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Introductory

SPECIES: Rhamnus californica | California Coffeeberry
ABBREVIATION : RHACAL SYNONYMS : Frangula californica (Eschsch.) Gray [77] SCS PLANT CODE : FRCA12 FRCAC5 FRCAO4 COMMON NAMES : California coffeeberry California buckthorn TAXONOMY : This report uses the taxonomy of Hickman [76], who uses the name Rhamnus californica Esch. (Rhamnaceae) for California coffeeberry. He recognizes two subspecies: R. c. ssp. californica R. c. ssp. occidentalis (J. Howell) C. Wolf Kartesz [77] recognizes six subspecies under the synonym Frangula californica (Eschsch.) Gray: F. c. ssp. californica F. c. ssp. crassifolia (Jepson) Kartesz & Gandhi F. c. ssp. cuspidata (Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi F. c. ssp. occidentalis (J. Howell) Kartesz & Gandhi F. c. ssp. tomentella (Benth.) Kartesz & Gandhi F. c. ssp. ursina (Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi Hickman [76] has placed the subspecies crassifolia, cuspidata, tomentella, and ursina under the species Sierra coffeeberry (R. rubra E. Greene.). LIFE FORM : Shrub FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : No special status OTHER STATUS : NO-ENTRY COMPILED BY AND DATE : N. McMurray, March 1990 LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : NO-ENTRY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : McMurray, Nancy E. 1990. Rhamnus californica. In: Remainder of Citation

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

SPECIES: Rhamnus californica | California Coffeeberry
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : California coffeeberry ranges from extreme southwestern Oregon southward along the coast and Coast Ranges to southwestern California 976]. It is cultivated in Hawaii [82]. ECOSYSTEMS : FRES20 Douglas-fir FRES21 Ponderosa pine FRES23 Fir-spruce FRES27 Redwood FRES28 Western hardwoods FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub STATES : CA HI OR ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : CHIS PORE REDW SAMO BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 1 Northern Pacific Border 3 Southern Pacific Border KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K005 Mixed conifer forest K006 Redwood forest K007 Red fir forest K009 Pine - cypress forest K012 Douglas-fir forest K029 California mixed evergreen forest K030 California oakwoods K033 Chaparral K035 Coastal sagebrush K036 Mosaic of K030 and K035 SAF COVER TYPES : 207 Red fir 229 Pacific Douglas-fir 231 Port-Orford-cedar 232 Redwood 234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone 248 Knobcone pine 249 Canyon live oak 250 Blue oak - Digger pine 255 California coast live oak SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : 201 Blue oak woodland 202 Coast live oak woodland 203 Riparian woodland 204 North coastal shrub 205 Coastal sage shrub 207 Scrub oak mixed chaparral HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : California coffeeberry is a shrub component of chaparral, woodland, and forest communities throughout its distribution [4,8,52,55,56]. It has not been used as an indicator species in published classification schemes for California. In the Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon and extreme northern California, Atzet and Wheeler [1] describe a tanoak/California coffeeberry (Lithocarpus densiflorus/Rhamnus californica) plant association on ultrabasic parent materials. Although the tanoak series typically occurs on deep, fertile soils in the Siskiyou Mountain province, this association is the ultrabasic version of a tanoak climax. Dominance of coffeeberry apparently indicates a soil imbalance [1]. In southern and central California, California coffeeberry is a frequent member of coastal chaparral and sage scrub [13,18] and is most commonly associated with relatively mesic scrub oak (Quercus spp.) chaparral [30]. It also becomes locally abundant on cool, fog-dominated sites along the central Coast Range where it occurs beneath mixed-hardwood forests dominated by coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) [15,54,65,70]. Although never very abundant, California coffeeberry is often associated with woodland and forest mosaics throughout southern and central California. Within oak woodlands, knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata), and coastal forests, it occurs both as a scattered understory shrub and as a component of intermixed stands of "woodland chaparral" [35,30,67,68]. Some common associates are chaparral whitethorn (Ceanothus leucodermis), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata), redberry (Rhamnus crocea), hollyleaf redberry (R. crocea var. ilicifolia), and poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum). In northern California and southwestern Oregon, California coffeeberry occurs in mixed evergreen, red fir (Abies magnifica var. shastensis), and redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests [49,52,65]. On mixed-evergreen sites with ultrabasic parent materials, the sclerophyllous subcanopy is largely replaced by a shrub layer dominated by California coffeeberry (ssp. occidentalis) and evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum) [1,64,65]. The open, conifer overstory is usually composed of Port-Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), knobcone pine, sugar pine (Pinus lambertina), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga mensiezii) with a sparse subcanopy of tanoak, huckleberry oak (Quercus vaccinifolia), and California laurel (Umbellularia californica) [1,2,3,65]. California coffeeberry is also a characteristic shrub within extensive, evergreen brushfields in the Siskiyou Mountain province [21,24,25]. Common brushfield associates include whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida), greenleaf manzanita (A. patula), hoary manzanita (A. canescens), wedgeleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus cuneatus), and deerbrush (C. integerrimus) [21,25].

