|
Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
|
|
Introductory
SPECIES: Salix planifolia ssp. planifolia | Planeleaf Willow
ABBREVIATION :
SALPLAP
SYNONYMS :
Salix planifolia var. planifolia Pursh
Salix phylicifolia ssp. planifolia (Pursh) Hiitonen
Salix phylicifolia var. pennata (Ball) Cronq.
SCS PLANT CODE :
SAPL2
COMMON NAMES :
planeleaf willow
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of planeleaf willow is Salix
planifolia Pursh ssp. planifolia [3,11].
The species S. planifolia Pursh has been variously interpreted by
taxonomists. Hitchcock and Cronquist [23] and Hulten [24] considered it
a North American form of a circumboreal species: S. phylicifolia L.
ssp. planifolia (Pursh) Hiitonen. However, recent studies have shown
that chromosome counts from North American plants differ from European
plants. Thus, Argus [3] and Dorn [11] consider North American and
Eurasian plants to be distinct species:
S. phylicifolia = European and Asian plants
S. planifolia = North American plants
Two subspecies of S. planifolia Pursh, separated primarily
geographically, are recognized [3,11]:
ssp. planifolia - planeleaf willow (primarily south of northern
British Columbia)
ssp. pulchra (Cham.) Argus - diamondleaf willow (Alaska and adjacent
Yukon Territory)
This report's discussion is restricted to the southern subspecies,
planeleaf willow. Two varieties of planeleaf willow are recognized
[7,49]:
var. planifolia
var. monica (Bebb) Jesp.
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Ronald Uchytil, August 1991
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1991. Salix planifolia ssp. planifolia. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Salix planifolia ssp. planifolia | Planeleaf Willow
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Planeleaf willow grows from the southern Yukon Territory south to
California and New Mexico, and east across boreal Canada to eastern
Canada and New England [3]. It is restricted to mountainous terrain in
the western United States.
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
CA CO ID ME MN MT MI NV NH NM
OR SD UT VT WA WY AB BC LB MB
NF NT ON PQ SK YT
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
GRTE ISRO MORA MORU NOCA ROMO
YELL
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
2 Cascade Mountains
4 Sierra Mountains
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
SAF COVER TYPES :
12 Black spruce
37 Northern white cedar
201 White spruce
204 Black spruce
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
218 Lodgepole pine
256 California mixed subalpine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Planeleaf willow dominates low-statured shrub communities in
high-elevation, wet mountain meadows. These are major wetland types of
alpine and subalpine zones [22,34]. At lower elevations it is generally
less abundant, and intermixed in shrubby riparian communities dominated
by other willows.
Published classifications listing planeleaf willow as a dominant in
community types (cts), habitat types (hts), dominance types (dts), or
site types (sts) are presented below:
Area Classification Authority
nw CO: White River- grassland, shrubland, Hess & Wasser 1982
Arapaho NF and forested hts
e ID, w WY riparian cts Youngblood & others 1985
MT riparian dts Hansen & others 1988
sw MT riparian sts, cts, hts Hansen & others 1989
e, c MT riparian cts, hts Hansen & others 1990
w-c MT wetland cts Pierce & Johnson 1986
UT, se ID riparian cts Padgett & others 1989
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Salix planifolia ssp. planifolia | Planeleaf Willow
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
All classes of livestock eat willows (Salix spp.), but cattle consume
more than others because they frequent riparian areas [45]. Planeleaf
willow's importance in livestock diets has been infrequently reported.
In southwestern Montana, it made up 4.8 percent of cattle summer browse
[10].
In southwestern Montana and in Yellowstone National Park, moose eat
large amounts of this willow in the winter and small amounts in the
summer [10,30,44]. Consumption by elk and mule deer is generally low
[47]. Ungulate use of the low-statured variety monica is limited in the
winter because it is often covered by snow [19].
Willows in general are a preferred food and building material of beaver
[1]. Ducks, grouse, other birds, and small mammals eat willow shoots,
catkins, buds, and leaves [2,17].
PALATABILITY :
Most willows are palatable to livestock and big game [2,45]. In the
West, willows are generally more palatable to sheep than to cattle.
Palatability increases as the growing season advances [45]. Planeleaf
willow is highly palatable to moose but is apparently less palatable to
elk and deer [10,44,47].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
Planeleaf willow occurring in montane and subalpine riparian communities
provides excellent nesting and foraging habitat for a variety of birds,
such as ducks, shorebirds, warblers, vireos, and sparrows [12,14].
