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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Prunus emarginata | Bitter Cherry
ABBREVIATION :
PRUEMA
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
PREM
PREME
PREMM
COMMON NAMES :
bitter cherry
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of bitter cherry is Prunus
emarginata (Dougl.) Walp. (Rosaceae) [44,61,133]. There are two
recognized varieties [44,49,120]:
Prunus emarginata var. emarginata
Prunus emarginata var. mollis (Dougl.) Brewer
In British Columbia bitter cherry hybridizes with pin cherry (Prunus
pensylvanica Linnaeus) [120].
LIFE FORM :
Tree, Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Lora L. Esser, May 1995
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Esser, Lora L. 1995. Prunus emarginata. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Prunus emarginata | Bitter Cherry
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Bitter cherry occurs from British Columbia and Vancouver Island south to
southern California and east to Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and New Mexico
[50,61,120].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
STATES :
AZ CA ID MT NV NM OR UT WA WY
BC
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
CODA CRLA DEPO GLAC LAVO LABE
MORA NAVA NOCA OLYM ORCA REDW
SEKI WHSH YOSE
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest
K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir-hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce-fir forest
K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest
K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K025 Alder-ash forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
SAF COVER TYPES :
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir
207 Red fir
208 Whitebark pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood-willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock-Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir-hemlock
227 Western redcedar-western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone
235 Cottonwood-willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
247 Jeffrey pine
256 California mixed subalpine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
109 Ponderosa pine shrubland
203 Riparian woodland
204 North coastal shrub
208 Ceanothus mixed chaparral
209 Montane shrubland
210 Bitterbrush
409 Tall forb
411 Aspen woodland
418 Bigtooth maple
419 Bittercherry
420 Snowbrush
421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose
422 Riparian
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Bitter cherry occurs in a variety of habitats including mountain brush,
woodland, and riparian [11,17,40,77,83].
Bitter cherry occurs in seral brushfield communities throughout the
Pacific Northwest and western Idaho. Common associates include Rocky
mountain maple (Acer glabrum), Scouler willow (Salix scouleriana),
chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), redstem ceanothus (Ceanothus
sanguineus), deerbrush (C. integerrimus), Saskatoon serviceberry
(Amelanchier alnifolia), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), pachistima
(Pachistima myrsinites), and oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor)
[35,40,68,99].
In California bitter cherry occurs in yellow pine (Pinus spp.) woodlands
and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) communities. Common
associates include incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), sugar pine
(Pinus lambertiana), Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), Pacific dogwood
(Cornus nuttallii), California hazel (Corylus cornuta var. californica),
greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula), Parry manzanita (A.
manzanita), pinemat manzanita (A. nevadensis), and bush chinquapin
(Chrysolepsis sempervirens) [19,41,129,130].
In northern Idaho and eastern Washington bitter cherry occurs in quaking
aspen (Populus tremuloides) communities with Sitka alder (Alnus viridis
ssp. sinuata), Douglas maple (Acer glabrum var. douglasii), blue
elderberry (Sambucus cerulea), russet buffaloberry (Shepherdia
canadensis), and red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea) [23,127].
In Arizona bitter cherry is a member of interior deciduous riparian
forests dominated by sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), green ash
(Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii),
narrowleaf cottonwood (P. angustifolia), boxelder (Acer negundo), and
Arizona walnut (Juglans major) [11,83].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Prunus emarginata | Bitter Cherry
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Bitter cherry is a valuable forage species for mule deer, elk, and black
bear [19,54,99,110,111]. In the Pacific Northwest and California bitter
cherry is highly preferred winter forage for Columbian black-tailed deer
[12,21,66]. In the Southwest bitter cherry is browsed by deer and elk
[62].
Throughout its range, bitter cherry fruits are eaten by birds, rodents,
and small mammals [19,86,99,111]. In Washington bitter cherry is eaten
by slugs [15]. In the Sierra Nevada bitter cherry is utilized by
mountain beaver [7].
