• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• ECOSYSTEMS
• STATES
• BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
• SAF COVER TYPES
• SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:

ECOSYSTEMS [58]:

STATES:

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [10]:

KUCHLER [109] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:

SAF COVER TYPES [51]:

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [179]:

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:

Inkberry is associated with pitch pine (Pinus rigida) on the Atlantic coastal plain [6,12,49,120,124,182]. Other associated tree species in these communities include white oak (Quercus alba) [6,12], bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia) [12,24,32,124], blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) [124,182], dwarf chinkapin oak (Quercus prinoides) [24,32], post oak (Quercus stellata) [124,182], black oak (Quercus velutina) [6,12,182], shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) [12,32,182], and sassafras (Sassafrass albinum) [124]. Associated shrub species include downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) [24], coastal sweetpepperbush (Clethra alnifolia) [32,182],  black huckleberry [6,12,24,32,124,182], dwarf huckleberry (Gaylussacia dumosa) [32], blue huckleberry (Gaylussacia frondosa) [24,32,49,124,182], wintergreen [12,24,182], sheep-laurel [24,49,124,182], mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia) [24,32,124], swamp doghobble (Leucothoe racemosa) [182], maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina) [12], piedmont staggerbush (Lyonia mariana) [182], bayberry (Morella spp.) [6,182], black chokecherry (Photinia melanocarpa) [24], black cherry (Prunus serotina) [11], flameleaf sumac (Rhus copallinum) [24], cat greenbrier (Smilax glauca) [24,182], roundleaf greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) [182], Virginia tephrosia (Tephrosia virginiana) [12], lowbush blueberry [24], and Blue Ridge blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum) [12,24,124,182]. Additional understory associates include Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica) [12,24], leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata) [49], sweetfern (Comptonia peregrina) [12,24,32,124,182], western brackenfern (Pteridium aquilinum) [12,24], and anisescented goldenrod (Solidago odora) [12].

In Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) forests, inkberry occurs with red maple, pitch pine [138], and redbay (Persea borbonia) [127]. Understory species occurring in these communities include sweetpepperbush (Clethra spp.) [135,138], blue huckleberry [135], large gallberry (Ilex coriacea) [127,135], American holly (Ilex opaca) [127], common winterberry (Ilex verticellata) [138], maleberry [135], fetterbush lyonia (Lyonia lucida) [127,135], partridgeberry (Mitchella repens) [127], southern bayberry (Morella caroliniensis) [135], cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) [138], Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) [127], swamp azalea (Rhododendron viscosum) [138], poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) [127], highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) [138], black highbush blueberry (Vaccinium fuscatum) [135], possumhaw,  Virginia chainfern (Woodwardia virginica), and mosses (Sphagnum spp.) [138].

Inkberry may dominate pocosin or shrub swamp vegetation [7,148,157], commonly occurring with southern bayberry [201], swamp titi (Cyrilla racemiflora) [47,94,148,156,157,176,201], cane (Arundinaria gigantea) [90,148,201], red chokecherry (Photinia pyrifolia) [157], cinnamon fern [201], coastal sweetpepperbush [90], greenbrier (Smilax spp.) [148,156,157,176,201], swamp doghobble [47], fetterbush lyonia [47,90,94,157], honeycup (Zenobia pulverulenta) [94,148,156,176], dwarf huckleberry [41], highbush blueberry [47,157], wax myrtle (Morella cerifera) [90,157,176,201,206], northern bayberry [41], and moss (Sphagnum spp.) [41,157,201]. Also occurring in pocosin vegetation is scattered red maple [156,201], Atlantic white-cedar [156], loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus) [94,156,157,176], sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) [201], sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana) [47,94,148,156,157,176,201], redbay [94,156,157,176], pond pine (Pinus serotina) [90,94,157,176,206], and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) [156].

In pond pine forests, inkberry occurs with bluestem (Andropogon spp.) [92], cane [16,92], sweetpepperbush [16,72,92], swamp cyrilla [16,72], huckleberry (Gaylussacia spp.) [72,92], large gallberry [16], St. Johnswort (Hypericum spp.) [92], maleberry [72], fetterbush lyonia [44,72,92], wax myrtle [16,44,57], cinnamon fern, sumac (Rhus spp.) [92], saw-palmetto (Serenoa repens) [16,44,72], laureleaf greenbrier (Smilax laurifolia) [16,72], honeycup [16], and blueberry [44,92]. Other tree species include red maple [16,72], Atlantic white-cedar [72], loblolly bay], sweetgum [16], sweetbay [72,92], redbay [44], and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) [72].

