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Introductory

SPECIES: Diervilla lonicera | Bush-Honeysuckle
ABBREVIATION : DIELON SYNONYMS : Diervilla diervilla (L.) MacM. SCS PLANT CODE : DILO COMMON NAMES : bush-honeysuckle dwarf bush-honeysuckle herbe bleue TAXONOMY : The accepted scientific name for bush-honeysuckle is Diervilla lonicera Mill. It is a member of the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae). There are no accepted subspecies. A variety with hairy leaf undersides occurs in Ontario, northern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota: D. l. var. hypomalaca Fern. [13,15]. Bush-honeysuckle is closely related to southern bush-honeysuckle (D. sessifolia), from which it may not be specifically distinct [36]. LIFE FORM : Shrub FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : No special status OTHER STATUS : NO-ENTRY COMPILED BY AND DATE : Janet Sullivan, June 1993 LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : NO-ENTRY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Diervilla lonicera. In: Remainder of Citation

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

SPECIES: Diervilla lonicera | Bush-Honeysuckle
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : Bush-honeysuckle occurs from Newfoundland west to Saskatchewan; south to Nova Scotia, New England, Delaware; and in the mountains to Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee; and west to Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa [13,15,36]. ECOSYSTEMS : FRES10 White - red - jack pine FRES11 Spruce - fir FRES15 Oak - hickory FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood FRES18 Maple - beech - birch FRES19 Aspen - birch FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine STATES : CT DE IL IN IA KY ME MD MA MI MN NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI TN VT VA WV WI MB NB NF NS ON PE PQ SK ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : ACAD ALPO APIS BLRI CATO DEWA INDU ISRO MANA PIRO SHEN SLBE VOYA BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : NO-ENTRY KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest K095 Great Lakes pine forest K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest K099 Maple - basswood forest K102 Beech - maple forest K103 Mixed mesophytic forest K104 Appalachian oak forest K106 Northern hardwoods K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest SAF COVER TYPES : 1 Jack pine 5 Balsam fir 12 Black spruce 14 Northern pin oak 15 Red pine 16 Aspen 17 Pin cherry 18 Paper birch 20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple 22 White pine - hemlock 23 Eastern hemlock 24 Hemlock - yellow birch 25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch 26 Sugar maple - basswood 27 Sugar maple 37 Northern white-cedar 39 Black ash - American elm - red maple 51 White pine - chestnut oak 52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak 55 Northern red oak 59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak 60 Beech - sugar maple 107 White spruce 108 Red maple SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : Bush-honeysuckle is not named as an understory dominant or indicator in published classifications. It is found in a variety of cover types and has a number of plant associates. The most widely distributed shrub associates of bush-honeysuckle include beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta), alternate-leaf dogwood (Cornus alternifolia), speckled alder (Alnus rugosa), American green alder (A. viridis ssp. crispa), checkerberry wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), and blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). Herbaceous associates include wild lily-of-the-valley (Maianthemum canadense), bigleaf aster (Aster macrophyllus), and wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis). Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinium) is often associated with bush-honeysuckle in the understory of some cover types; bush-honeysuckle is also found on bracken fern-dominated grasslands in northeastern Wisconsin [23,27,35,42,48].

VALUE AND USE

SPECIES: Diervilla lonicera | Bush-Honeysuckle
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : NO-ENTRY IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : Bush-honeysuckle provides winter browse for moose, and winter and summer browse for white-tailed deer [18]. Leaves and twigs are eaten by woodland caribou, but bush-honeysuckle is not an important component of the woodland caribou diet [10]. Sharp-tailed grouse consume the vegetative buds. Bush-honeysuckle provides brood cover for sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin [16]. PALATABILITY : Bush-honeysuckle is preferred by white-tailed deer in late summer [18]. NUTRITIONAL VALUE : NO-ENTRY COVER VALUE : NO-ENTRY VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : NO-ENTRY OTHER USES AND VALUES : NO-ENTRY MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Seed-tree cuts or clearcuts in red pine (Pinus resinosa) communities often result in a dense growth of shrubs, including bush-honeysuckle. Bush-honeysuckle increased in density following logging in a balsam fir (Abies balsamea)-paper birch (Betula papyrifera) stand near Duluth, Minnesota [34]. Leaving more of the canopy when logging reduces the amount of shrub growth [12]. Bush-honeysuckle competes with lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) after fire-pruning of lowbush blueberry fields [17]. Bush-honeysuckle is susceptible to foliar sprays of 2,4-D [6]. Bush-honeysuckle is probably resistant to browsing; on Isle Royale, Michigan, it was found in higher densities in control plots than in moose exclosures [38].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

