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You are here >1Up Info > Wildlife, Animals, and Plants > Plant Species > Shrub > SPECIES: Ilex glabra | Inkberry
 

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DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

SPECIES: Ilex glabra | Inkberry

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:


Inkberry occurs on the Atlantic coastal plain from Nova Scotia and the New England states south to southern Florida, and west on the Gulf coastal plain to eastern Texas [48,62,63,100,153,165,174]. The PLANTS database provides a distributional map of inkberry.

ECOSYSTEMS [58]:


FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES12 Longleaf-slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak-pine
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress
FRES41 Wet grasslands

STATES:


AL AR CT DE
FL GA ME MD
MA MS NH NJ
NY NC RI SC
TX VT VA WV
DC NS

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [10]:


None

KUCHLER [109] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:


K073 Northern cordgrass prairie
K076 Blackland prairie
K077 Bluestem-sacahuista prairie
K078 Southern cordgrass prairie
K079 Palmetto prairie
K080 Marl everglades
K083 Cedar glades
K088 Fayette prairie
K089 Black Belt
K090 Live oak-sea oats
K091 Cypress savanna
K092 Everglades
K096 Northeastern spruce-fir forest
K100 Oak-hickory forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K105 Mangrove
K106 Northern hardwoods
K108 Northern hardwoods-spruce forest
K110 Northeastern oak-pine forest
K111 Oak-hickory-pine
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K114 Pocosin
K115 Sand pine scrub
K116 Subtropical pine forest

SAF COVER TYPES [51]:


18 Paper birch
19 Gray birch-red maple
20 White pine-northern red oak-red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine-hemlock
39 Black ash-American elm-red maple
40 Post oak-blackjack oak
43 Bear oak
44 Chestnut oak
45 Pitch pine
51 White pine-chestnut oak
52 White oak-black oak-northern red oak
53 White oak
57 Yellow-poplar
59 Yellow-poplar-white oak-northern red oak
64 Sassafras-persimmon
65 Pin oak-sweetgum
69 Sand pine
70 Longleaf pine
71 Longleaf pine-scrub oak
72 Southern scrub oak
73 Southern redcedar
74 Cabbage palmetto
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine-oak
78 Virginia pine-oak
79 Virginia pine
80 Loblolly pine-shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine-hardwood
83 Longleaf pine-slash pine
84 Slash pine
85 Slash pine-hardwood
87 Sweetgum-yellow-poplar
88 Willow oak-water oak-diamondleaf (laurel) oak
89 Live oak
91 Swamp chestnut oak-cherrybark oak
92 Sweetgum-willow oak
93 Sugarberry-American elm-green ash
94 Sycamore-sweetgum-American elm
95 Black willow
96 Overcup oak-water hickory
97 Atlantic white-cedar
98 Pond pine
100 Pondcypress
101 Baldcypress
102 Baldcypress-tupelo
103 Water tupelo-swamp tupelo
104 Sweetbay-swamp tupelo-redbay
105 Tropical hardwoods
106 Mangrove
108 Red maple
109 Hawthorn
110 Black oak
111 South Florida slash pine

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [179]:


726 Cordgrass
806 Gulf Coast salt marsh
807 Gulf Coast fresh marsh
808 Sand pine scrub
809 Mixed hardwood and pine
810 Longleaf pine-turkey oak hills
811 South Florida flatwoods
812 North Florida flatwoods
813 Cutthroat seeps
814 Cabbage palm flatwoods
815 Upland hardwood hammocks
816 Cabbage palm hammocks
817 Oak hammocks
818 Florida salt marsh
819 Freshwater marsh and ponds
820 Everglades flatwoods
821 Pitcher plant bogs
822 Slough

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:


In Nova Scotia rocky heathlands, inkberry is common in black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) communities [186] and the mixed shrub vegetation type. It occurs with serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) [185], wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), sheep-laurel (Kalmia angustifolia), wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) [186], sweetgale (Myrica gale) [185], northern bayberry (Morella pensylvanica) [185,186], lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) [186], and possumhaw (Viburnum nudum). Tree species include red maple (Acer rubrum) [185,186], American green alder (Alnus viridis ssp. crispa) [186], gray birch (Betula populifolia), black spruce (Picea mariana) [185,186], eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) [186], and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) [185]. Inkberry also occurs in dense spruce (Picea spp.) woods of Nova Scotia [165].