Inkberry is found in bay forests with loblolly bay [5,18,126,176], sweetbay [5,126,152,176], and redbay [5,18,126,176]. Understory species in these communities include coastal sweetpepperbush, cane [126], buckwheat tree (Cliftonia monophylla) [18,126], swamp titi [126,176], huckleberry [176], dahoon (Ilex cassine) [5,18,126,176], large gallberry [126,176], deciduous holly (Ilex decidua) [126], smooth winterberry (Ilex laevigata) [176], American holly [126], yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) [18], Virginia sweetspire (Itea virginica), sheep-laurel, swamp doghobble [126], maleberry [5,126], fetterbush lyonia [5,18,126,176], bayberry [5,18,126,176], swamp azalea [176], greenbrier [126,176], poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) [18], highbush blueberry, black highbush blueberry [5,176], Virginia chainfern [176], and honeycup [126,176].

Inkberry occurs in bald cypress forests with red maple, sweetbay, blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), redbay [170,171], and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) [54]. Understory species include chalky bluestem (Andropogon capillipes), baccharis (Baccharis spp.), toothed midsorus fern (Blechnum serrulatum), smallspike false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), spadeleaf (Centella asiatica), Jamaica swamp sawgrass (Cladium mariscus) [54], coastal sweetpepperbush [170,171], flatsedge (Cyperus spp.) [54], swamp titi [170,171], southern umbrella-sedge (Fuirena scirpoidea), peelbark St. Johnswort (Hypericum fasciculatum), clustered bushmint (Hyptis alata) [54], dahoon [54,170,171], large gallberry, Virginia sweetspire, swamp doghobble [170,171], primrose-willow (Ludwigia spp.), rusty staggerbush (Lyonia ferruginea) [54], fetterbush lyonia [170,171], wax myrtle, wild pennyroyal (Piloblephis rigida), camphorweed (Pluchea spp.), cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto), licorice weed (Scoparia dulcis) [54], laurel greenbrier, coral greenbrier (Smilax walteri), and blueberry [170,171]. 

Inkberry is associated with pond cypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans) [134,202], occurring as an understory species with swamp cyrilla, eastern swamp privet (Forestiera acuminata), yaupon [202], wax myrtle [134,202], and viburnum (Viburnum spp.) [202]. Tree species in these communities include red maple, blackgum, and slash pine [134].

Inkberry is commonly found in southeastern pine flatwoods communities, dominated by sand pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) [65,116], slash pine [4,5,32,38,43,79,95,96,125,128,129,130,133,144,146,162,184], longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) [4,14,15,30,31,39,43,59,77,78,79,125,128,129,133,146,162,167,176,184], pond pine [4,133,184], and loblolly pine [31,59,60,118,131,159,167]. Several oak species occur in flatwoods communities, including Chapman oak (Quercus chapmanii) [39], southern red oak (Quercus falcata) [39,118,121,159], sand live oak (Quercus geminata) [184], bluejack oak (Quercus incana) [39], turkey oak (Quercus laevis) [39], laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) [11,39,79], runner oak (Quercus margarettiae) [125], blackjack oak [118,121], dwarf live oak (Quercus minima) [4,39,56,77,184], myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia) [56], water oak (Quercus nigra) [4,11,60,79,159], willow oak (Quercus phellos) [118,121,159], running oak (Quercus pumila) [133,162,184], post oak [60,118,121], and live oak [4,11,30,43]. Other tree species occurring in these communities include red maple [4,39,60,79], persimmon (Diospyros spp.) [15], ash (Fraxinus spp.) [4], sweetgum [4,11,59,60,118,121,131,159], loblolly bay [39], sweetbay [39,72,79], blackgum [59,60,72,118,121,131,159], redbay [11,61,72], swamp bay (Persea palustris) [79], shortleaf pine [59,60,131], spruce pine (Pinus glauca) [108], and pond cypress [43]. 