VALUE AND USE

SPECIES: Rhamnus californica | California Coffeeberry
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : NO-ENTRY IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : California coffeeberry is distributed throughout much of California and is generally considered a staple browse of both big game and livestock [12]. Browse is more greater important to sheep, goats, and deer than to cattle [17,63,74]. Use typically occurs in the fall when more palatable herbaceous plants are cured [50]. California coffeeberry is an important mule deer browse on winter ranges in portions of California [17]. The fruits of California coffeeberry are extensively utilized by numerous wildlife species, particularly birds [12,17]. In many areas, the berries are often the only abundant "juicy" fruit available in the fall [75]. Berries are readily eaten by band-tailed pigeons, black-tailed deer, and black bears [12,74]. Woodrats eat limited quantities of the seeds [33]. PALATABILITY : The palatability of California coffeeberry browse depends upon stem age and community associates [17,63]. Cattle utilization is usually limited, particularly in communities where California coffeeberry has a scattered distribution. However, where plants are locally abundant, the current annual growth is often heavily utilized [63]. Postburn sprouts are highly preferred by livestock and big game [17,27,63]. Browse ratings for California coffeeberry are presented below [63]: sheep good - poor goats good - poor deer good - poor cattle fair - poor horses useless NUTRITIONAL VALUE : Nutritionally, California coffeeberry is a satisfactory food source for livestock and big game [63]. Although foliar protein content is never particularly high, California coffeeberry is important because it remains succulent throughout the year [23]. Nutritional studies of the foliage indicate that protein content of mature leaves is low (7.5 percent) from November through March. Maximum values are reached between April and August when the protein content of newly developed foliage reaches an average of 19 percent [63]. Nutritient content of the leaves compares favorably with common shrub associates such as wedgeleaf ceanothus and chaparral whitethorn [23]. Crude fiber values show little seasonal variation, ranging from 13.5 percent in newly initiated leaves to 15 percent in mature foliage [63]. COVER VALUE : The cover value of California coffeeberry has not been documented. Tanoak/coffeeberry associations in southern Oregon and northern California are characterized by a diverse vertical structure, supplying nesting cover and perching sites for numerous bird species [1]. VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : California coffeeberry is useful for erosion control on dry, steep hillsides [19]. One- to two-year-old transplants produce substantial seed crops and large numbers of volunteers occur on sites receiving additional irrigation. On suitable sites, transplants may grow 8 to 12 feet (2.4-3.7 m) tall with comparable spreads within approximately 20 years [19]. Since the berries are highly preferred by a variety of bird species, California coffeeberry is a good selection for wildlife plantings [34]. Plants are easily propagated from seed sown in nursery beds using either fresh, unstratified seed in the fall or stratified seed in the spring [34,74]. Seed should be collected in the fall approximately 2 weeks before it is fully ripe, and the pulp removed prior to sowing [34]. When stored in sealed containers at 41 degrees F (5 degrees C), buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.) seed remains viable for several years [34]. Propagation from stem cuttings is difficult but can be achieved using soft or hardwood cuttings made at the nodes [34,43,74]. OTHER USES AND VALUES : California coffeeberry is frequently cultivated for ornamental purposes since the shiny, colorful berries contrast nicely with the light green foliage [19,60,63]. The berries are sweet and edible and were gathered historically by West Coast Indian tribes for culinary as well as medicinal purposes [12]. Although the berries superficially resemble the commercial coffee bean, attempts at using California coffeeberry as a coffee substitute have not been successful. The bark was once exported for use as a laxative [14]. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Planting programs: Some species belonging to the buckthorn (Rhamnus) genus serve as alternate hosts for the oat rust, Puccinia coronata [34]. California coffeeberry, however, is a secondary host for the rust of velvet grass (Holcus spp.) and is not a concern when planted near fields of cultivated oats [74]. Herbicides: California coffeeberry is sensitive to almost all forestry-registered herbicides [11]. If sprouts are treated following burning, plants are usually killed by retreatment [7,9,26,69].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