Inkberry is associated with pitch pine (Pinus rigida) on the Atlantic coastal plain [6,12,49,120,124,182]. Other associated tree species in these communities include white oak (Quercus alba) [6,12], bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia) [12,24,32,124], blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) [124,182], dwarf chinkapin oak (Quercus prinoides) [24,32], post oak (Quercus stellata) [124,182], black oak (Quercus velutina) [6,12,182], shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) [12,32,182], and sassafras (Sassafrass albinum) [124]. Associated shrub species include downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) [24], coastal sweetpepperbush (Clethra alnifolia) [32,182],  black huckleberry [6,12,24,32,124,182], dwarf huckleberry (Gaylussacia dumosa) [32], blue huckleberry (Gaylussacia frondosa) [24,32,49,124,182], wintergreen [12,24,182], sheep-laurel [24,49,124,182], mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia) [24,32,124], swamp doghobble (Leucothoe racemosa) [182], maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina) [12], piedmont staggerbush (Lyonia mariana) [182], bayberry (Morella spp.) [6,182], black chokecherry (Photinia melanocarpa) [24], black cherry (Prunus serotina) [11], flameleaf sumac (Rhus copallinum) [24], cat greenbrier (Smilax glauca) [24,182], roundleaf greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) [182], Virginia tephrosia (Tephrosia virginiana) [12], lowbush blueberry [24], and Blue Ridge blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum) [12,24,124,182]. Additional understory associates include Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica) [12,24], leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata) [49], sweetfern (Comptonia peregrina) [12,24,32,124,182], western brackenfern (Pteridium aquilinum) [12,24], and anisescented goldenrod (Solidago odora) [12].

In Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) forests, inkberry occurs with red maple, pitch pine [138], and redbay (Persea borbonia) [127]. Understory species occurring in these communities include sweetpepperbush (Clethra spp.) [135,138], blue huckleberry [135], large gallberry (Ilex coriacea) [127,135], American holly (Ilex opaca) [127], common winterberry (Ilex verticellata) [138], maleberry [135], fetterbush lyonia (Lyonia lucida) [127,135], partridgeberry (Mitchella repens) [127], southern bayberry (Morella caroliniensis) [135], cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) [138], Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) [127], swamp azalea (Rhododendron viscosum) [138], poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) [127], highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) [138], black highbush blueberry (Vaccinium fuscatum) [135], possumhaw,  Virginia chainfern (Woodwardia virginica), and mosses (Sphagnum spp.) [138].

Inkberry may dominate pocosin or shrub swamp vegetation [7,148,157], commonly occurring with southern bayberry [201], swamp titi (Cyrilla racemiflora) [47,94,148,156,157,176,201], cane (Arundinaria gigantea) [90,148,201], red chokecherry (Photinia pyrifolia) [157], cinnamon fern [201], coastal sweetpepperbush [90], greenbrier (Smilax spp.) [148,156,157,176,201], swamp doghobble [47], fetterbush lyonia [47,90,94,157], honeycup (Zenobia pulverulenta) [94,148,156,176], dwarf huckleberry [41], highbush blueberry [47,157], wax myrtle (Morella cerifera) [90,157,176,201,206], northern bayberry [41], and moss (Sphagnum spp.) [41,157,201]. Also occurring in pocosin vegetation is scattered red maple [156,201], Atlantic white-cedar [156], loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus) [94,156,157,176], sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) [201], sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana) [47,94,148,156,157,176,201], redbay [94,156,157,176], pond pine (Pinus serotina) [90,94,157,176,206], and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) [156].

In pond pine forests, inkberry occurs with bluestem (Andropogon spp.) [92], cane [16,92], sweetpepperbush [16,72,92], swamp cyrilla [16,72], huckleberry (Gaylussacia spp.) [72,92], large gallberry [16], St. Johnswort (Hypericum spp.) [92], maleberry [72], fetterbush lyonia [44,72,92], wax myrtle [16,44,57], cinnamon fern, sumac (Rhus spp.) [92], saw-palmetto (Serenoa repens) [16,44,72], laureleaf greenbrier (Smilax laurifolia) [16,72], honeycup [16], and blueberry [44,92]. Other tree species include red maple [16,72], Atlantic white-cedar [72], loblolly bay], sweetgum [16], sweetbay [72,92], redbay [44], and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) [72].

