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Introductory

SPECIES: Lycium pallidum | Pale Wolfberry
ABBREVIATION : LYCPAL SYNONYMS : NO-ENTRY SCS PLANT CODE : LYPA COMMON NAMES : pale wolfberry desert thorn boxthorn TAXONOMY : The currently accepted scientific name of pale wolfberry is Lycium pallidum Miers. (Solanaceae) [23,31,33,43,47]. A typical variety and L. p. var. oligospermum C. L. Hitch. are recognized [20,31,33,43]. LIFE FORM : Shrub FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : No special status OTHER STATUS : NO-ENTRY COMPILED BY AND DATE : Robin F. Matthews, May 1994 LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : NO-ENTRY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Remainder of Citation

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

SPECIES: Lycium pallidum | Pale Wolfberry
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : Pale wolfberry ranges from southern Colorado, Utah, and Nevada south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas [23,33,43,47]. The typical variety apparently has a more southernly distribution than L. pallidum var. oligospermum, which is found in the Mohave Desert and the northern Sonoran Desert in California [20,31,33,43]. Pale wolfberry is also found in Mexico in Sonora, Chihuahua, Zacatecas, and San Luis Potosi [43]. ECOSYSTEMS : FRES28 Western hardwoods FRES29 Sagebrush FRES30 Desert shrub FRES32 Texas savanna FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub FRES35 Pinyon - juniper FRES40 Desert grasslands STATES : AZ CA CO NV NM TX UT MEXICO ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : BIBE BLCA CACH CANY CHCU CHIR DEVA FOBO GRCA GUMO JOTR LAME MEVE MOCA NABR PEFO SAGU WACA WHSA WUPA ZION BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 6 Upper Basin and Range 7 Lower Basin and Range 11 Southern Rocky Mountains 12 Colorado Plateau 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont 14 Great Plains KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland K024 Juniper steppe woodland K027 Mesquite bosque K031 Oak - juniper woodlands K032 Transition between K031 and K037 K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub K038 Great Basin sagebrush K039 Blackbrush K040 Saltbush - greasewood K041 Creosotebush K042 Creosotebush - bursage K043 Paloverde - cactus shrub K044 Creosotebush - tarbush K053 Grama - galleta steppe K054 Grama - tobosa prairie K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe K058 Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna K060 Mesquite savanna K061 Mesquite - acacia savanna SAF COVER TYPES : 68 Mesquite 220 Rocky Mountain juniper 235 Cottonwood - willow 239 Pinyon - juniper 241 Western live oak 242 Mesquite SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : Pale wolfberry is characteristic of Mohave Desert vegetation and, in addition to species already mentioned, is associated in that region with winterfat (Ceratoides lanata), range ratany (Krameria parvifolia), ephedra (Ephedra spp.), spiny hopsage (Grayia spinosa), Schockley goldenhead (Acamptopappus schockleyi), Fremont dalea (Dalea fremontii), spiny menodora (Menodora spinescens), prickly pear (Opuntia spp.), and yucca (Yucca spp.) [1,5,8,29,40,44]. Pale wolfberry is also found throughout the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts and is associated with species including ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), ironwood (Olneya tesota), saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea), false-mesquite (Calliandra eriophylla), feather dalea (Dalea formosa), brittle bush (Encelia farinosa), leatherstem (Jatropha dioica), yucca, agave (Agave spp.), prickly pear and cholla (Opuntia spp.), and catclaw (Acacia spp.) [9,19,32]. Pale wolfberry sometimes occurs in riparian woodlands such as those in the Rincon Mountains of Arizona. In these habitats it is associated with species such as sycamore (Platanus wrightii), willow (Salix spp.), Arizona walnut (Juglans major), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), Arizona white oak (Quercus arizonica), and velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina) [7]. Pale wolfberry is not listed as a dominant or codominant shrub species in available publications.