Nesting sandhill cranes frequently used low-statured planeleaf willow
cover in Idaho [12]. Planeleaf willow branches overhanging streambanks
provide cover and shade for salmonids [19].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Planeleaf willow is recommended for use in revegetating disturbed
riparian areas, and is especially useful for streambank stabilization.
It is usually planted as rooted or unrooted stem cuttings [38].
Planeleaf willow stems contain predeveloped root primordia. Stem
cuttings develop roots along the entire length of the buried portion
within about 10 to 15 days after planting [38]. Because it roots
quickly, unrooted planeleaf willow cuttings may be planted on sites
sufficiently moist to start and maintain growth [31,38]. Rooted
cuttings have higher survival rates than unrooted cuttings.
Procedures and techniques for collecting, preparing, and planting willow
cuttings are described by Platts (and others) [38] and McCluskey (and
others) [31].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
All willows produce salacin, which is closely related chemically to
aspirin. Native Americans used various preparations from willows to
treat tooth ache, stomache ache, diarrhea, dysentery, and dandruff [32].
Native Americans also used flexible willow stems for making baskets,
bows, arrows, scoops, fish traps, and other items [26].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Because this willow usually grows on wet sites that are easily trampled
by livestock, packstock, hikers, campers, big game, and off-road
vehicles, trails and roads should be located on nearby uplands [19].
Planeleaf willow becomes decadent or stunted when overbrowsed by cattle
or wild ungulates and beavers. Decadent plants recover relatively
rapidly when browsers are excluded [40].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Salix planifolia ssp. planifolia | Planeleaf Willow
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Planeleaf willow is a small-to medium-sized deciduous shrub. Variety
monica is small, usually less than 3.3 feet (1 m) tall, and has erect or
decumbent stems [7]. In Yellowstone National Park, it seldom exceeds 17
inches (45 cm) in height, and is often obscured by tall and dense sedges
[30]. Variety planifolia is larger, growing up to 13 feet (4 m) in
height. It has numerous, stout, upright stems arising from a basal
cluster [15,42].
Planeleaf willow bark is gray and smooth [43]. The flowers occur in
about 1- to 2-inch-long (2.5 cm), erect catkins on the previous year's
twigs [3].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Undisturbed State: Phanerophyte (nanophanerophyte)
Burned or Clipped State: Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Planeleaf willow's primary mode of reproduction is sexual. It produces
an abundance of small, light-weight seeds. Like most willows, it
probably begins seed production at an early age (between 2 and 10 years)
[23]. At maturity, the fruit splits open and releases the seed. Each
seed has a cottony down that aids in dispersal by wind and water [6].
Seeds are dispersed during the growing season and remain viable for only
about 1 week [6]. The seeds contain significant amounts of chlorophyll,
and photosynthesis generally occurs as soon as the seed is moistened.
Germination occurs within 24 hours of dispersal if a moist seedbed is
reached [6]. Exposed mineral soils provide the best seedbed [23].
Litter inhibits germination [23].
Vegetative reproduction: Planeleaf willow sprouts from the root crown
or stem base if aboveground stems are broken or destroyed by cutting,
flooding, or fire [23]. Detached stem fragments form adventitious roots
if they remain moist; portions of stems will root naturally if buried in
moist soil [23].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
The two varieties of planeleaf willow occupy different habitats.
Variety monica, the high elevation variety, grows in middle and upper
subalpine zones dominated by Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii),
subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)
and in alpine zones above timberline. It commonly forms thickets along
stream and lake margins, in wet meadows and seep areas, and on slopes
kept moist by melting snow [2,7,22,30]. These sites are usually wet,
with water tables at or near the surface [7,34]. Soils may be mineral
or organic. Mineral soils are clayey-, silty-, or sandy-textured and
overlain by a shallow, organic surface layer [7]. On marshy sites peat
may be up to 12 inches (30 cm) or more thick [22,30]. Associates
include Wolff willow (Salix wolfii), undergreen willow (S. commutata),
Drummond willow (S. drummondiana), grayleaf willow (S. glauca), bog
birch (Betula glandulosa), water sedge (Carex aquatilis), beaked sedge
(C. rostrata), mountain sedge (C. scopulorum), tufted hairgrass
(Deschampsia cespitosa), bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis),
marshmarigold (Caltha leptosepala), heartleaf bittercress (Cardamine
cordifolia), and arrowleaf groundsel (Senecio triangularis)
[22,28,30,34].