SPECIES: Diervilla lonicera | Bush-Honeysuckle
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : Bush-honeysuckle is a native, deciduous small shrub that usually grows from 2 to 4 feet (0.6-1.2 m) tall [15]. The branches run close to the ground, ascending slightly. The fruit is a dry, woody, dehiscent capsule [8]. RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : Chamaephyte REGENERATION PROCESSES : Asexual: Bush-honeysuckle reproduces from rhizomes, forming widely-scattered clumps or patches [3,40,44]. Sexual: Bush-honeysuckle is insect pollinated. Its most important pollinators in Michigan are bumblebees. It is self-incompatible; successful seed set requires pollination by insects that have travelled from another clonal patch, which is usually some distance away [40,44]. SITE CHARACTERISTICS : Bush-honeysuckle is common on exposed, rocky sites and on dry to mesic, well-drained soils [15,22]. In northern Michigan, it is found in open, sandy thickets, woodlands, and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) plains [40]. It is best developed on dry, infertile soils in cool climates [7]. In the Adirondack Mountains of New York, bush-honeysuckle is found from elevations of 100 feet (30 m) to 4,050 feet (1,234 m) [22]. SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : Facultative seral species Bush-honeysuckle is relatively insensitive to differences in light intensity [3]. Its abundance in jack pine communities usually remains relatively constant for a long time but declines in older (approximately 80 years of age) stands [3]. In jack pine-balsam fir community types, bush-honeysuckle is most common on sites that have been cleared and/or burned within the past 30 to 50 years [31,40]. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : The peak flowering season for bush-honeysuckle is from early June to early July, but flowers have opened as late as August in Michigan [15,40]. The fruit matures and releases seeds in September [8].

FIRE ECOLOGY

SPECIES: Diervilla lonicera | Bush-Honeysuckle
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : Bush-honeysuckle sprouts from the rhizomes following top-kill by fire. Regeneration depends on initiation of growth from dormant buds on protected stem portions and rhizomes [9]. POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil Secondary colonizer - off-site seed

FIRE EFFECTS

SPECIES: Diervilla lonicera | Bush-Honeysuckle
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : Cool surface fires top-kill bush-honeysuckle [9]. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : NO-ENTRY PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : Bush-honeysuckle rapidly regenerates after fire, though no sexual structures are produced the first postfire growing season [9]. Seeds of bush-honeysuckle were found only on old burns in Petersham, Massachusetts, which suggested a possible period of heavy fruit production approximately 13 years after fire [5,25]. Bush-honeysuckle abundance is usually unchanged by fire; abundance in postfire communities is dependent on bush-honeysuckle prefire density and the response of its competitors [3,20]. Bush-honeysuckle increased slightly in cover (from 1 to 2.2 percent) after a prescribed fire in a jack pine community in Minnesota [2]. In a Minnesota jack pine stand where both logging and prescribed fire were conducted, bush-honeysuckle frequency decreased the first postfire year but returned to prefire levels by the second growing season. Its frequency declined slightly in the fourth year [1]. Following prescribed fire in a red pine-white pine (Pinus strobus) community in Ontario, bush-honeysuckle increased in stem number but not frequency, with an overall increase in biomass [30]. After wildfire in jack pine types in northern Minnesota, bush-honeysuckle regenerated better on sites that had burned in summer as compared to sites that had experienced a spring wildfire [33]. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : NO-ENTRY FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Loomis and others [26] measured the moisture content of a number of upper Midwest understory shrubs and herbs, including bush-honeysuckle; this information can be used for a number of fire management considerations.

