DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Linnaea borealis | Twinflower 



GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : 
The typical subspecies of twinflower is distributed from eastern Alaska
across Siberia and northern Europe [35].  Pacific twinflower occurs
along the West Coast from southern Alaska to northern California
[35,55].  American twinflower is distributed from interior Alaska across
Canada to Newfoundland and south to northern Arizona and New Mexico,
South Dakota, Indiana, West Virginia, and New Jersey [28,35,41].


ECOSYSTEMS : 
   FRES10  White - red - jack pine
   FRES11  Spruce - fir
   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch
   FRES19  Aspen - birch
   FRES20  Douglas-fir
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES22  Western white pine
   FRES23  Fir - spruce
   FRES24  Hemlock - Sitka spruce
   FRES25  Larch
   FRES26  Lodgepole pine
   FRES27  Redwood
   FRES28  Western hardwoods
   FRES38  Plains grasslands
   FRES44  Alpine


STATES : 
     AK  AZ  CA  CO  CT  ID  IL  IN  ME  MD
     MA  MI  MN  MT  NH  NJ  NM  NY  ND  OH
     OR  PA  RI  SD  UT  VT  WA  WV  WI  WY
     AB  BC  MB  NB  NF  NT  NS  ON  PE  PQ
     SK  YT


ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : 
     ACAD  APIS  CRLA  DENA  FLFO  GLAC
     GRCA  GRSM  GRTE  INDU  ISRO  LACL
     MORA  NOCA  OLYM  PIRO  ROMO  SAJH
     SLBE  VOYA  WRST  YELL  YUCH


BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 
    1  Northern Pacific Border
    2  Cascade Mountains
    3  Southern Pacific Border
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    6  Upper Basin and Range
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   10  Wyoming Basin
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   15  Black Hills Uplift
   16  Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands


KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : 
   K001  Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
   K002  Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
   K003  Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K004  Fir - hemlock forest
   K005  Mixed conifer forest
   K006  Redwood forest
   K008  Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
   K011  Western ponderosa forest
   K012  Douglas-fir forest
   K013  Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
   K014  Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K015  Western spruce - fir forest
   K016  Eastern ponderosa forest
   K017  Black Hills pine forest
   K018  Pine - Douglas-fir forest
   K020  Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K021  Southwestern spruce - fir forest
   K028  Mosaic of K002 and K026
   K029  California mixed evergreen forest
   K052  Alpine meadows and barren
   K066  Wheatgrass - needlegrass
   K067  Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
   K093  Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
   K094  Conifer bog
   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K096  Northeastern spruce - fir forest
   K106  Northern hardwoods
   K107  Northern hardwoods - fir forest
   K108  Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
   K109  Transition between K104 and K106


SAF COVER TYPES : 
     1  Jack pine
     5  Balsam fir
    12  Black spruce
    13  Black spruce - tamarack
    15  Red pine
    16  Aspen
    18  Paper birch
    20  White pine - northern red oak - red maple
    21  Eastern white pine
    22  White pine - hemlock
    23  Eastern hemlock
    24  Hemlock - yellow birch
    25  Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
    26  Sugar maple - basswood
    27  Sugar maple
    30  Red spruce - yellow birch
    31  Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
    32  Red spruce
    33  Red spruce - balsam fir
    35  Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
    37  Northern white-cedar
    38  Tamarack
    51  White pine - chestnut oak
    60  Beech - sugar maple
   107  White spruce
   201  White spruce
   202  White spruce - paper birch
   203  Balsam poplar
   204  Black spruce
   205  Mountain hemlock
   206  Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   211  White fir
   212  Western larch
   213  Grand fir
   215  Western white pine
   216  Blue spruce
   218  Lodgepole pine
   251  White spruce - aspen
   252  Paper birch
   253  Black spruce - white spruce
   254  Black spruce -  paper birch


SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : 
NO-ENTRY


HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : 
Twinflower occurs in several grassland and many hardwood and coniferous
forest types.  It is named as a dominant understory or indicator species
in numerous published classifications.  A partial listing is as follows:

Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain
   Province [4]
Preliminary plant associations of the Siskiyou Mountain Province [5]
Ecology of wetlands in Big Meadows, Rocky Mountain National Park,
   Colorado [12]
Forest habitat types of northern Idaho:  a second approximation [13]
Classification of montane forest community types in the Cedar River
   drainage of western Washington, U.S.A. [18]
A classification of forest habitat types of northern New Mexico and
   southern Colorado [19]
Classification, description, and dynamics of plant communities after
   fire in the taiga of interior Alaska [24]
Forest vegetation of the Black Hills National Forest of South Dakota and
   Wyoming:  a habitat type classification [34]
Plant communities of Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, U.S.A. [46]
Forest habitat types of Montana [57]

Related categories for Species: Linnaea borealis | Twinflower