VALUE AND USE

SPECIES: Lycium pallidum | Pale Wolfberry
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : NO-ENTRY IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : Pale wolfberry fruits are consumed by birds and some rodents [24,26,33], and its foliage may be browsed by livestock [23,24,33,42,43]. It is little used by big game, however [26]. Pale wolfberry is an important postnesting food for phainopepla in the Colorado River Valley. The spring phainopepla diet consists mainly of pale wolfberry fruits and insects [4]. Shrub-grasslands, in which pale wolfberry occurs, are preferred habitat of coyotes at the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site in southeastern Colorado [16]. Woodrats in the Mohave Desert of California select pale wolfberry foliage significantly (p<.001) more often than creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) foliage [30]. PALATABILITY : NO-ENTRY NUTRITIONAL VALUE : Mineral composition values of pale wolfberry collected in May in the northern Mohave Desert are available [45]. COVER VALUE : Dense thickets [43] of pale wolfberry probably provide cover for birds and small mammals. VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : Specific information regarding the use of pale wolfberry for rehabilitating disturbed sites is not available in the literature. Wolfberries (Lycium spp.), however, have been used to rehabilitate abandoned farmland in the Sonoran Desert lowlands and disturbed sites near Red Rock, Arizona. The sites were restored by establishing berms on the contour and then seeding with wolfberry and other desert shrubs [22]. OTHER USES AND VALUES : Historically, Native Americans have eaten pale wolfberry berries and have used the plant for a wide variety of medicinal purposes [23,33,43]. Pale wolfberry is grown as an ornamental [33,43]. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : NO-ENTRY

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

SPECIES: Lycium pallidum | Pale Wolfberry
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : Pale wolfberry is a spiny, densely branched shrub with stems 3.3 to 9.9 feet (1-3 m) tall. Branches may be spreading to erect. The axillary flowers are bell-shaped and are borne singly or in clusters. The fruit is a red juicy berry with 20 to 50 seeds [20,31,33,43,47]. Pale wolfberry may form dense thickets [43]. The distribution of small and large roots of pale wolfberry on desert pavement underlain by caliche at 20 to 40 inches (50-100 cm) [2] at Rock Valley, Nevada follows (values are percent of total root system weight) [44]: Depth 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50+ cm ______________________________________________________________________ large 27.5 28.3 9.8 5.4 3.5 0 small 2.9 10.5 6.5 3.2 2.6 0 The exact sizes of large and small roots were not given. The roots of wolfberry species are tough and fibrous. Root systems are relatively extensive in comparison with aerial portions, often extending 25 to 30 feet (7.5-9.0 m) from the plant [42]. Phytomass measurements for new leaf, stem, flower, and fruit productivity of pale wolfberry at Rock Valley, Nevada in wet and dry years are available in the literature [5]. Estimated aboveground net productivity values of pale wolfberry at the same site for the period 1971 to 1976 are also available [39]. RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : Phanerophyte REGENERATION PROCESSES : Pale wolfberry regenerates from cuttings, root suckering, and layering. It also sprouts from the base when damaged [42,43]. Pale wolfberry seeds are probably dispersed by birds and other animals, like those of other wolfberry species [28]. Three pale wolfberry seedlings established at a Rock Valley, Nevada, site in 1972, but none survived to the following year [2]. Good seed crops are produced by wolfberry species almost every year. After extraction, seeds should be dried and stored in sealed containers at 41 degrees Fahrenheit (5 deg C), or stratified in moist sand. Stratified seeds of other wolfberry species maintain good viability for 6 months. Dormancy in wolfberry seeds is variable. Some wolfberry species seeds germinate well without pretreatment, while germination of others is improved by stratification. Seeds can be sown in the fall as soon as the fruits ripen, or stratified seed can be sown in the spring and covered lightly with about 0.25-inch (0.64-cm) of soil. Two-year-old seedlings may be outplanted [36]. SITE CHARACTERISTICS : Pale wolfberry is found on plains and flats, along washes and arroyos, on dry rocky hills, mesas, and bajadas, and on rocky slopes and canyons of hills and mountains [18,19,29,23,31,33,46]. It is tolerant of saline soils [45]. In the Mohave Desert at Rock Valley, Nevada, pale wolfberry occurs in desert scrub vegetation on sites at 3,300 feet (1,000 m) elevation with soils derived from calcareous alluvium. The soil surface is well-developed desert pavement underlain by a caliche layer that prevents root penetration [2,3,40]. Pale wolfberry mostly occurs at the following elevations: feet meters _____________________________________________________________________ Arizona 3,500-7,000 1,060-2,120 [23] California below 2,500 below 757 [31] below 3,960 below 1,200 [20] Colorado 5,000-7,000 1,500-2,120 [18] Texas 3,000-7,000 900-2,120 [43] Trans-Pecos, TX 400-5,200 120-1,575 [33] Utah 3,300-6,170 1,000-1,870 [47] SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : Little information is available on the successional status of pale wolfberry. It occurs in mid-seral and late seral communities of the upper Rio Puerco watershed in New Mexico that are dominated by oneseed juniper (Juniperus monosperma), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), or alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) [14]. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : Pale wolfberry flowers from February to May or June throughout its range [23,31,33,43]. In the Mohave Desert pale wolfberry is one of the first plants to break dormancy, and does so when night temperatures are around freezing and maximum air temperatures average 60 degrees Fahrenheit (15 deg C) [1,3,38]. It is also one of the first species to shed its leaves when air and soil temperatures increase above 86 degrees Fahrenheit (30 deg C). Pale wolfberry may produce leaf and flower buds after summer and fall rains [1,3]. The following dates were recorded for phenological development of pale wolfberry at Rock Valley, Nevada, over an 8-year period [38]: Year first leaf first flower first fruit ___________________________________________________________________ 1968 Feb. 2 Mar. 3 April 4 1969 Feb. 14 April 2 April 18 1970 Feb. 16 April 13 April 20 1971 Jan. 25 Mar. 12 none 1972 Feb. 18 Mar. 7 Mar. 15 1973 Feb. 20 Mar. 13 Mar. 22 1974 Feb. 4 Mar. 26 April 2 1975 Jan. 24 Mar. 18 April 2 1976 Mar. 4 April 2 April 16