Inkberry is found in bay forests with loblolly bay [5,18,126,176], sweetbay [5,126,152,176], and redbay [5,18,126,176]. Understory species in these communities include coastal sweetpepperbush, cane [126], buckwheat tree (Cliftonia monophylla) [18,126], swamp titi [126,176], huckleberry [176], dahoon (Ilex cassine) [5,18,126,176], large gallberry [126,176], deciduous holly (Ilex decidua) [126], smooth winterberry (Ilex laevigata) [176], American holly [126], yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) [18], Virginia sweetspire (Itea virginica), sheep-laurel, swamp doghobble [126], maleberry [5,126], fetterbush lyonia [5,18,126,176], bayberry [5,18,126,176], swamp azalea [176], greenbrier [126,176], poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) [18], highbush blueberry, black highbush blueberry [5,176], Virginia chainfern [176], and honeycup [126,176].

Inkberry occurs in bald cypress forests with red maple, sweetbay, blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), redbay [170,171], and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) [54]. Understory species include chalky bluestem (Andropogon capillipes), baccharis (Baccharis spp.), toothed midsorus fern (Blechnum serrulatum), smallspike false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), spadeleaf (Centella asiatica), Jamaica swamp sawgrass (Cladium mariscus) [54], coastal sweetpepperbush [170,171], flatsedge (Cyperus spp.) [54], swamp titi [170,171], southern umbrella-sedge (Fuirena scirpoidea), peelbark St. Johnswort (Hypericum fasciculatum), clustered bushmint (Hyptis alata) [54], dahoon [54,170,171], large gallberry, Virginia sweetspire, swamp doghobble [170,171], primrose-willow (Ludwigia spp.), rusty staggerbush (Lyonia ferruginea) [54], fetterbush lyonia [170,171], wax myrtle, wild pennyroyal (Piloblephis rigida), camphorweed (Pluchea spp.), cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto), licorice weed (Scoparia dulcis) [54], laurel greenbrier, coral greenbrier (Smilax walteri), and blueberry [170,171]. 

Inkberry is associated with pond cypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans) [134,202], occurring as an understory species with swamp cyrilla, eastern swamp privet (Forestiera acuminata), yaupon [202], wax myrtle [134,202], and viburnum (Viburnum spp.) [202]. Tree species in these communities include red maple, blackgum, and slash pine [134].

Inkberry is commonly found in southeastern pine flatwoods communities, dominated by sand pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) [65,116], slash pine [4,5,32,38,43,79,95,96,125,128,129,130,133,144,146,162,184], longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) [4,14,15,30,31,39,43,59,77,78,79,125,128,129,133,146,162,167,176,184], pond pine [4,133,184], and loblolly pine [31,59,60,118,131,159,167]. Several oak species occur in flatwoods communities, including Chapman oak (Quercus chapmanii) [39], southern red oak (Quercus falcata) [39,118,121,159], sand live oak (Quercus geminata) [184], bluejack oak (Quercus incana) [39], turkey oak (Quercus laevis) [39], laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) [11,39,79], runner oak (Quercus margarettiae) [125], blackjack oak [118,121], dwarf live oak (Quercus minima) [4,39,56,77,184], myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia) [56], water oak (Quercus nigra) [4,11,60,79,159], willow oak (Quercus phellos) [118,121,159], running oak (Quercus pumila) [133,162,184], post oak [60,118,121], and live oak [4,11,30,43]. Other tree species occurring in these communities include red maple [4,39,60,79], persimmon (Diospyros spp.) [15], ash (Fraxinus spp.) [4], sweetgum [4,11,59,60,118,121,131,159], loblolly bay [39], sweetbay [39,72,79], blackgum [59,60,72,118,121,131,159], redbay [11,61,72], swamp bay (Persea palustris) [79], shortleaf pine [59,60,131], spruce pine (Pinus glauca) [108], and pond cypress [43]. 