SPECIES: Rhamnus californica | California Coffeeberry
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : California coffeeberry is a native, broad-leaved, sclerophyllous shrub [13,63,74]. Growth habit varies according to subspecies with plants ranging from low, spreading shrubs to upright, arborescent individuals [52]. On favorable sites along the coast, California coffeeberry occasionally grows as a small tree, reaching heights of approximately 20 feet (6.1 m) [45]. More often, however, it grows as a 4 to 6 foot (1.2-1.8 m) tall shrub [63]. Bark of young twigs is usually reddish; older branches have gray, brown, or reddish bark [12,52]. The small, pinnately veined, evergreen leaves are commonly dark green above and paler beneath, and are arranged alternately on the stem [53]. Leaf margins are typically inrolled [12,14]. When growing on xeric sites, leaves tend to be small and thick; in moist situations they are relatively large and thin [63]. The inconspicuous, bisexual flowers are green and occur in small, axillary clusters [53]. The fruit is a juicy, berrylike drupe approximately 0.25 inch (7-9 mm) in diameter and may be either green, black, or red in color [34,52]. Berries contain two smooth, nutlike seeds which closely resemble the commercial coffee bean [12,14,34]. Although the root crown may become enlarged in response to repeated postburn sprouting, this structure is not a lignotuber [38,40]. Longevity of California coffeeberry is estimated at 100 to 200 years [39]. RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : Phanerophyte REGENERATION PROCESSES : California coffeeberry regenerates by both sexual and vegetative means. On chaparral sites in southern California, California coffeeberry maintains itself primarily through sprouting [41]. Seedling establishment is never very abundant and is restricted to stands of mature chaparral [39,40,41]. Little or no seedling establishment occurs immediately following fire [38,40,41]. However, seemingly different establishment patterns have been observed in other communities [63,66] Vegetative regeneration: In the absence of fire, many long-lived sprouters within stands of mature chaparral rejuvenate their canopies by continually producing new sprouts from established rootcrowns [40,42]. Generalized information indicates that California coffeeberry may also maintain itself in this manner [40]. Following disturbances such as fire or cutting, California coffeeberry sprouts from surviving adventitious buds on the rootcrown [36,62]. Seed reproduction: Onset of seed production occurs early in California coffeeberry, usually by 2 to 3 years of age [19]. Seeds are dispersed in the fall [41]. Significant, widespread dispersal of the pea-sized berries occurs through animals, particularly birds [10,41]. Bird harvest of the fruit crop is often so complete that relatively few seeds fall beneath the parent plant. The seeds of California coffeeberry are apparently quite short lived. When dried at room temperature, viability is retained for no longer than 9 months. At the time of dispersal, each seed exhibits a chlorophyllous cotyledon, indicating that germination is imminent [41]. If kept too moist prior to germination, seeds are prone to rot [19]. Germination occurs readily under favorable moisture and temperature conditions [34,41]. Keeley [41] recently studied the germination requirements of California coffeeberry using seed samples collected in southern California. After a 1-month stratification at 41 degrees F (5 degrees C), 65 percent of California coffeeberry seeds germinated when light incubated at 73 degrees F (23 degrees C) for 3 weeks. Rate of germination was rapid with more than 75 percent of germination occurring during the first week. Addition of charate (powdered charred wood) greatly reduced germination under similar conditions (15% germination); in the dark, however, addition of charate stimulated germination relative to the control (90% germination). In this study, heat treatments generally decreased germination. Longer heating at low temperatures was more detrimental than short bursts of high temperature [41]. Sampson [62] found that heat treatments produced a slight increase in germination. Keeley [38,39,40,41] reported that buckthorns (Rhamnus spp.) are obligate sprouters after fires in southern California chaparral and included both