FIRE ECOLOGY

SPECIES: Lycium pallidum | Pale Wolfberry
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : Many perennial desert shrubs are not well adapted to fire [12], but some exhibit fire adaptive traits [27]. These traits are generally only weakly developed [35]. Since pale wolfberry sprouts from the root crown following damage [43], it probably sprouts after fire [27]. However, it may take many years for desert shrubs to regain their former densities on burned sites [35]. The sprouting ability of pale wolfberry is most likely dependent on fire severity. Dense clumps of brush containing pale wolfberry may be somewhat impervious to fire, as are clumps containing Berlandier wolfberry (L. berlandieri) [10]. Wolfberry species seedling establishment was noted after a fire at a Sonoran Desert site. The seeds may have survived fire in the soil or on burned plants, or may have been dispersed from adjacent unburned areas [35]. POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown Secondary colonizer - off-site seed

FIRE EFFECTS

SPECIES: Lycium pallidum | Pale Wolfberry
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : Severe fires may kill pale wolfberry, but low- to moderate-severity fires probably only consume its aerial portions. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : NO-ENTRY PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : Specific information on the response of pale wolfberry to fire is not available in the literature. In general, wolfberry species sprouted rapidly after controlled June fires in Sonoran Desert scrub vegetation near Phoenix, Arizona. The well developed wolfberry root systems escaped damage from the fire, allowing them to capitalize on increased water and nitrogen availability in the postfire environment. Wolfberries had established their former density and cover by 35 postfire months. Wolfberry plants had similiar responses in both open shrub and tree microhabitats [27]. Wolfberry species sprouted and seedlings established within 3 years following a June wildfire in a Sonoran desert scrub community near Phoenix, Arizona. No information was given on fire severity or intensity [35]. Berlandier wolfberry, a related species, was reduced by prescribed fires in southern Texas [10,11,17], but the effects were short-lived and canopy diameter had recovered to prefire levels by the end of the first growing season following the fire [17]. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : NO-ENTRY FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Fires are not prevalent in many desert communities due wide spacing between shrubs and sparse ground cover [12,21]. Unusually heavy winter rains, however, may produce a cover of annual species dense enough to carry a fire when cured [21]. Many perennial desert shrubs are poorly adapted to fire [12]. Wolfberries in particular may be susceptible to repeated burning [27]. Postfire colonization by desert shrubs is very slow initially and may take hundreds of years [12,35]. Rogers and Steele [35] suggested a conservative approach when using fire to manage desert regions.

