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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Encelia farinosa | Brittle Bush
ABBREVIATION :
ENCFAR
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
ENFA
COMMON NAMES :
brittle bush
inceinso
white brittle bush
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name for brittle bush is Encelia
farinosa Gray ex. Torr. [1,35,46]. There are three recognized varieties
[35]:
Encelia farinosa var. farinosa
Encelia farinosa var. phenicodonta (Blake) I. M. Johnston
Encelia farinosa var. radians Brandegee ex. Blake
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Julie L. Tesky, September 1993
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Encelia farinosa. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Encelia farinosa | Brittle Bush
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Brittle bush grows in the interior valleys of coastal southern
California (San Bernardino Valley, Lake Elsinore, western San Diego
County, and west Riverside County), Baja California, southern Nevada in
Clark County, southwestern Utah, southern and western Arizona, and
northwestern Mexico [1,35,46,52]. It is adventitious in Hawaii [55].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES40 Desert grasslands
STATES :
AZ CA HI NV UT MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
DEVA GRCA JOTR LAME ORPI SAGU
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
3 Southern Pacific Border
7 Lower Basin and Range
12 Colorado Plateau
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K030 California oakwoods
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
K035 Coastal sagebrush
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K041 Creosotebush
K042 Creosotebush - bursage
K043 Paloverde - cactus shrub
K044 Creosotebush - tarbush
K053 Grama - galleta steppe
K054 Grama - tobosa prairie
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
K058 Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe
K061 Mesquite - acacia savanna
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K087 Mesquite - oak savanna
SAF COVER TYPES :
68 Mesquite
72 Southern scrub oak
239 Pinyon - juniper
241 Western live oak
242 Mesquite
255 California coast live oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Brittle bush occurs in pine-oak (Pinus-Quercus) and open oak woodlands,
semidesert and desert grasslands, desert scrub, and coastal sage scrub.
Throughout most of its range, brittle bush is the dominant shrub. It
forms extensive monospecific stands in many areas. On south-facing
slopes and bajadas of the lower Colorado Valley in the Sonoran Desert,
vegetation is dominated by brittle bush. On other sites in this area,
brittle bush often codominants with creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) and
teddy-bear cholla (Opuntia bigelovii) [51]. Brittle bush is also
codominant in the brittle bush-wishbonebush (Mirabilis laevis)
association, which usually occurs in coastal sage scrub on south-facing
moderately, steep slopes. The publication describing this association is
"The community composition of California coastal sage scrub" [18].
Brittle bush is often associated with palo verde (Cercidium spp.),
saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea), fairy duster (Calliandra eriophylla),
Janusia graciles, agave (Agave spp.), creosotebush, Anderson wolfberry
(Lycium andersonii), white bursage (Ambrosia dumosa), canyon ragweed
(Ambrosia ambrosioides), Opuntia spp., whitethorn acacia (Acacia
constricta), catclaw acacia (A. greggi), fourwing saltbush (Atriplex
canescens), desert hackberry (Celtis pallida), honey mesquite (Prosopis
glandulosa var. glandulosa), and several species of perennial bunchgrass
[4,14,15,28,29].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Encelia farinosa | Brittle Bush
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Brittle bush is a browse species of desert mule deer and desert bighorn
sheep [19,48]. Brittle bush has no forage value for domestic livestock
[15]. In a laboratory study, kangaroo rats ate brittle bush seeds, but
they were not preferred [23]. Several species of breeding birds inhabit
the brittle bush-ironwood (Olneya tesota) community of foothills and
bajadas [17].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Nutritional values of brittle bush collected bimonthly in the
Picacho Mountains of Arizona in 1983 are as follows [19]:
Fiber %
Dry Matter % Protein % ADF NDF Lignin %
Jan-Feb 36.86 11.04 22.31 30.36 5.48
Mar-Apr 38.23 9.28 20.67 28.86 5.87
May-June 49.56 8.49 28.74 38.98 8.08
July-Aug 72.02 3.28 48.72 63.88 13.64
Sept-Oct 38.28 8.60 28.28 34.84 7.60
Nov-Dec 31.84 12.70 26.11 31.27 8.74
ADF-acid detergent fiber
NDF-nonacid detergent fiber
Nutritional value of brittle bush has also been analyzed by Seegmiller
and others [48] and Rautenstrauch and others [33].
