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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Chimaphila menziesii | Little Prince's Pine
ABBREVIATION :
CHIMEN
SYNONYMS :
Pyrola menziesii R. Br. ex D. Don [17,24,40]
SCS PLANT CODE :
CHME
COMMON NAMES :
little prince's pine
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of little prince's pine is
Chimaphila menziesii (R. Br.) Sprengel [17,22,24,40]. There are no
recognized subspecies, varieties, or forms.
Little prince's pine is closely related to prince's pine (C. umbellata)
but is smaller in stature [14,33].
LIFE FORM :
Shrub, Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Robin F. Matthews, January 1994
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila menziesii. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Chimaphila menziesii | Little Prince's Pine
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Little prince's pine is distributed from British Columbia south to the
San Jacinto Mountains in southern California and east to Idaho, Montana,
and Utah [16,17,22,24,25,40].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
STATES :
CA ID MT NV OR UT WA BC
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
BIHO CRLA LAVO MORA NOCA OLYM
WHIS YOSE
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
207 Red fir
208 Whitebark pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
218 Lodgepole pine
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
232 Redwood
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
247 Jeffrey pine
256 California mixed subalpine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Little prince's pine occurs in coniferous forests throughout its range
but is not listed as a dominant or codominant understory species in
available publications. In addition to tree species already mentioned,
little prince's pine also occurs under noble fir (Abies procera), Washoe
pine (Pinus washoensis), sugar pine (P. lambertiana), incense-cedar
(Libocedrus decurrens), and Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis)
[1,12,15,20,29].
Some species commonly associated with little prince's pine include Rocky
Mountain maple (Acer glabrum), Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), Saskatoon
serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.),
currant (Ribes spp.), baldhip rose (Rosa gymnocarpa), huckleberry
(Vaccinium spp.), salal (Gaultheria shallon), twinflower (Linnaea
borealis), queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), sweet-scented
bedstraw (Galium trifolium), threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata),
oneleaf foamflower (T. unifoliata), starry Solomon-seal (Smilacina
stellata), Pacific trillium (Trillium ovatum), violet (Viola spp.),
white hawkweed (Hieracium albiflorum), whitevein shinleaf (Pyrola
picta), sidebells shinleaf (P. secunda), western rattlesnake plantain
(Goodyera oblongifolia), American trailplant (Adenocaulon bicolor), and
Ross' sedge (Carex rossii) [5,23,27,37,38].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Chimaphila menziesii | Little Prince's Pine
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
NO-ENTRY
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
In the Vancouver Forest District, British Columbia, little prince's pine
is used as an indicator species in several biogeoclimatic units for which
guidelines for site diagnosis, tree species selection, and slash burning
have been developed [10].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Chimaphila menziesii | Little Prince's Pine
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Little prince's pine is a native, evergreen, low rhizomatous shrub or
perennial forb. The woody stems are usually 2 to 6 inches (5-15 cm)
tall and the leathery, whorled leaves are sharply serrate. The plant
has one to three flowers. Fruits are depressed, globose capsules that
often persist through the winter [17,22,24,40].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Chamaephyte
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Little prince's pine reproduces both sexually and vegetatively. It
develops numerous, minute seeds [24]. Their dispersal mechanism has not
been documented.
Little prince's pine rhizomes have not been described in the literature.
They are probably, however, like those of prince's pine, confined to the
duff near or above the mineral soil surface [36].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Little prince's pine is found in montane to subalpine coniferous forests
[16,17,20,22,26]. In coastal regions of British Columbia little
prince's pine is an indicator of moderately dry to moist soils within
maritime to submaritime, cool mesothermal climates [19]. On peaks of
the Santa Lucia and Diablo ranges of California, little prince's pine is
confined to steep, rocky slopes above 4,000 feet (1,200 m) [11]. On the
Mount Hood and Willamette National Forests, it occurs on moist to wet,
imperfectly to well-drained sites at elevations from 2,700 to 6,100 feet
(800-1,850 m). Soils range from deep sandy, silty, or clay loams
developed from volcanic tephra to shallow, stony loams developed from
colluvium or glacial till [15].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Little prince's pine is present in all stages of succession [4,5,18,30].
It is shade tolerant [10,19] and is an indicator of low light levels in
some plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain Province
[2]. It occurs in the late stages of postfire succession in white fir
(Abies concolor) stands of the northern Sierra Nevada, probably in
response to low light levels [4]. In mixed conifer stands in the
Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon, little prince's pine develops
highest cover at intermediate light levels [6].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Little prince's pine flowers from June to August in California [24].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Chimaphila menziesii | Little Prince's Pine
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Since little prince's pine is similar to prince's pine, it probably is a
fire-sensitive species that is very susceptible to damage and usually
shows a strong decline following fire [32,34,36]. Survival is most
likely dependent on depth of rhizomes, fire severity, and consumption of
duff [8,31,36]. Postfire vegetative recovery probably depends primarily
on scattered individuals surviving in undisturbed microsites [13].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Rhizomatous low woody plant, rhizome in organic mantle
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Chimaphila menziesii | Little Prince's Pine
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Most little prince's pine is probably killed by fire, although
low-severity fire may only top-kill it.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Woodard [41] stated that little prince's pine is known to grow from deep
rhizomes or to sprout following fire. He found that it was absent,
however, 1 year after a prescribed crown fire in an old stand dominated
by Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies
lasiocarpa) in eastern Washington. It was still present in the unburned
control [41].
No other information was found regarding specific responses of little
prince's pine to fire.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Little prince's pine was not present on burned or unburned clearcut
sites in grand fir (Abies grandis)/pachistima (Pachistima myrsinites)
habitat types in Oregon. It was present, however, in 175-year-old,
unlogged, adjacent stands [5]. In the same habitat type in Idaho,
prince's pine was present in 70 percent of near-climax control stands
but only 10 percent of 1-year-old clearcut and burned stands. It was
also absent from 3, 8, 12, and 23-year-old clearcut and burned stands
[42].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Chimaphila menziesii | Little Prince's Pine
REFERENCES :
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Index
Related categories for Species: Chimaphila menziesii
| Little Prince's Pine
|
 |
