Introductory
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus | Ninebark 



ABBREVIATION : 
PHYMAL

SYNONYMS : 
NO-ENTRY


SCS PLANT CODE : 
   PHMA5


COMMON NAMES : 
   ninebark
   few-flowered ninebark
   mallow ninebark
   mallowleaved ninebark
   mountain ninebark
   shallow ninebark


TAXONOMY : 
The currently accepted scientific name of ninebark is Physocarpus
malvaceus (Green) Kuntze [17].  There are no recognized subspecies,
varieties, or forms.


LIFE FORM : 
Shrub

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : 
No special status

OTHER STATUS : 
NO-ENTRY


COMPILED BY AND DATE : 
R. J. Habeck, January 1992


LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : 
NO-ENTRY


AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : 
Habeck, R. J. 1992. Physocarpus malvaceus. In: Remainder of Citation

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus | Ninebark 



GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : 
Ninebark generally occurs east of the Cascades, from south-central
British Columbia to central and eastern Washington and Oregon; east to
southwestern Alberta, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, and Utah [17].


ECOSYSTEMS : 
   FRES20  Douglas-fir
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES25  Larch
   FRES28  Western hardwoods


STATES : 
     ID  MT  NV  OR  UT  WA  WY  AB  BC


ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : 
     BICA  CODA  GLAC  GRTE  TICA  YELL


BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 
   2  Cascade Mountains
   5  Columbia Plateau
   6  Upper Basin and Range
   8  Northern Rocky Mountains
   9  Middle Rocky Mountains


KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : 
   KO11  Western ponderosa forest
   K012  Douglas-fir forest
   K014  Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K018  Pine - Douglas-fir forest
   K037  Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
   K063  Foothills prairie


SAF COVER TYPES : 
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   212  Western larch
   213  Grand fir
   217  Aspen
   237  Interior ponderosa pine


SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : 
NO-ENTRY


HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : 
Ninebark occurs in a wide variety of habitat types from cool/moist
subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), grand fir (A. grandis), and Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmannii) to more mesic Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) sites.  Ninebark's
associates generally include ocean-spray (Holodiscus discolor), common
snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos
oreophilus), white spiraea (Spiraea betulifolia), serviceberry
(Amelanchier alnifolia), Oregon grape (Mahonia repens), and pinegrass
(Calamagrostis rubescens) [8,20,40,45,47].

Publications listing ninebark as an indicator or dominant species in
habitat types (hts), plant associations (pas), or community types (cts)
are as follows:

Area                   Classification            Authority
----                   --------------            ---------
c ID                   forest (hts)         Steele and others 1981
c ID                   forest (hts)         Steele & Geier-Hayes 1989
e ID, w WY             forest (hts)         Steele and others  1983          
n ID                   forest (hts)         Cooper and others  1991
  MT                   forest (hts)         Pfister and others 1977
w MT                   forest (hts)         Arno and others  1985
  OR                   forest (cts)         Cole 1982
  OR: Wallowa-Whitman  forest (pas)         Johnson & Simon 1987
      National Forest
n UT                   forest (hts)         Mauk & Henderson 1984
  WA                   forest (hts)         Williams & Lillybridge 1983

VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus | Ninebark 



WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : 
NO-ENTRY


IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : 
Ninebark's importance to livestock and wildlife is generally low to
moderate.  In central Idaho and western Montana, the grazing values for
livestock and wildlife are poor to none [35,46].  Ninebark made up only
8 percent of bighorn sheep browse in central Idaho [12].

Wildlife use of ninebark is usually minimal because more palatable
shrubs are commonly associated with it.  For up to 3 years following
fire, ninebark sprouts are frequently browsed by deer.  Ninebark becomes
a more important browse species on drier sites [38].


PALATABILITY : 
Ninebark is generally avoided as browse.  In northern Idaho, ninebark
was scarcely browsed when it exhibited a high cover percent [31].  In
cedar/hemlock (Thuja/Tsuga) ecosystems, it was found to be less
palatable than associated browse species [19].  In northern Utah,
however, mule deer browsed on ninebark during the summer months [44].
In northern Idaho, livestock browsing on ninebark seemed to increase its
utilization by producing more palatable stems.  Thilenius [48] found
that ninebark became more palatable to white-tailed deer following
browsing by livestock.