COVER VALUE :
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Brittle bush is most valuable for rehabilitating low maintenance
landscapes, critical stabilization areas, and disturbed areas. It is
easily transplanted or can be established by direct seeding. Seeds and
plants are available in limited quantities [38]. Brittle bush is used
to minimize erosion and sediment damage near highways in Arizona [6].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
The stems of brittle bush exude a clear resin used by the Indians as
glue and chewing gum. In the churches of some parts of Mexico the resin
is burned as incense [1,46]. The Seri Indians of Sonora, Mexico, use
the brittle bush twigs as a remedy for toothaches. They also grind the
resin and sprinkle it on sores [12].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Brittle bush infestation reduces forage production because brittle bush
competes strongly with buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliarus). Several studies
were conducted to determine the effectiveness of mechanical and chemical
brittle bush control. Mowing killed few plants but temporarily reduced
growth. Hand removal resulted in 100 percent mortality, but brittle
bush seedlings rapidly reinvaded and densities were equal to
pretreatment levels after 3 months. Soil-applied pelleted tebuthiuron
and picloram control brittle bush. High intensity livestock grazing
reduced brittle bush growth, but caused no significant change in brittle
bush density after 3 years [53].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Encelia farinosa | Brittle Bush
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Brittle bush is a native, drought-deciduous, perennial shrub
[7,8,21,28]. It grows to about 5 feet (1.5 m). It has a woody base and
is rounded and much-branched in form. Thick branches support an
umbrella of leaves with few stems beneath [7]. The leaves are 0.7 to 2
inches (2-5 cm) long and 0.6 to 1 inch (1.5-2.5 cm) broad. They are
mostly located toward the end of branches [35]. The flowering heads are
loosely clustered on long naked branchlets [1,35]. Brittle bush is
short lived. On permanent plots in the Sonoran Desert, the maximum
observed longevity was 32 years [54].
Brittle bush generally has shallow roots [27]. One study found that the
root system of brittle bush on a north-facing slope was composed of a
stout taproot and numerous laterals. All laterals bore groups of
filamentous roots [8].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Sexual reproduction - Brittle bush reproduces almost exclusively by seed
[7,45]. Seeds are dispersed long distances by wind. Brittle bush often
germinates prolifically after heavy winter rains [7]. Plants are not
frost tolerant, and frost may damage leaves and stems [39].
Reproduction may be reduced by interspecific competition. Growth and
productivity of brittle bush is limited by the low precipitation in its
native habitat. Neighboring brittle bush further decrease water availability,
reducing brittle bush productivity [51].
Vegetative reproduction - Brittle bush can sprout from the root crown
[7,26].
Brittle bush is allelopathic. The leaves produce a toxic, water-soluble
substance that inhibits the growth of several winter annuals [24].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Brittle bush is commonly found on dry, rocky or gravelly slopes and
mesas [1]. In the Sonoran Desert brittle bush is common on
south-facing, granitic slopes, volcanic slopes, upland flats, and
alluvial flats [44]. In coastal sage scrub brittle bush grows on soils
derived from alluvial deposits, sandstone, granite and diorite [44]. It
also grows on desert pavement [33]. Brittle bush grows poorly on clay
soils [16]. It occurs at elevations up to 3,000 feet (915 m)
[38,46,47].
Brittle bush is restricted to climates with long periods of limited
moisture. The total amount of precipitation in these areas is quite
variable. The seasonal pattern of rainfall is also variable, with some
brittle bush areas receiving most of the rain in winter, and other areas
receiving mostly summer rain [50].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Brittle bush usually occurs in initial and early seres [7,31,34,42]. It
is an early colonizer of disturbed sites, often replacing long-lived
perennials in postfire communities [7,31,34,40]. An open brittle bush
community may persist for decades [7]. In permanent plots in the
Sonoran Desert, brittle bush density and cover was more or less stable
over 72 years. However, only 17 percent of seedlings survived to the
seventh year [54].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Brittle bush leaves and flowers are formed whenever the water relations
are favorable [8]. This can occur any time from November through May
[35]. Under extreme drought conditions brittle bush becomes dormant and
the leaves are shed [21,50]. Brittle bush also shows seasonal variation
in leaf density and thickness. During times of available water, leaves
expand more, are less pubescent, are less capable of reducing water
loss, and have lower resistance to carbon dioxide flux. These
characteristics are reversed as soil water decreases and the more
mesophytic leaves abscise [50].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Encelia farinosa | Brittle Bush
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Brittle bush is a good initial offsite colonizer of postfire communites
via wind dispersed seeds [7,22,26]. It also has some ability to sprout
from the root crown, which may be limited by intolerance of heat [45].