Inkberry occurs as an understory dominant in the flatwoods/inkberry plant association in Florida [5] and in the holly-bayberry-titi plant association in North Carolina [201]. It is also an understory dominant in the longleaf pine/blue huckleberry-inkberry community type in North Carolina [104]. Understory associates of inkberry in southeastern pine flatwoods include cane [55,59], pawpaw (Asimina spp.) [38], buckwheat tree [72], tarflower [1,2,4,39], sedges (Carex spp.) [55], sweetpepperbush [72,118,121,131], flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) [15,99], black titi [190], swamp titi [72,103,167], huckleberry [4,5,14,15,38], St. Johnswort [56,72], large gallberry [30,103,146,176,190], yaupon [14,98,99,146], mountain-laurel [103], hairy-laurel (Kalmia hirsuta) [84,184], sand myrtle (Leiophyllum buxifolium) [103], fetterbush lyonia [4,5,39,43,61,103,125,130,144,184,190], rusty staggerbush [116], coastalplain staggerbush (Lyonia fruticosa) [20,116], piedmont staggerbush [103,176], wax myrtle [4,14,30,38,39,43,59,79,144,150,159,176,184], southern bayberry [121], red chokecherry [56], azalea (Rhododendron spp.) [56], beakrushes (Rhynchospora spp.) [55], sumac [14,43], blackberry (Rubus spp.) [14,15,39,112,146], cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto) [43,196], saw-palmetto [4,5,14,38,39,43,77,78,79,125,128,129,144,150], greenbrier [72,190], blueberry [5,14,15,59,72,79,99,125,162,176,184], and viburnum [39]. Grasses occurring in these communities include threeawn (Aristida spp.) [4,39,77,84,97,125,130,133,146,162,167], common carpet grass (Axonopus fissifolius) [20,68], toothache grass (Ctenium aromaticum) [20,115], panic grass (Panicum spp.) [3,35,36,55,72,115,118,146], muhly (Muhlenbergia spp.) [55], bluestem (Schizachyrium and Andropogon spp.) [35,39,55,59,68,98,99,115,118,125,146,146], Indian grass (Sorghastrum spp.) [20,55], Curtis' dropseed (Sporobolus curtissii) [20,36,68,118], and Florida dropseed (Sporobolus floridanus) [115].

In hammock vegetation of Florida, inkberry occurs with various hickories (Carya spp.) and other hardwoods, southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), wax myrtle, lancewood (Nectandria coriacea), West Indian cherry (Prunus myrtifolia), evergreen oaks (Quercus spp.), and coontie (Zamia pumila) [57].

Inkberry is also an important component of saw palmetto-dominated scrub vegetation, occurring with pineland threeawn (Aristida stricta), tarflower, rusty staggerbush, coastalplain staggerbush, fetterbush lyonia, wax myrtle, redbay, western brackenfern, Chapman oak, myrtle oak, sand live oak, greenbrier, shiny blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), and tallow wood (Ximenia americana) [173].

In sand scrub vegetation, inkberry occurs with  pawpaw (Asimina spp.), tarflower [38], sand heath (Ceratiola ericoides), garberia (Garberia heterophylla) [139], huckleberry [38], St. Andrew's cross (Hypericum hypericoides), Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua) [139], dahoon [38], staggerbush (Lyonia spp.), wax myrtle [38,139], Chapman oak [139], sand live oak [38,139], laurel oak [38], myrtle oak, redbay, silk bay, devilwood (Osmanthus americanus), oak mistletoe (Phoradendron leucarpum) [139], sand pine (Pinus clausa) [38,139], scrub plum (Prunus geniculata) [139], hog plum (Prunus umbellata) [38], tallow wood, western brackenfern, flameleaf sumac (Rhus copallinum), scrub palmetto (Sabal etonia) [139], saw palmetto [38,139], greenbrier, shiny blueberry, and deerberry [139].

Coastal sand dune associates of inkberry include live oak, hog plum, prickly-pear (Opuntia spp.), staggerbush, periwinkle (Catharanthus spp.), saltbush (Atriplex spp.), avocado (Persea spp.), banana (Musa spp.), and scrub oak [38].

In dry prairie vegetation, inkberry occurs with pawpaw (Asimina spp.) [38,43], tarflower [136,158], sedge (Cyperus spp.) [28,38], coastalplain St. Johnswort (Hypericum brachyphyllum) [136], whitehead bogbutton (Lachnocaulon anceps) [89], rusty staggerbush [158], coastalplain staggerbush [53,89,136], fetterbush lyonia [43,53,136], wax myrtle [53], eastern prickly-pear (Opuntia humifusa) [28], sand live oak [89], dwarf live oak [53,101,136], running oak [43,53], plumed beaksedge (Rhynchospora plumosa) [89], saw-palmetto [4,38,53,89,101,136,158], shiny blueberry [53,136], Darrow's blueberry (Vaccinium darrowii) [89], common carpetgrass [101], Curtis' dropseed [80], threeawn [4,80,89,136,158], sawgrass (Cladium spp.) [38], cutthroat grass (Panicum abscissum) [209], little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), lopsided Indian grass (Sorghastrum secundum), narrowleaf silkgrass (Pityopsis graminifolia), and vanillaleaf (Carphephorus odoritissimus) [89].

Classifications identifying inkberry as a plant community dominant are as follows:

Related categories for SPECIES: Ilex glabra | Inkberry