Bitter cherry is highly palatable to sheep [36]. It is a preferred
sheep food in Oregon [74]. Bitter cherry is also eaten by cattle [91].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
In California crude protein content of bitter cherry browse was 13.3
percent in July and 9.7 percent in September [9].
COVER VALUE :
Dense thickets of bitter cherry provide important cover for wildlife
[11,111]. In Idaho bitter cherry provides important escape cover and
roosting sites for Columbian sharp-tailed grouse [77,78].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Bitter cherry adapts well to disturbed or degraded sites
[26,28,102,120]. It is used for land reclamation and erosion control
[26,102,120]. Nursery-grown stock readily establishes on disturbed
sites and once established, bitter cherry is a good soil stabilizer
[102].
In California and Nevada bitter cherry is used for rehabilitating acid
mine spoils [26,28]. At the Leviathan Mine in California, planted
bitter cherry had a 90 percent survival rate on sites not seeded with
grasses after 1 year. By the second year, grasses had established and
bitter cherry survival dropped to 60 percent of the original planting
[26].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Indians of British Columbia and Washington used bitter cherry
medicinally and for making tools. Fruits were used as laxatives, and
the roots and inner bark were boiled and ingested to prevent heart
trouble. The bark of bitter cherry peels off in long fibrous strips
which were used to make baskets and other implements [120,123].
Bitter cherry is planted as an ornamental. Cultivated plants are
usually Prunus emarginata var. mollis [120].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Overbrowsing by deer decreases bitter cherry cover [128,129]. When used
to enhance wildlife habitat, bitter cherry benefits from protection from
foraging animals for at least 3 years after planting [28].
In the Pacific Northwest and California, brushfield communities are
sometimes eliminated for the benefit of conifer establishment. Many
herbicide and mechanical treatments will control or kill bitter cherry
[13,63,81,94,114].
Bitter cherry should be propagated from seed for best results but will
also establish if propagated from softwood stem or root cuttings.
Bitter cherry should be planted in the fall or late winter to early
spring as bare root, balled, or burlapped specimens [120].
Numerous insect pests and diseases are associated with cherry (Prunus
spp.). Insect pests include aphids, borers, and tent caterpillars.
Bitter cherry is susceptible to trunk and root rot fungi [120].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Prunus emarginata | Bitter Cherry
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Bitter cherry is a native, deciduous, small tree or shrub with spreading
to ascending branches [19,37,43,120]. It often forms dense thickets
[20,46,111]. It generally persists as a medium to tall shrub, 3.3 to 20
feet (1-6 m) in height [120]. With abundant moisture and deep fertile
soil, bitter cherry may reach tree height: up to 50 feet (15 m) in some
areas [19,91,101,120].
The leaves are 0.8 to 2 inches (2-5 cm) long and 0.4 to 1.4 inches
(1-3.5 cm) wide [19,120]. The drupelike, ovoid fruit is 0.24 to 0.56
inch (6-14 mm) in diameter [43,120] and is one-seeded [120]. Roots may
spread up to 50 feet (15 m) from the parent plant, sending up
adventitious shoots along their length. Bitter cherry has no taproot
[120].
Longevity of bitter cherry has not been fully determined. According to
Kramer [57] and Mueggler [92,93] it is relatively short-lived (30-40
years). Taylor and Taylor [120] described one plant 42 years old.
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Bitter cherry reproduces by seed [28,111,120]. It is pollinated by
insects and dispersed by birds and mammals [37,57,111,116]. Seed can
remain viable in soil and duff for many years [39,57,88] and can be
stored under dry conditions for up to 1 year [120]. It is surrounded by
a stony endocarp which may offer some resistance to germination but is
permeable to moisture. Bitter cherry has embryo dormancy; an
afterripening period in the presence of oxygen and moisture is necessary
for adequate germination [37,120]. Cold stratification at 41 degrees
Fahrenheit (5 deg C) for 90 to 160 days increases germination [37,120].
Kramer [57] studied seedbank composition in closed-canopy forested sites
in central Idaho. Bitter cherry seed was found in soil samples taken at
depths of up to 4 inches (10 cm); overall seed viability was 27 percent.
