.; Abrahamson, Warren G.; McCrea, Kenneth D. 1986. Compar.
of biomass recovery after fire of a seeder (Ceratiola ericoides) and a
sprouter (Quercus inopina) species from south-central Florida. American
Midland Naturalist. 116(2): 423-428. [10217]
16. Johnson, Ann F.; Barbour, Michael G. 1990. Dunes and maritime forests.
In: Myers, Ronald L.; Ewel, John J., eds. Ecosystems of Florida.
Orlando, FL: University of Central Florida Press: 430-480. [17394]
17. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
18. Laessle, Albert M. 1958. The origin and successional relationship of
sandhill vegetation and sand-pine scrub. Ecological Monographs. 28(4):
361-387. [9780]
19. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession
following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall
Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council
fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No.
14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
20. Mulvania, M. 1931. Ecological survey of a Florida scrub. Ecology. 12(3):
528-540. [9992]
21. Myers, Ronald L. 1985. Fire and the dynamic relationship between Florida
sandhill and sand pine scrub vegetation. Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club. 112(3): 241-252. [11606]
22. Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie. 1968. Manual of
the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of
North Carolina Press. 1183 p. [7606]
23. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
24. Richardson, Donald Robert. 1977. Vegetation of the Atlantic Coastal
Ridge of Palm Beach County, Florida. Florida Scientist. 40(4): 281-330.
[9644]
25. Richardson, D. R.; Williamson, G. B. 1988. Allelopathic effects of
shrubs of the sand pine scrub on pines and grasses of the Sandhills.
Forest Science. 34(3): 592-605. [5427]
26. Cress, William A. 1982. The effect of varied watering regimes on proline
production in Atriplex canescens, Hilaria jamesii, and Agropyron
smithii. In: Aldon, Earl F.; Oaks, Wendall R., eds. Reclamation of mined
lands in the Southwest: a symposium; 1982 October 20-22; Albuquerque,
NM. Albuquerque, NM: Soil Conservation Society of America--New Mexico
Chapter: 165-169. [711]
27. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.
National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names.
SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]
28. Van Dersal, William R. 1938. Native woody plants of the United States,
their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture. 362 p. [4240]
29. Woolfenden, Glen E. 1973. Nesting and survival in a population of
Florida scrub jays. Living Bird. 12: 25-49. [16723]
Index
Related categories for Species: Ceratiola ericoides
| Rosemary
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