REFERENCES

SPECIES: Lycium pallidum | Pale Wolfberry
REFERENCES : 1. Ackerman, T. L.; Romney, E. M.; Wallace, A.; Kinnear, J. E. 1980. Phenology of desert shrubs in southern Nye County, Nevada. In: Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 4. Nevada desert ecology. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University: 4-23. [3197] 2. Ackerman, Thomas L. 1979. Germination and survival of perennial plant species in the Mojave Desert. Southwestern Naturalist. 24(3): 399-408. [12219] 3. Ackerman, Thomas L.; Bamberg, Sam A. 1974. Phenological studies in the Mojave Desert at Rock Valley (Nevada Test Site). In: Lieth, Helmut, ed. Phenology and seasonality modeling. New York: Springer-Verlag: 215-226. (Ecological studies; Analysis and synthesis, volume 8). [21506] 4. Anderson, Bertin W.; Ohmart, Robert D. 1978. Phainopepla utilization of honey mesquite forests in the Colorado River Valley. Condor. 80: 334-338. [12225] 5. Bamberg, Samuel A.; Vollmer, Arthur T.; Kleinkopf, Gale E.; Ackerman, Thomas L. 1976. A comparison of seasonal primary production of Mojave Desert shrubs during wet and dry years. American Midland Naturalist. 95(2): 398-405. [4190] 6. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434] 7. Bowers, Janice E.; McLaughlin, Steven P. 1987. Flora and vegetation of the Rincon Mountains, Pima County, Arizona. Desert Plants. 8(2): 50-94. [495] 8. Bowers, Michael A. 1987. Precipitation and the relative abundances of desert winter annuals: a 6-year study in the northern Mohave Desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 12: 141-149. [4850] 9. Bowers, Michael A.; Lowe, Charles H. 1986. Plant-form gradients on Sonoran Desert bajadas. Oikos. 46: 284-291. [10864] 10. Box, Thadis W.; Powell, Jeff; Drawe, D. Lynn. 1967. Influence of fire on south Texas chaparral communities. Ecology. 48(6): 955-961. [499] 11. Box, Thadis W.; White, Richard S. 1969. Fall and winter burning of south Texas brush ranges. Journal of Range Management. 22(6): 373-376. [11438] 12. Brown, David E.; Minnich, Richard A. 1986. Fire and changes in creosote bush scrub of the western Sonoran Desert, California. American Midland Naturalist. 116(2): 411-422. [537] 13. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 14. Francis, Richard E. 1986. Phyto-edaphic communities of the Upper Rio Puerco Watershed, New Mexico. Res. Pap. RM-272. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 73 p. [954] 15. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998] 16. Gese, Eric M.; Rongstad, Orrin J.; Mytton, William R. 1988. Home range and habitat use of coyotes in southeastern Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management. 52(4): 640-646. [6136] 17. Hamilton, Wayne T. 1980. Suppressing undesirable plants in buffelgrass range with prescribed fire. In: White, Larry D., ed. Prescribed range burning in the Rio Grande Plains of Texas: Proceedings of a symposium; 1979 November 7; Carrizo Springs, TX. College Station, TX: The Texas A&M University System, Texas Agricultural Extension Service: 12-21. [11459] 18. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed. Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc. 666 p. [6851] 19. Henrickson, James; Johnston, Marshall C. 1986. Vegetation and community types of the Chihuahuan Desert. In: Barlow, J. C.; [and others], eds. Chihuahuan Desert--U.S. and Mexico, II. Alpine, TX: Sul Ross State University: 20-39. [12979] 20. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992] 21. Humphrey, Robert R. 1974. Fire in the deserts and desert grassland of North America. In: Kozlowski, T. T.; Ahlgren, C. E., eds. Fire and ecosystems. New York: Academic Press: 365-400. [14064] 22. Jackson, Laura L.; McAuliffe, Joseph R.; Roundy, Bruce A. 1991. Desert restoration. Restoration & Management Notes. 9(2): 71-79. [22746] 23. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock, Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2d ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1085 p. [6563] 24. Kelly, George W. 1970. A guide to the woody plants of Colorado. Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing Co. 180 p. [6379] 25. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384] 26. Lamb, S. H. 1971. Woody plants of New Mexico and their value to wildlife. Bull. 14. Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. 80 p. [9818] 27. Loftin, Samuel Robert. 1987. Postfire dynamics of a Sonoran Desert ecosystem. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University. 97 p. Thesis. [12296] 28. Lonard, Robert I.; Judd, Frank W. 1993. Phytogeography of the woody flora of the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Texas Journal of Science. 45(2): 133-147. [22040] 29. MacMahon, James A. 1988. Warm deserts. In: Barbour, Michael G.; Billings, William Dwight, eds. North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press: 231-264. [19547] 30. Meyer, Michael W.; Karasov, William H. 1989. Antiherbivore chemistry of Larrea tridentata: effects on woodrat (Neotoma lepida) feeding and nutrition. Ecology. 70(4): 953-961. [7979] 31. Munz, Philip A. 1974. A flora of southern California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1086 p. [4924] 32. Nichol, A. A. [revisions by Phillips, W. S.]. 1952. The natural vegetation of Arizona. Tech. Bull. 68 [revision]. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona, Agricultural Experiment Station: 189-230. [3928] 33. Powell, A. Michael. 1988. Trees & shrubs of Trans-Pecos Texas including Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks. Big Bend National Park, TX: Big Bend Natural History Association. 536 p. [6130] 34. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843] 35. Rogers, Garry F.; Steele, Jeff. 1980. Sonoran Desert fire ecology. In: Stokes, Marvin A.; Dieterich, John H., technical coordinators. Proceedings of the fire history workshop; 1980 October 20-24; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 15-19. [16036] 36. Rudolf, Paul O. 1974. Lycium L. wolfberry. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 522-524. [7699] 37. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090] 38. Turner, Frederick B.; Randall, David C. 1987. The phenology of desert shrubs in southern Nevada. Journal of Arid Environments. 13: 119-128. [2764] 39. Turner, Frederick B.; Randall, David C. 1989. Net production by shrubs and winter annuals in southern Nevada. Journal of Arid Environments. 17: 23-36. [8699] 40. Turner, Raymond M. 1982. Mohave desertscrub. In: Brown, David E., ed. Biotic communities of the American Southwest--United States and Mexico. Desert Plants. 4(1-4): 157-168. [2374] 41. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982. National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names. SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573] 42. Van Dersal, William R. 1938. Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 362 p. [4240] 43. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1104 p. [7707] 44. Wallace, A.; Romney, E. M.; Cha, J. W. 1980. Depth distribution of roots of some perennial plants in the Nevada Test Site area of the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. 4: 201-207. [4210] 45. Wallace, A.; Romney, E. M.; Wood, R. A.; [and others]. 1980. Parent material which produces saline outcrops as a factor in differential distrib. of native plants in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. 4: 140-145. [4216] 46. Warren, Peter L.; Hoy, Marina S.; Hoy, Wilton E. 1992. Vegetation and flora of Fort Bowie National Historic Site, Arizona. Tech. Rep. NPS/WRUA/NRTR-92/43. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit. 78 p. [19871] 47. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]

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