California coffeeberry and redberry (Rhamnus crocea) within this grouping. Obligate sprouting species are restricted to sprouting following fire and do not establish seedlings in the initial postburn environment. In fact, seedling establishment of obligate sprouters is always quite limited and follows the generalized scenario presented below [40,41,71,72]: -- Seedlings are established primarily in mature chaparral in gaps resulting from the death of senescing, shorter-lived species. -- Seedling establishment is often episodic and coincides with periods of above normal rainfall . -- Although initial establishment may occur in burned or unburned stands during very wet years, continued survival is favored beneath mature stands on sites that are relatively mesic (north slopes) and which possess a well-developed litter layer. -- Long-term survival beneath mature chaparral is rare; seedlings are stunted and are subjected to heavy browsing by small mammals. -- Seedlings are most common in very old stands (60 to 100+ years) where long fire free intervals allow for the build up of seedling populations. Redberry tends to follow the above pattern [28,29,31,32,42,57], but data is scant concerning the seedling ecology of California coffeeberry. A review of the literature found no data on California coffeeberry seedling establishment within southern California chaparral. On Coast Range sites in northern California, Sampson [62] did not observe any California coffeeberry seedlings beneath stands of manzanita-ceanothus (Arctostaphylos spp.-Ceanothus spp.) chaparral. Seedlings were present on adjacent burns. Densities equalled 4,400 seedlings/acre (10,872 seedlings/ha) 1 year after fire; 4 years later, there were approximately 2,300 seedlings/acre (5,683 seedlings/ha). Precipitation was apparently below normal during the first three postburn growing seasons [62]. Pelton [58] found occasional California coffeeberry seedlings beneath mixed-hardwood forests in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Seedlings of var. occidentalis apparently require some shade during the establishment period [19]. SITE CHARACTERISTICS : California coffeeberry exhibits a wide ecological amplitude. Sites include dry flats, moist slopes, ravines, and rocky ridges, usually at elevations below 5,500 feet (1,677 m) [52,63]. Soils are typically dry and well drained [74]. Established plants tolerate full sun to moderate shade [13,74]. In the Siskiyou Mountains, sites supporting tanoak/coffeeberry plant associations occur on flat, lower slope positions at elevations ranging from 1,040 to 3,460 feet (317 to 1,055 m) on southerly aspects; ultrabasic soils reach depths of approximately 30 inches (76 cm). SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : California coffeeberry is a long-lived and moderately shade-tolerant shrub that is highly persistent within chaparral, hardwood woodland, and open conifer forests [13,39]. During extended fire free-intervals, California coffeeberry is able to outlive, overtop, and shade out many shorter-lived species [71]. As a component of relatively open canopied stands, plants persist until the next fire occurs [36,66], at which time resprouted individuals become part of the initial postburn vegetation [66]. Griffin [75], however, observed many senescing plants of California coffeeberry on mixed hardwood sites in the southern Coast Range; according to Griffin, California coffeeberry had been the dominant shrub on these sites for quite some time. Shrubs with bird-dispersed seed, such as California coffeeberry, have apparently increased in abundance on relic oak savanna sites in central California [35]. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : California coffeeberry typically flowers from April to June [34,52]. Fruit ripening commonly occurs from July through November with dispersal taking place during the fall [34,41,74]. Immature fruits are green, turning red or reddish-black when fully ripened [53,63]. Although an evergreen species, California coffeeberry produces at least some new leaves each year [23]. Observations on the phenological development of California coffeeberry during 1936 for sites in Shasta County, California, are presented below [62]: Phenological stage Date Leaves half developed April 11 Leaves fully developed May 16 Leaves fully developed & fruit forming June 24