Brittle bush does not accumulate organic material and windblown soil
beneath its crown, as do multiple-stemmed shrubs [49]. Recurrent fires
select for short-lived desert shrubs such as brittle bush at the expense
of long-lived species [7].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Encelia farinosa | Brittle Bush
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Brittle bush is often top-killed or completely killed by fire. Nearly
all brittle bush plants in a coastal sage scrub community were
top-killed or killed by a June 1981 fire [26]. Following a fast-moving,
low-severity fire in creosotebush scrub, brittle bush plants were mostly
scorched. Only leaves and branches near the ground burned, leaving
foliage on ultimate stems. However, brittle bush suffered 93 percent
mortality [7]. A hot summer fire in Sonora, Mexico, killed 32 percent
of mature brittle bush plants and 60 percent of seedlings. Burning in 2
consecutive years killed 70 percent of mature plants and 90 percent of
seedlings. The remaining plants were injured and had not recovered
after 3 years [53].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Brittle bush wind-dispersed seeds readily invade postfire environments
and often become well established [7,22]. Following prescribed fires in
the upper Sonoran Desert, brittle bush underwent an initial 83 percent
reduction in density, but within 9 months it increased to 762 percent of
preburn density. This was a result of very successful seed germination
and subsequent seedling establishment [9]. In southern California
coastal sage scrub, fires were followed by rapid brittle bush seedling
establishment. Brittle bush accounted for most of the seedlings
observed during the first growing season. Recent fires have converted
cresotebush scrub at Palm Springs, California, to brittle bush coastal
sage scrub [7].
Brittle bush is categorized as a weakly-sprouting species [7,26]. Three
to five growing seasons after fire in creosotebush scrub, brittle bush
sprouting was rare [7]. Following a June 15, 1981 wildfire in coastal
sage scrub, only 4 to 30 percent of the top-killed brittle bush shrubs
regenerated by crown sprouting. Maximum sprouting occurred on
north-facing slopes. The likelihood of brittle bush recovery from fire
by sprouting is greater on cool, less xeric sites where fires are often
less severe, and less on the hot, xeric sites [26]. However, 1 year
after a hot, summer fire in Sonora, Mexico, surviving brittle bush
plants sprouted vigorously [53].
Postfire brittle bush densities for east and west exposures 1.5 years
after a June coastal sage scrub fire were 79 to 205 percent of prefire
densities on east, south, and west exposures. On north-facing slopes,
postfire brittle bush density was less than 4 percent of prefire
density. More than 90 percent of the regeneration consisted of
seedlings [26].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE CASE STUDIES
SPECIES: Encelia farinosa | Brittle Bush
CASE NAME :
Fire in Creosotebush Scrub of the Sonoran Desert, California
REFERENCE :
Brown, D. E.; Minnich, R. A. 1986 [7]
SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION :
Beginning in 1978, a series of fires spread through dried herbaceous
fuels into extensive areas of creosotebush (Larrea tridenta) scrub. The
flames reduced the herb layer to a low stubble, indicative of
fast-moving, low-intensity fires. Fires occurred in June, July, August,
or September.
STUDY LOCATION :
Four sites, on Quaternary alluvial fans descending from the east scarp of
the San Jacinto Mountains at the end of the Coachella Valley near Palm
Springs, California, were chosen for study. The four sites were located
at the fire boundaries on the Chino, Blaisdell, and Palm canyon alluvial
fans in order to compare burned vegetation with adjacent unburned
stands.
Fires occurred in the Chino Canyon fan (1,250 acres [500 ha], 1978),
Blaisdell and Chino canyons (6,900 acres [2800 ha], 1980), and the east
scarp and alluvial fans below 3,200 acres (1,300 m) from Chino Canyon to
Palm Canyon (15,000 acres [6,000 ha], 1980). A 3,000 acre (1,200 ha)
fire in 1982 overlapped large areas burned in 1973 near Snow Creek. In
1983, the first of three fires reburned portions of the Snow Creek area
and Blaisdell Canyon. Two smaller fires also occurred along Snow Creek
road and Interstate 10.
PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY :
Most of the Sonoran Desert is covered with creosotebush scrub consisting
of scattered low shrubs less than 6.6 feet (2 m). Representative growth
forms include evergreen sclerophyllous and deciduous shrubs, subligneous
subshrubs, leaf and stem succulents, and annual herbs. Bajadas and
adjacent mountainsides in the Coachella Valley are covered by
creosotebush, brittle bush (Encelia farinosa), big galleta (Hilaria
rigida), hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus engelmannii), and Grays ratany
(Krameria grayi).
Vegetation on the plains and lower bajadas, including the study sites,
is dominated by creosotebush, white bursage (Ambrosia dumosa), and
brittle bush, which may form 60 to 100 percent of total vegetation
cover. Blue paloverde (Cercidium floridum), ironwood (Olynea tesota),
smoketree (Dalea spinosa), beloperone (Beloperone californica), and
desert lavender (Hyptis emoryi) are common along washes. Succulents
such as Ferocactus acanthodes, hedgehog cactus, beavertail cactus
(Opuntia basilaris), teddy-bear cholla (O. bigelovii), and golden cholla
(O. echinocarpa) reach maximum densities on sandy hillsides and bajadas
with rocky, gravelly, or sandy substrates.
TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE :
The phenological state of brittle bush at the time of the fires is
unknown. The areas were surveyed between April 25 and May 27 1983, when
brittle bush was in full growth or flower.
SITE DESCRIPTION :
The climate of the Coachella Valley is extremely arid. Average annual
rainfall at Palm Springs is 5.4 inches (138 mm). Summers are hot and
dry, although there are occasional thunderstorms, mostly over the nearby
mountains. Coarse-textured soils are well-drained and moderately
alkaline, with a minimum of organic matter. No information was given as
to the specific topography, slope, and elevation of each site.
FIRE DESCRIPTION :
The fires in creosotebush scrub characteristically spread during periods
when ambient temperatures averaged 95 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit (35-40
deg C) and relative humidity ranged from 10 to 25 percent. High winds
were caused by the typical spring and early summer gravity acceleration
of descending coastal marine air spilling through San Gorgonio Pass.
Upcanyon winds and nocturnal air drainage promoted fire spread on the
eastern face of Mt. San Jacinto. The flames reduced the herb layer to a
low stubble, indicative of fast-moving, low-intensity fires.
FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES :
The vegetation was sampled three growing seasons after fires at
Blaisdell, Palm Canyon and Palm Indian sites and five growing seasons
after fire at the Chino site. Brittle bush plants were mostly scorched.
Only leaves and branches near the ground burned, leaving foliage on
higher stems. However, brittle bush suffered 93 percent mortality.
None of the severely burned brittle bush plants resprouted after fire;
16 percent of the scorched plants resprouted. Brittle bush accounted
for most of the seedlings observed during the first growing season. The
wet 1982-1983 season was followed by abundant reproduction of brittle
bush in both burned and unburned sites. After 3 to 5 growing seasons,
the total cover in burned sites was about half that of unburned sites
and was composed mostly of brittle bush.
Density (D) and cover (C) of established (unburned) and resprouting
(burned) brittle bush at two sites in the Sonoran Desert, California,
are shown below. Density is expressed in number of plants per 100
meters square. Cover is expressed as percent ground covered.
unburned burned
D C D C
Chino 11.5 9.2 1.5 2.0
Palm Canyon 13.0 10.6 2.0 2.6
Palm Indian 3.0 1.4 2.5 3.5
Blaisdell 1.0 0.9 0.0 0.0
Brittle bush seedling density (number/ha) in initial and subsequent
growing seasons was:
1980-1981 1981-1983
Burned 1,460 7,010
Unburned 90 5,650
FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS :
Fires are infrequent in the Sonoran Desert owing to limited biomass,
wide spacing between shrubs and sparse ground cover. Successional
studies in creosotebush scrub reveal postdisturbance recolonization by
long-lived species is very slow and may require hundreds of years.
Fires may have long-term impacts on the structure and composition of
this community. Brittle bush is a good colonizer after fire. Fires in
creosotebush scrub have resulted in an increase in brittle bush
frequency and density. Recent fires have converted creosotebush scrub
at Palm Springs to brittle bush coastal sage scrub similar in
composition to the stands covering semiarid interior valleys around
Riverside, California.
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SPECIES: Encelia farinosa | Brittle Bush
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Index
Related categories for Species: Encelia farinosa
| Brittle Bush
|
 |