The degree of ninebark use shown by livestock and wildlife species 
in several western states is rated as follows [3,10]:

                      Montana          Utah       British Columbia
                      -------          ----       ----------------
Cattle                 poor            poor             ---
Sheep                  fair            fair             ---
Horses                 poor            poor             ---
Bighorn                ---             ---              poor
Elk                    ---             ---              poor
Moose                  ---             ---              poor
Mule deer              ---             ---              poor
White-tailed deer      ---             ---              poor
Caribou                ---             ---              poor


NUTRITIONAL VALUE : 
In Montana and Utah, ninebark only rated "fair" in energy and protein
values [10].

Mean mineral concentration values of the upper one-third of ninebark's
current annual growth measured over 3 years (1974-76) on burned and
unburned sites on the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho, were as
follows [32]:

            N      K     Mn    Cu      Mg    Ca     P     Zn     Na
            %      %     ppm   ppm     %     %      %     ppm    ppm
          ------------------------------------------------------------ 
Burned     1.30   1.60   40    6.50   0.22  1.20   0.30   14     48    
Unburned   0.90   1.20   60    5.80   0.20  1.00   0.28   20     53


COVER VALUE : 
Ninebark can form dense thickets, which provide good shelter and cover
for a variety of wildlife species from small birds to large mammals.


VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : 
The Soil Conservation Service in Pullman, Washington, has evaluated
ninebark in order to develop this shrub's soil-stabilizing
characteristics for streambank stabilization projects [26].  Results
from this evaluation are not available.

Ninebark suitability ratings for revegetating road cuts in northwestern
Montana are as follows [18]:

Initial(1)  Final (2)                   Natural    Soil (4)    Composite
Survival    Survival  Growth  Vigor(3)  Spread  Stabilization    Rating 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   6           8         5       5         0          4            28
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Ratings for each factor are based on a scale from 0 to 10 with 10
    being best.    
(2) Final survival based on percentage of initial survivors alive after
    4 years.
(3) Based on flowering growth rate and appearance.
(4) Based on root system and observed holding power.



OTHER USES AND VALUES : 
NO-ENTRY


MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
Ninebark decreases the productivity of forest lands by severely
restricting regeneration.  Tordon 22K and Tordon 101 have been used
successfully to control this deep-rooted, perennial shrub [41]. Distortion, curling, and browning of ninebark leaf margins were
noted 1 week after application.  At the end of one growing season, there
was almost 100 percent browning and drying of foliage [41].

In northern Idaho, ninebark showed two peaks of apparent susceptibility
to damage from spraying 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T:  in June, when the plants
were in bloom, and again in September before leaf drop.  Crown kill
averaged 99 and 80 percent respectively.  Following these treatments,
sprouts averaged about two per plant.  Spraying at these times decreases
ninebark, thereby possibly benefitting associated species [28,36].

Two to three quarts (1.9-2.8 l) of Roundup herbicide with water
top-killed 62 to 80 percent of ninebark foliage when applied during late
foliar development [33].  Ninebark control using Esteron brush killer
achieved best results when this herbicide was mixed with diesel and
sprayed by helicopter from low altitudes [less than 150 feet/(46 m)]
[34].

In many Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat types, pocket gophers have been
identified as a management problem.  They apparently damage young pines,
perhaps allowing ninebark communities to outcompete conifer species.
Burning, livestock grazing, and scarification have been attempted to rid
ninebark sites of pocket gophers [46].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus | Ninebark 



GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : 
This deciduous shrub is generally 2.0 to 7.0 feet (0.6-2.1 m) tall;
broad stem structure; twigs glabrous; bark shreddy on older branchlets;
inflorescence corymbose [21].  The fruit is an inflated two- to
three-chambered capsule with two to four very small seeds per chamber.
Ninebark leaves are palmately three- to five-lobed, and begin to turn
color as early as late July, becoming brownish-red by early autumn [23].

Ninebark has a horizontal perennating root system, although it is often
called a "rootcrown shrub".  Sectioning revealed that its perennating
organ is a rhizome [3].


RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : 
   Phanerophyte


REGENERATION PROCESSES : 
Seeds, flowering, and fruiting:  Flowering dates vary from May to July,
and fruit ripening occurs between late August and early October.
Ninebark averaged 756,000 cleaned seeds per pound (344,000/kg), with a
16 percent soundness value [16].  Ninebark seeds are primarily
transported by gravity.  Seeds stored in the soil are 11 percent viable,
and germinate in partial shade on scarified soil [46].

Regeneration following disturbance:  In western Montana, Bradley [4]
found ninebark to occur in two forms:  singularly or in small clumps of
stems sprouting from one rhizome; or in large groupings with many stems
originating from a number of interlaced rhizomes.  External observations
of rhizomes revealed numerous suppressed buds along the entire length of
the axis.  One half of the shrubs excavated had stems arising from more
than one section of the rhizome.  Presence of buds throughout the
rhizome may permit sprouting at many points given the proper
environmental conditions [4].


SITE CHARACTERISTICS : 
Ninebark is most commonly found on hillsides, canyons, and grasslands on
mesic ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir sites [17,23].  It also has been
found on moist slopes and streamsides in mountain-brush, aspen, and
mixed-conifer woodlands at 5,250 to 10,000 feet (1,600-3,000 m)
elevation [37].

Soils:  Ninebark is found predominantly on soils with no exposed rocks.
Parent materials range from calcareous/noncalcareous sedimentary rocks
such as limestone, sandstone, and conglomerates, to igneous rock such as
granites and basalts.  Soil textures found on ninebark sites range from
sandy loams to silty clay loams.  Ash layers have been found on some
loess soils in central Idaho.  Surface soil acidity range from pH 5.5 to
7.1.  The average duff layer is 2.6 inches (6.5 cm) with an effective
rooting depth generally at 15 inches (38 cm) [8,40,47].


SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : 
Ninebark is associated with a variety of species through its
successional progression.  In early seral stages, ninebark is a part of
communities that reflect great species diversity.  This would include
overstory species such as quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), shrub
species like redstem ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinus), and numerous
herbaceous species.  In mid-seral communities ninebark is associated
mostly with ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, shrubs in the Salix and
Prunus genera, and herbs such as penstemon (Penstemon attenuatus) and
Fragaria species.  In climax ninebark associations, Douglas-fir is the
dominant overstory species and occurs in pure stands.  Shrub layers
become increasingly simple, consisting primarily of Physocarpus,
Symphoricarpus, Amelanchier, and Spiraea.  The herbaceus layer decreases
and is generally limited to shade-tolerant rhizomatous species [46].

In the Intermountain West, ninebark forms a union primarily in the
Douglas-fir/ninebark association.  In northern Idaho, this association
is generally found between the drier ponderosa pine/Idaho fescue
(Festuca idahoensis) or ponderosa pine/ninebark associations, and the
moister grand fir/mountain lover (Pachistima myrsinites) association
[6].

Ninebark responds to various forms of disturbance such as silvicultural
cutting or wildfire by major vegetative responses.  This includes an
increase in coverage from existing plants and vigorous rhizome sprouting
[46].  Ninebark is an obligate pioneer species that predictably
increases rapidly in average height following disturbance.  Over time,
as overstory competition increases, the height of ninebark generally
decreases [24].


SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : 
Ninebark flowering and fruiting dates are as follows [16]:

                             Flowering    Fruit Ripening   Seed Dispersal
     Site        Elevation     Dates           Dates           Dates
---------------  ---------   ---------    --------------   --------------
Kootenai Co. ID   3200 ft    5/20 - 6/30      August        Sept. 15 +
Missoula Co. MT   3200 ft     5/30 - 6/25    8/20 - 9/5      Oct.  10 + 
                  4400 ft     6/20 - 7/10    8/20 - 9/25     Oct.  5 +
                  5400 ft     6/25 - 7/15    8/20 - 9/30     Oct.  5 + 
                  6400 ft     7/5  - 7/25    9/5  - 9/25     Oct.  10 +

Ninebark shrubs in northern Idaho showed stem elongation 25 days earlier
on southern aspects than on the cooler eastern aspects.  From this, it
is hypothesized that stem elongation may be controlled by air
temperature [11].  