FIRE ECOLOGY

SPECIES: Rhamnus californica | California Coffeeberry
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : Following fires which kill aerial stems, California coffeeberry sprouts vigorously from dormant buds located on the rootcrown [62]. The rootcrown serves as a source of numerous perennating buds and stored carbohydrates, enabling California coffeeberry to rapidly reoccupy the initial postburn environment [41,48]. POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown

FIRE EFFECTS

SPECIES: Rhamnus californica | California Coffeeberry
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : California coffeeberry is quite resistant to fire mortality [62,66]. Although aerial portions may be top-killed, most plants survive fire [66]. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : NO-ENTRY PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : Vigorous sprouting is the primary means by which California coffeeberry reestablishes itself in the postburn environment [38,40,41,62]. The degree to which seedlings contribute to its postburn recovery seems to vary with fire intensity, community type, and perhaps geographical location [41,66]. Vegetative regeneration: California coffeeberry sprouts vigorously following fires which kill the aerial stems [6,36,39,63]. Although cover and basal area may be initially reduced following burning [26,47], most plants rapidly regain their preburn size and biomass [59]. Seedling reproduction: California coffeeberry produces short-lived seeds, the majority of which germinate readily under favorable temperature and moisture conditions [34,41,62]. Consequently, postburn establishment may occur through bird dispersal of off-site seed [41,42]. Seed production by residual plants may also be a factor on some sites. Generalized information on obligate sprouters suggests that resprouted plants begin to produce seed crops within 1 to 2 years of burning and that postburn fruit crops are often substantial [40]. Although most seeds are not well adapted to resist fire or for long-term survival in the soil [41], germination in a portion of the seeds may be cued to the postburn environment. Sampson [62] reported a slight increase in germination when California coffeeberry seeds were exposed for 5 minutes to heat treatments of 140 to 180 degrees F (60 to 82 degrees C). Heat treated samples from both southern California (San Bernardino Co.) and northern California (Mendicino Co.) showed an increase in germination over controls; the greatest increase occurred in the northern California sample [62]. Keeley [41] found that heat treatments generally decreased germination; optimal germination occurred when charred wood was added to dark incubated controls. Limited information presents an unclear pattern of postburn seedling establishment in California coffeeberry. In southern California chaparral, it apparently behaves as an obligate spouter and rarely establishes seedlings in the initial postburn environment [40,41]. Generalized information indicates that seedlings of obligate sprouting species are rarely observed during the first postburn season except during periods of above-normal precipitation [40,73]. Although seedlings may initially establish in fire-created gaps in very wet years, successful establishment seems restricted to mesic sites beneath mature chaparral where litter layers are well developed [40,72]. On chaparral sites in northern California, however, Sampson [62] found seedling densities of 4,400 /acre (10,872 seedlings/ha) on 1-year-old burns. Although individual seedling survival was not followed, there were 2,300 seedlings/acre (5,683 seedlings/ha) at the end of the fifth postburn season. Prior to burning, seedlings were not observed beneath adjacent unburned stands consisting of a cover of sprouting manzanita and ceanothus (stand age not given) [62]. California coffeeberry seedlings did not establish the first year after a wildfire burned a summit sugar pine forest in the Santa Lucia Range of central California despite its common occurrence in the preburn vegetation [66]. This wildfire was described as intense and burned an extensive area. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : NO-ENTRY FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Wildlife management: Burning initially increases the palatability of California coffeeberry browse [27,62,63]. Plants on recently burned sites are higher in crude protein and crude fiber values than plants in unburned stands [62]. Sprouts are generally utilized for up to two postburn growing seasons [7]. On small burns, use of California coffeeberry may be so concentrated that plants are weakened to the point that mortality ensues [27].