Bitter cherry reproduces vegetatively by root crown and root sprouts
[19,28,64,79,97,134].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Bitter cherry is most often found in cool, moist foothill, montane, or
canyon habitats throughout its range [17,19,61,91,120]. It grows best
on moist soils with good drainage [19,99,120], but also grows in
semishaded areas and on dry, exposed hillsides [1,120]. Bitter cherry
grows best on loam and sandy loam soils but occurs on gravelly
substrates as well [42,99,120].
Elevations for bitter cherry are as follows:
feet meters
Arizona 5,000-9,000 1,500-2,700 [50]
California 2,000-9,000 600-2,700 [17,19]
Idaho 3,530-8,150 1,070-2,470 [127]
Montana 2,800-5,000 840-1,650 [24,54]
Utah 5,030 1,525 [133]
British Columbia 4,025 1,220 [120]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Bitter cherry is a generally shade intolerant species of sparse woods,
riparian sites, and open areas where there is often evidence of past
disturbance [2,85,88,89,120]. Bitter cherry is seral following
clearcutting, broadcast burning, and cattle grazing [2,59,85,88]; plants
decline in vigor and numbers as the forest canopy closes
[57,59,89,92,113]. In northwest Washington bitter cherry occurs in
second-growth forests that are 50 to 80 years old [100].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Bitter cherry flowering dates are as follows:
Arizona April-June [50]
California April-May [19]
Idaho early May [99]
British Columbia April-June [120]
Bitter cherry fruit ripening occurs from July to September and seed
dispersal is from August through September [37].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Prunus emarginata | Bitter Cherry
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Bitter cherry sprouts vigorously following fire [19,64,79,97,134].
Approximately 15 to 50 sprouts per plant were produced after a
prescribed fire in northern Idaho [66,67]. Postfire regeneration also
includes germination from on-site seed [57,88,116], and probably also
from off-site seed dispersed by birds and mammals. Prefire canopy
coverage is attained about 30 to 40 years following fire [97].
In ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of eastern Washington and
the northern Rocky Mountains, where bitter cherry occurs, fire return
intervals of 6 to 22 years [131] and 6 to 11 years (range of 2-20 years)
[4] have been described. In western Montana at the Burdette Creek
winter range, Losensky [75] describes mean fire-free intervals of 37
years.
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Prunus emarginata | Bitter Cherry
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Bitter cherry is top-killed or killed by severe fires [70,79,89].
High-severity fires favor bitter cherry [89]. Young [135] stated that
bitter cherry is "unharmed to enhanced" by fire. However, bitter cherry
mortality can be high when burning occurs while plants are actively
growing. Approximately 14 percent of 36 mature bitter cherry died after
a single spring (late March/early April) prescribed fire on a seral
brushfield in northern Idaho [73]. Repeated spring burning of similar
sites at 5-year intervals resulted in heavy bitter cherry mortality
[70]. Seven plants sprouted following a fire in late March 1965. Of
these, four resprouted after a second fire in May 1970, and two remained
alive after a third fire in May 1975. Total mortality by 1976 was 86
percent. Leege [70] suggested that the tendency toward fire-induced
mortality in bitter cherry was probably accentuated by the advanced
phenologies of plants during the second and third fires.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Bitter cherry sprouts from the root crown following fire [47,105].
Since root sprouting has been documented in bitter cherry [28] it
probably also sprouts from roots after fire. It establishes from buried
seed or seed dispersed onto burned sites [114]. Several studies have
reported rapid recovery and substantial postfire increases in bitter
cherry densities [16,33,112]. In an Oregon coastal brushfield, bitter
cherry sprouted from roots 4 months after fire [138]. In an Oregon red
alder (Alnus rubra)-dominated brushfield burned on August 9, 1974, bitter
cherry started sprouting within 2 to 3 weeks. By November, bitter
cherry was sprouting vigorously and stems were 3.3 feet (1 m) tall
[106].