Seasonal development for ninebark east of the Continental Divide in
Montana and Yellowstone National Park from 1928 to 1937 are as follows
[43]:

                     Average    Earliest    Latest  Standard  Number of
                      Date        Date       Date    Error    Observations

First Appearance     May  3      Apr   6    May  20    2          23
Leaves Full Grown    June 18     May  17    July 20    3          23
Flowers Start        June 13     May  22    June 30    2          24
Flowers End          July 6      June 18    July 21    2          24
Fruits Ripe          Aug  4      June 16    Sept  9    4          24
Seed Fall Starts     Aug  17     July 26    Sept 18   16           3
Leaves Wither        Aug  9      July  1    Sept 19    3          24
Leaves Fallen        Aug  24     July 23    Sept 26    3          24
First Frost Injury   Sept 25     Aug  28    Oct  26    3          24

Major phenological activities of ninebark in northern Idaho are as
follows [36]:

        Bud     Leafing     Stem                Fruit   Leaf Color  Leaf
Year   Swell      Out      Growth    Blooming   Growth   Change     Fall
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1971     NA     4/21-5/11  5/4-6/18  5/26-6/18  6/18-NA   9/23      9/23      
1972     NA     4/19-5/23  5/6-6/13  5/19-6/13  6/13-NA   9/26      9/26
1973  4/3-4/15  4/23-6/4   5/2-6/4   5/23-6/12  6/19-NA   8/28      10/2

FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus | Ninebark 



FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : 
Ninebark sprouts vigorously following fire.  Sprouts originate from
horizontal rhizomes, of which a high proportion are situated in mineral
soil.  Ninebark has 36 to 99 percent of its rhizomes buried in mineral
soil, ensuring its potential for survival and sprouting following a
fire.  It has been ranked in the highest fire-survival category in a
western Montana study [4,9,14,38].


POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : 
   survivor species; on-site surviving rhizomes

FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Physocarpus malvaceus | Ninebark 



IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : 
Ninebark is classified as fire resistant [14].  It is, however,
susceptible to death from severe fire temperatures.  Roots may be damaged by
moderate to severe fires.  Often there is a decrease in aboveground
parts following fire, subsequently delaying regeneration [9,14].

Preburn and postburn measurements of ninebark in central Idaho are as
follows [25]:

        Avg. Live       Avg. Live     Avg. Crown   Avg. Dead   No.  Avg. Sprout
      Crown Diameter   Crown Height   Below 7ft.     Crown    Basal    Height
          (ft)             (ft)          (%)          (%)    Sprouts    (ft)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Preburn    2.5             4.5          100.0         20.0     4.0      2.0
Postburn   1.5             3.0          100.0        100.0    21.0      2.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*  preburn measurements taken March/1965;  postburn measurements taken 
   August/1965.
** postburn measurements were taken on the part of the plant which
   existed before treatment.


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : 
NO-ENTRY


PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : 
Ninebark has been found to be more abundant on burned sites than on
unburned sites.  Twig densities on ninebark shrubs increased through the
third postfire growing season in northern Idaho.  Shrub heights on
burned and unburned sites were equal by the fourth growing season, while
aboveground biomass of burned shrubs was only 64 percent of that of
unburned shrubs [5,32].  Owens [39] found that the annual twig
production for ninebark increased proportional to the removal of shrub
canopy by fire in northern Idaho.


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : 
NO-ENTRY


FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
NO-ENTRY

References for species: Physocarpus malvaceus

1. Arno, Stephen F.; Simmerman, Dennis G.; Keane, Robert E. 1986. Characterizing succession within a forest habitat type--an approach designed for resource managers. Res. Note INT-357. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 8 p. [347]

2. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]

3. Blower, Dan. 1982. Key winter forage plants for B.C. ungulates. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of the Environment, Terrestrial Studies Branch. [17065]

4. Bradley, Anne Foster. 1984. Rhizome morphology, soil distribution, and the potential fire survival of eight woody understory species in western Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 183 p. Thesis. [502]

5. Cattelino, Peter J. 1980. A reference base for vegetative response and species reproductive strategies. Final Report. Supplement No. 10 to Master Memorandum between Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station and Gradient Modeling, Inc. Missoula, MT: Gradient Modeling, Inc. 30 p. [12085]