REFERENCES

SPECIES: Rhamnus californica | California Coffeeberry
REFERENCES : 1. Atzet, Thomas; Wheeler, David L. 1984. Preliminary plant associations of the Siskiyou Mountain Province. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 278 p. [9351] 2. Atzet, Tom; Wheeler, David; Smith, Brad; [and others]. 1984. The tanoak series of the Siskiyou Region of southwest Oregon. Forestry Intensified Research [Oregon State University]. 6(3): 6-7. [8593] 3. Atzet, Tom; Wheeler, David; Smith, Brad; [and others]. 1985. The tanoak series of the Siskiyou region of southwest Oregon (Part 2). Forestry Intensified Research. 6(4): 7-10. [8594] 4. Barbour, Michael G.; Major, Jack, eds. 1977. Terrestrial vegetation of California. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1002 p. [388] 5. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434] 6. Biswell, H. H. 1959. Prescribed burning and other methods of deer range improvement in ponderosa pine in California. In: Proceedings, Society of American Foresters; 1959; San Francisco, CA. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters: 102-105. [5269] 7. Biswell, H. H. 1961. Manipulation of chamise brush for deer range improvement. California Fish and Game. 47(2): 125-144. [6366] 8. Bolsinger, Charles L. 1989. Shrubs of California's chaparral, timberland, and woodland: area, ownership, and stand characteristics. Res. Bull. PNW-RB-160. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Experiment Station. 50 p. [7426] 9. Bovey, Rodney W. 1977. Response of selected woody plants in the United States to herbicides. Agric. Handb. 493. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 101 p. [8899] 10. Bullock, Stephen H. 1978. Fruit abundance and distribution in relation to types of seed dispersal in chaparral. Madrono. 25: 104-105. [9792] 11. Burrill, Larry C.; Braunworth, William S., Jr.; William, Ray D.; [and others], compilers. 1989. Pacific Northwest weed control handbook. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Extension Service, Agricultural Communications. 276 p. [6235] 12. Conrad, C. Eugene. 1987. Common shrubs of chaparral and associated ecosystems of southern California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-99. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 86 p. [4209] 13. Cooper, W. S. 1922. The broad-sclerophyll vegetation of California. Publ. No. 319. Washington, DC: The Carnegie Institution of Washington. 145 p. [6716] 14. Dale, Nancy. 1986. Flowering plants: The Santa Monica Mountains, coastal and chaparral regions of southern California. Santa Barbara, CA: Capra Press. In coooperation with: The California Native Plant Society. 239 p. [7605] 15. Davis, Frank W.; Hickson, Diana E.; Odion, Dennis C. 1988. Composition of maritime chaparral related to fire history and soil, Burton Mesa, Santa Barbara County, California. Madrono. 35(3): 169-195. [6162] 16. Detling, LeRoy E. 1961. The chaparral formation of southwestern Oregon, with considerations of its postglacial history. Ecology. 42(2): 348-357. [6360] 17. Dayton, William A. 1931. Important western browse plants. Misc. Publ. 101. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 214 p. [768] 18. Dunn, Paul H.; Barro, Susan C.; Wells, Wade G., II; [and others]. 1988. The San Dimas Experimental Forest: 50 years of research. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 49 p. [8400] 19. Everett, Percy C. 1957. A summary of the culture of California plants at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden 1927-1950. Claremont, CA: The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. 223 p. [7191] 20. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 21. Franklin, Jerry F.; Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 417 p. [961] 22. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998] 23. Gordon, Aaron; Sampson, Arthur W. 1939. Composition of common California foothill plants as a factor in range management. Bull. 627. Berkeley, CA: University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station. 95 p. [3864] 24. Gratkowski, H. 1961. Brush seedlings after controlled burning of brushlands in southwestern Oregon. Journal of Forestry. 59(12): 885-888. [3392] 25. Gratkowski, H. 1961. Brush problems in southwestern Oregon. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 53 p. [8596] 26. Gratkowski, H. J.; Philbrick, J. R. 1965. Repeated aerial spraying and burning to control sclerophyllous brush. Journal of Forestry. 63(12): 919-923. [8797] 27. Greenlee, Jason. 1977. Prescribed burning program for the coastal redwoods and chaparral. In: Mooney, Harold A.; Conrad, C. Eugene, technical coordinators. Proc. of the symposium on the environmental consequences of fire and fuel management in Mediterranean ecosystems; 1977 August 1-5; Palo Alto, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-3. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 397-403. [4869] 28. Hanes, Ted L. 1971. Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecological Monographs. 41(1): 27-52. [11405] 29. Hanes, Ted L. 1974. The vegetation called chaparral. 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