Inkberry occurs as an understory dominant in the flatwoods/inkberry plant association in Florida [5] and in the holly-bayberry-titi plant association in North Carolina [201]. It is also an understory dominant in the longleaf pine/blue huckleberry-inkberry community type in North Carolina [104]. Understory associates of inkberry in southeastern pine flatwoods include cane [55,59], pawpaw (Asimina spp.) [38], buckwheat tree [72], tarflower [1,2,4,39], sedges (Carex spp.) [55], sweetpepperbush [72,118,121,131], flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) [15,99], black titi [190], swamp titi [72,103,167], huckleberry [4,5,14,15,38], St. Johnswort [56,72], large gallberry [30,103,146,176,190], yaupon [14,98,99,146], mountain-laurel [103], hairy-laurel (Kalmia hirsuta) [84,184], sand myrtle (Leiophyllum buxifolium) [103], fetterbush lyonia [4,5,39,43,61,103,125,130,144,184,190], rusty staggerbush [116], coastalplain staggerbush (Lyonia fruticosa) [20,116], piedmont staggerbush [103,176], wax myrtle [4,14,30,38,39,43,59,79,144,150,159,176,184], southern bayberry [121], red chokecherry [56], azalea (Rhododendron spp.) [56], beakrushes (Rhynchospora spp.) [55], sumac [14,43], blackberry (Rubus spp.) [14,15,39,112,146], cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto) [43,196], saw-palmetto [4,5,14,38,39,43,77,78,79,125,128,129,144,150], greenbrier [72,190], blueberry [5,14,15,59,72,79,99,125,162,176,184], and viburnum [39]. Grasses occurring in these communities include threeawn (Aristida spp.) [4,39,77,84,97,125,130,133,146,162,167], common carpet grass (Axonopus fissifolius) [20,68], toothache grass (Ctenium aromaticum) [20,115], panic grass (Panicum spp.) [3,35,36,55,72,115,118,146], muhly (Muhlenbergia spp.) [55], bluestem (Schizachyrium and Andropogon spp.) [35,39,55,59,68,98,99,115,118,125,146,146], Indian grass (Sorghastrum spp.) [20,55], Curtis' dropseed (Sporobolus curtissii) [20,36,68,118], and Florida dropseed (Sporobolus floridanus) [115].

In hammock vegetation of Florida, inkberry occurs with various hickories (Carya spp.) and other hardwoods, southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), wax myrtle, lancewood (Nectandria coriacea), West Indian cherry (Prunus myrtifolia), evergreen oaks (Quercus spp.), and coontie (Zamia pumila) [57].

Inkberry is also an important component of saw palmetto-dominated scrub vegetation, occurring with pineland threeawn (Aristida stricta), tarflower, rusty staggerbush, coastalplain staggerbush, fetterbush lyonia, wax myrtle, redbay, western brackenfern, Chapman oak, myrtle oak, sand live oak, greenbrier, shiny blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), and tallow wood (Ximenia americana) [173].

In sand scrub vegetation, inkberry occurs with  pawpaw (Asimina spp.), tarflower [38], sand heath (Ceratiola ericoides), garberia (Garberia heterophylla) [139], huckleberry [38], St. Andrew's cross (Hypericum hypericoides), Carolina holly (Ilex ambigua) [139], dahoon [38], staggerbush (Lyonia spp.), wax myrtle [38,139], Chapman oak [139], sand live oak [38,139], laurel oak [38], myrtle oak, redbay, silk bay, devilwood (Osmanthus americanus), oak mistletoe (Phoradendron leucarpum) [139], sand pine (Pinus clausa) [38,139], scrub plum (Prunus geniculata) [139], hog plum (Prunus umbellata) [38], tallow wood, western brackenfern, flameleaf sumac (Rhus copallinum), scrub palmetto (Sabal etonia) [139], saw palmetto [38,139], greenbrier, shiny blueberry, and deerberry [139].

Coastal sand dune associates of inkberry include live oak, hog plum, prickly-pear (Opuntia spp.), staggerbush, periwinkle (Catharanthus spp.), saltbush (Atriplex spp.), avocado (Persea spp.), banana (Musa spp.), and scrub oak [38].

In dry prairie vegetation, inkberry occurs with pawpaw (Asimina spp.) [38,43], tarflower [136,158], sedge (Cyperus spp.) [28,38], coastalplain St. Johnswort (Hypericum brachyphyllum) [136], whitehead bogbutton (Lachnocaulon anceps) [89], rusty staggerbush [158], coastalplain staggerbush [53,89,136], fetterbush lyonia [43,53,136], wax myrtle [53], eastern prickly-pear (Opuntia humifusa) [28], sand live oak [89], dwarf live oak [53,101,136], running oak [43,53], plumed beaksedge (Rhynchospora plumosa) [89], saw-palmetto [4,38,53,89,101,136,158], shiny blueberry [53,136], Darrow's blueberry (Vaccinium darrowii) [89], common carpetgrass [101], Curtis' dropseed [80], threeawn [4,80,89,136,158], sawgrass (Cladium spp.) [38], cutthroat grass (Panicum abscissum) [209], little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), lopsided Indian grass (Sorghastrum secundum), narrowleaf silkgrass (Pityopsis graminifolia), and vanillaleaf (Carphephorus odoritissimus) [89].

Classifications identifying inkberry as a plant community dominant are as follows:

Florida [5]
North Carolina [104,201]

Related categories for SPECIES: Ilex glabra | Inkberry

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