REFERENCES

SPECIES: Diervilla lonicera | Bush-Honeysuckle
REFERENCES : 1. Ahlgren, Clifford E. 1966. Small mammals and reforestation following prescribed burning. Journal of Forestry. 64: 614-618. [206] 2. Ahlgren, Clifford E. 1970. Some effects of prescribed burning on jack pine reproduction in northeastern Minnesota. Misc. Rep. 94, Forestry Series 5-1970. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, Agricultural Experiment Station. 14 p. [7285] 3. Ahlgren, C. E. 1974. Effects of fires on temperate forests: north central United States. In: Kozlowski, T. T.; Ahlgren, C. E., eds. Fire and ecosystems. New York: Academic Press: 195-223. [13110] 4. Ahlgren, Clifford E. 1979. Buried seed in the forest floor of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Minnesota Forestry Research Note No. 271. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, College of Forestry. 4 p. [3459] 5. Alban, David H.; Perala, Donald A.; Jurgensen, Martin F.; [and others]. 1991. Aspen ecosystem properties in the Upper Great Lakes. Res. Pap. NC-300. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 47 p. [18412] 6. Bovey, Rodney W. 1977. Response of selected woody plants in the United States to herbicides. Agric. Handb. 493. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 101 p. [8899] 7. Brand, Gary J. 1985. Environmental indices for common Michigan trees and shrubs. Res. Pap. NC-261. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northcentral Forest Experiment Station. 5 p. [14465] 8. Chapman, William K.; Bessette, Alan E. 1990. Trees and shrubs of the Adirondacks. Utica, NY: North Country Books, Inc. 131 p. [12766] 9. Chapman, Rachel Ross; Crow, Garrett E. 1981. Application of Raunkiaer's life form system to plant species survival after fire. Torrey Botanical Club. 108(4): 472-478. [7432] 10. Cringan, Alexander Thom. 1957. History, food habits and range requirements of the woodland caribou of continental North America. Transactions, North American Wildlife Conference. 22: 485-501. [15651] 11. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 12. Eyre, F. H.; Zehngraff, Paul. 1948. Red pine management in Minnesota. Circular No. 778. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 70 p. [12177] 13. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections supplied by R. C. Rollins]. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p. (Dudley, Theodore R., gen. ed.; Biosystematics, Floristic & Phylogeny Series; vol. 2). [14935] 14. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998] 15. Moran, G. F.; Marshall, D. R.; Muller, W. J. 1981. Phenotypic variation and plasticity in the colonizing species Xanthium strumarium L. (Noogoora Burr). Australian Journal of Biological Science. 34: 639-648. [20392] 16. Hamerstrom, F. N., Jr. 1963. Sharptailed brood habitat in Wisconsin's northern pine barrens. Journal of Wildlife Management. 27(4): 793-802. [15809] 17. Hoefs, M. E. G.; Shay, Jennifer M. 1981. The effects of shade on shoot growth of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. after fire pruning in southeastern Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Botany. 59: 166-174. [4977] 18. Irwin, Larry L. 1985. Foods of moose, Alces alces, and white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, on a burn in boreal forest. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 99(2): 240-245. [4513] 19. Kartesz, John T.; Kartesz, Rosemarie. 1980. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume II: The biota of North America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press; in confederation with Anne H. Lindsey and C. Richie Bell, North Carolina Botanical Garden. 500 p. [6954] 20. Krefting, Laurits W.; Ahlgren, Clifford E. 1974. Small mammals and vegetation changes after fire in a mixed conifer-hardwood forest. Ecology. 55: 1391-1398. [9874] 21. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384] 22. Range, Phil; Veisze, Paul; Zschaechner, Greg. 1981. Great Basin rate-of-spread study: Fire effects. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Office of Fire and Aviation Management, Reno, Nevada. 55 p. [1936] 23. Larsen, James A. 1971. Vegetational relationships with air mass frequencies: boreal forest and tundra. Arctic. 24: 177-194. [8258] 24. Larson, D. W.; Spring, S. H.; Matthes-Sears, U.; Bartlett, R. M. 1991. Microsite- and age-specific processes controlling natural populations of Acer saccharum at cliff edges. Canadian Journal of Botany. 69: 552-559. [13053] 25. Livingston, R. B.; Allessio, Mary L. 1968. Buried viable seed in successional field and forest stands, Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 95(1): 58-69. [3377] 26. Loomis, Robert M.; Roussopoulos, Peter J.; Blank, Richard W. 1979. Summer moisture contents of understory vegetation in northeastern Minnesota. Res. Pap. NC-179. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 7 p. [14330] 27. Lutz, H. J. 1930. The vegetation of Heart's Content, a virgin forest in northwestern Pennsylvania. Ecology. 11(1): 2-29. [14480] 28. MacLean, David A.; Wein, Ross W. 1977. Changes in understory vegetation with increasing stand age in New Brunswick forests: species composition, cover, biomass, and nutrients. Canadian Journal of Botany. 55: 2818-2831. [10106] 29. McRae, D. J. 1979. Prescribed burning in jack pine logging slash: a review. Report 0-X-289. Sault Ste. Marie, ON: Canadian Forestry Service, Great Lakes Forest Research Centre. 57 p. [7290] 30. Methven, Ian R. 1973. Fire, succession and community structure in a red and white pine stand. Information Report PS-X-43. Chalk River, ON: Environment Canada, Forestry Service, Petawawa Forest Experiment Station. 18 p. [18601] 31. Noble, Mark G.; DeBoer, Linda K.; Johnson, Kenneth L.; [and others]. 1977. Quantitative relationships among some Pinus banksiana - Picea mariana forests subjected to wildfire and postlogging treatments. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 7: 368-377. [16532] 32. Lewis, T. 1983. The effects of prescribed fire on forest productivity and wildlife in the boreal and spruce-willow-birch zones of Prince Rupert Forest region. In: Trowbridge, R. L.; Macadam, A., eds. Prescribed fire-forest soils: Symposium proceedings; 1982 March 2-3; Smithers, BC. Land Management Report Number 16. Victoria, BC: Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests: 49-55. [8851] 33. Ohmann, Lewis F.; Grigal, David F. 1981. Contrasting vegetation responses following two forest fires in northeastern Minnesota. American Midland Naturalist. 106(1): 54-64. [8285] 34. Outcalt, Kenneth Wayne; White, Edwin H. 1981. Phytosociological changes in understory vegetation following timber harvest in northern Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 11: 175-183. [16301] 35. Perala, D. A. 1989. Scarification requirements for regenerating paper birch (Betula papyrifera) under shelterwood. In: Sutton, R. F.; Riley, L. F.,, eds. Proceedings of a symposium on the equipment/silviculture interface in stand establishment research and operations; 1985 September 28 - October 3; Jasper, AB. Inf. Rep. O-X-401. Sault Ste. Marie, ON: Forestry Canada: 122-130. [13553] 36. Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. 1183 p. [7606] 37. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843] 38. Risenhoover, Kenneth L.; Maass, Steven A. 1987. The influence of moose on the composition and structure of Isle Royale forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 17: 357-364. [8230] 39. Scheiner, Samuel M.; Teeri, James A. 1981. A 53-year record of forest succession following fire in northern lower Michigan. Michigan Botanist. 20(1): 3-14. [5022] 40. Schoen, Daniel J. 1977. Floral biology of Diervilla lonicera (Caprifoliaceae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 104(3): 234-240. [21461] 41. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090] 42. Stocks, B. J. 1989. Fire behavior in mature jack pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19: 783-790. [8672] 43. Stocks, Brian J.; Alexander, Martin E. 1980. Forest fire behaviour and effects research in northern Ontario: a field oriented program. In: Martin, Robert E.; Edmonds, Robert L.; Faulkner, Donald A.; [and others], eds. Proceedings, 6th conference on fire and forest meteorology; 1980 April 22-24; Seattle, WA. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters: 18-24. [10291] 44. Thomson, James D. 1985. Pollination and seed set in Diervilla lonicera (Caprifoliaceae): tempor temporal patterns of flower and ovule development. American Journal of Botany. 72(5): 737-740. [21462] 45. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982. National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names. SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573] 46. Wilm, H. G. 1936. The relation of successional development to the silviculture of forest burn communities in southern New York. Ecology. 17(2): 283-291. [3483] 47. Wright, Henry A.; Bailey, Arthur W. 1982. Fire ecology: United States and southern Canada. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 501 p. [2620] 48. Vogl, R. J. 1964. The effects of fire on the vegetational composition of bracken-grassland. Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. 53: 67-82. [9142] 49. Zoladeski, C. A. 1988. Classification and gradient analysis of forest vegetation of Cape Enrage, Bic Park, Quebec. Le Naturaliste Canadien. 115(1): 9-18. [13610] 50. Zoladeski, Christopher A.; Maycock, Paul F. 1990. Dynamics of the boreal forest in northwest Ontario. American Midland Naturalist. 124(2): 289-300. [13496]

Index

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