In Montana a prescribed fire occurred on April 13, 1988. Plots were
observed from mid-July to mid-September. Bitter cherry sprout twig
weights on burned plots exceeded twig weights on unburned plots by a
factor of 4 on southwest-facing forested types and by a factor of 9 on a
southeast-facing forested type [76].
In northern Idaho more bitter cherry sprouts are produced per surviving
plant after spring fires than fall fires; however, sprout height is
usually greater after fall fires. Bitter cherry recovery trends 1 year
after a prescribed fire in seral brushfields in northern Idaho are
presented below [73]:
time of fire
spring fall
average # of basal sprouts per plant
prefire 0.4 0.5
postfire 18.3 15.2
average height basal sprouts (ft)
postfire 2.0 2.6
average crown diameter (ft)
prefire 5.0 4.7
postfire 1.9 2.3
average crown height (ft)
prefire 15.1 13.9
postfire 3.4 4.1
A seral brushfield in northern Idaho was prescribed burned in 1965,
1970, and 1975. Bitter cherry sprouted from the root crown and a few
seedlings were observed. The average prefire crown height and diameter
were 8.4 feet and 1.6 feet, respectively. Bitter cherry recovery trends
2 years after the prescribed fires are presented below [70]:
year
1966 1971 1976
maximum crown height (ft) 5.2 5.5 4.1
maximum crown diameter (ft) 2.2 2.5 2.0
Idaho studies investigating postfire successional patterns in a western
redcedar (Thuja plicata)/queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora) habitat
type found that bitter cherry regenerated predominantly from seedbanks.
Seedling establishment was affected by fire severity. Bitter cherry
seedlings had greatest percent cover on low-severity burns in postfire
years 1 to 3; in postfire years 4 and 5, bitter cherry seedling percent
cover was greatest on high-severity burns [87,89].
A seral brushfield in northern Idaho was prescribed burned on May 2,
1966; all aboveground vegetation was "totally consumed". In May 1967,
257 bitter cherry seedlings were observed. By May 1968, 14 bitter
cherry seedlings remained [69]. In northeastern Idaho, on a May 14,
1975 prescribed burn, seven bitter cherry seedlings were observed in
postfire year 2. By postfire year 4, four seedlings remained [71]. In
Oregon a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziezii) clearcut was prescribed
burned in late fall. Bitter cherry seedlings were present postfire year
1 on the burned site but were not present in adjacent virgin forest
[33].
In Oregon 240 acres (96 ha) of a Douglas-fir watershed was harvested
over a 4-year period from the fall of 1962 to the summer of 1966. It
was broadcast burned in October 1966. Bitter cherry reached peak
abundance about 10 years after fire [39]. In north-central Idaho in a
grand fir (Abies grandis)/pachistima habitat type, 36 stands
representing 1, 3, 8, 12, and 23 year age classes and 7 near-climax
stands were clearcut and broadcast burned. Canopy cover and height of
bitter cherry for each age class were as follows [136]:
canopy cover height
(%) inches centimeters
age class
1 0.1 9 22
3 0.1 17 44
8 0.4 25 63
12 0.9 49 122
23 0.3 38 95
near-climax 0.0 -- --
In the western Cascades bitter cherry was absent from undisturbed
old-growth Douglas-fir stands, but was abundant on Douglas-fir
plantations that were clearcut and broadcast burned 2 to 40 years ago.
Shrub dominance decreases at 20 to 30 years with canopy closure [108].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Bitter cherry is a member of the seral brush community in northern
Idaho. These brushfields provide excellent habitat for elk. Bitter
cherry is one of the dominant shrubs after fire, but grows out of reach
of browsing animals within several years. If brushfields are not
maintained by fire, coniferous forest may eventually establish and large
ungulate habitat will be lost [42,45,92,124]. Bitter cherry was found
to have greater frequency and crown cover on single broadcast burned
sites than on unburned and piled-and-burned sites [92].
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[6986] Index
Related categories for Species: Prunus emarginata
| Bitter Cherry
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