6. Cholewa, Anita F.; Johnson, Frederic D. 1983. Secondary succession in the Pseudotsuga menziesii/Phyaocarpus malvaceus association. Northwest Science. 57(4): 273-282. [11402]

7. Cole, David N. 1982. Vegetation of two drainages in Eagle Cap Wilderness, Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. Res. Pap. INT-288. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 42 p. [658]

8. Cooper, Stephen V.; Neiman, Kenneth E.; Roberts, David W. 1991. (Rev.) Forest habitat types of northern Idaho: a second approximation. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-236. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 143 p. [14792]

9. Crane, M. F.; Fischer, William C. 1986. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of central Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-218. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 85 p. [5297]

10. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]

11. Wagonfehr, Bob. 1987. Chaparral and the Tonto land management plan. In: Wagner, Michael R., ed. Challenges and opportunities in chaparral management: Proceedings of the Southwestern Society of American Foresters annual fall meeting; 1986 November 12-14; Prescott, AZ. SAF Publication No. SAF 87.10. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona State University and the San Francisco Peaks Chapter of the Society of American Foresters: 14. [5654]

12. Elliott, Charles R.; Flinders, Jerran T. 1984. Plant nutrient levels on two summer ranges in the River of No Return Wilderness Area, Idaho. The Great Basin Naturalist. 44(1): 621-626. [859]

13. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]

14. Fischer, William C.; Bradley, Anne F. 1987. Fire ecology of western Montana forest habitat types. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-223. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 95 p. [633]

15. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]

16. Gill, John D.; Pogge, Franz L. 1974. Physocarpus Maxim. Ninebark. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Washington: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 584-586. [7727]

17. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]

18. Hungerford, Roger D. 1984. Native shrubs: suitability for revegetating road cuts in northwestern Montana. Res. Pap. INT-331. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 13 p. [1220]

19. Irwin, Larry L. 1976. Effects of intensive silviculture on big game forage sources in northern Idaho. In: Hieb, S., ed. Proceedings, elk-logging roads symposium. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho: 135-142. [16146]

20. Johnson, Charles G., Jr.; Simon, Steven A. 1987. Plant associations of the Wallowa-Snake Province: Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. R6-ECOL-TP-255A-86. Baker, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. 399 p. [9600]

21. Kartesz, John T.; Kartesz, Rosemarie. 1980. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume II: The biota of North America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press; in confederation with Anne H. Lindsey and C. Richie Bell, North Carolina Botanical Garden. 500 p. [6954]

22. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]

23. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]

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26. Lines, Ivan L., Jr.; Carlson, Jack R.; Corthell, Robert A. 1979. Repairing flood-damaged streams in the Pacific Northwest. In: Johnson, R. Roy; McCormick, J. Frank, technical coordinators. Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands & other riparian ecosystems: Proc. of the symposium; 1978 December 11-13; Callaway Gardens, GA. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-12. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 195-200. [4361]

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30. Mauk, Ronald L.; Henderson, Jan A. 1984. Coniferous forest habitat types of northern Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-170. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 89 p. [1553]

31. McCulloch, Clay Y., Jr. 1955. Utilization of winter browse on wilderness big game range. Journal of Wildlife Management. 19(2): 206-215. [7933]

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36. Mueggler, Walter F. 1966. Herbicide treatment of browse on a big-game winter range in northern Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management. 30(1): 141-151. [8427]

37. Mueggler, Walter F. 1988. Aspen community types of the Intermountain Region. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-250. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 135 p. [5902]

38. Noste, Nonan V.; Bushey, Charles L. 1987. Fire response of shrubs of dry forest habitat types in Montana and Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-239. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 22 p. [255]

39. Owens, T. E. 1982. Postburn regrowth of shrubs related to canopy mortality. Northwest Science. 56(1): 34-40. [1806]

40. Pfister, Robert D.; Kovalchik, Bernard L.; Arno, Stephen F.; Presby, Richard C. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 174 p. [1878]

41. Potter, Dale R. 1968. New herbicide kills ninebark. Research Note INT-75. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment Station. 2 p. [5399]

42. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]

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Related categories for Species: Physocarpus malvaceus | Ninebark