Variety planifolia grows at middle elevations in the West, primarily in
the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and sagebrush (Artemisia spp.)
zones [7]. It generally occurs scattered in other willow-dominated
communities along the banks of streams, ponds, and lakes and in wet
meadows and marshes. Associated willows in the West include Geyer
willow (S. geyeriana), Drummond willow, and Bebb willow (S. bebbiana)
[7]. Soils are usually mineral, with textures varying from sands to
clays [18]. Water tables are often near the surface in the spring, but
may drop to more than 39 inches (1 m) by midsummer [18]. In Ontario,
this variety grows in cool, moist habitats along lakes and streams, in
black spruce (Picea mariana) bogs, northern white-cedar (Thuja
occidentalis) swamps, and marshes [42].
Elevational ranges for several western states are presented below
[7,9,15,21,33,49]:
State Elevational Range
CA from 8,000 to 12,500 feet (2,440-3,811 m)
CO from 8,000 to 13,000 feet (2,440-3,963 m) (var. monica)
c ID above 8,000 feet (2,440 m) (var. monica)
c ID from 5,500 to 7,700 feet (1,677-2,348 m) (var. planifolia)
MT from 3,700 to 10,200 feet (1,128-3,109 m)
SD, Black from 5,000 to 6,500 feet (1,524-1,982 m)
Hills
UT from 7,400 to 12,000 feet (2,255-3,660 m)
WY from 6,500 to 11,500 feet (1,982-3,506 m)
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Variety monica often forms relatively stable communities maintained by
high water tables and high elevation climates [22,34]. In Colorado,
high elevation planeleaf willow communities are considered climax
wetland communities [22]. These communities can experience successional
shifts if water tables change. If sites become permanently drier, Wolff
willow and grasses will increase [18]. Variety planifolia often
persists in communities dominated by other willows. These communities
are relatively stable and maintained by high water tables or seasonal
flooding [34]. Both varieties are shade intolerant.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Planeleaf willow flowers appear in the spring before or sometimes with
the leaves [2,43]. Flowering and seed maturation dates are as follows:
Location Flowering Seeds mature Reference
California June to August [33]
New England
(low elevations) May 19-June 27
(high elevations) July 9-July 31 [41]
Ontario May and June June and July [42]
North & South Dakota May June [44]
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Salix planifolia ssp. planifolia | Planeleaf Willow
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Most willows sprout from the root crown following top-kill by fire
[35,48]. Planeleaf willow's wind-dispersed seeds may be important in
colonizing burned areas.
THe wet meadow and streamside habitats planeleaf willow occupies rarely
burn. In fact, these riparian areas frequently act as fire breaks.
However, under dry conditions, riparian habitats can burn severely [8].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
off-site colonizer; seed carried by wind; postfire years 1 and 2
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Salix planifolia ssp. planifolia | Planeleaf Willow
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Willows on organic soils may be killed by severe fires which burn deep
into the soil, char the roots, and prevent sprouting [51]. Less severe
fires only top-kill willows.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
There is no specific documentation of planeleaf willow sprouting
following fire. However, sprouting following top-kill by fire is common
in the genus Salix. Quick, hot fires generally result in numerous
sprouts per willow plant. Slow-burning fires result in fewer sprouts
because these fires often burn down into the roots, reducing the plants'
sprouting ability [25].
Planeleaf willow seedling establishment following fire has not been
documented, although other willows have been observed to do so when
moist mineral soils are present. Planeleaf willow seeds are dispersed
in the summer, remain viable for only about 1 week, and require moist
mineral soil for germination. Therefore, the degree of seedling
establishment following fire depends upon the season of burn, on the
weather, and on the amount of mineral soil exposed [48].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Prescribed fire can be used to rejuvenate decadent willows [25].
Planeleaf willow primarily occupies wet, poorly drained sites that may
be difficult to burn until they dry out in late summer or fall.
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Salix planifolia ssp. planifolia | Planeleaf Willow
REFERENCES :
1. Allen, Arthur W. 1983. Habitat suitability index models: beaver.
FWS/OBS-82/10.30 (Revised). Washingtion, DC: U.S. Department of the
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 20 p. [11716]
2. Argus, George W. 1957. The willows of Wyoming. University of Wyoming
Publications. 21(1). Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Publications in
Science. 63 p. [4962]
3. Argus, George W. 1973. The genus Salix in Alaska and the Yukon.
Publications in Botany, No. 2. Ottowa, ON: National Museums of Canada,
National Museum of Natural Sciences. 279 p. [6167]
4. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
5. Brayshaw, T. Christopher. 1976. Catkin bearing plants of British
Columbia. Occas. Pap. No. 18. Victoria, BC: The British Columbia
Provincial Museum. 176 p. [6170]
6. Brinkman, Kenneth A. 1974. Salix L. willow. In: Schopmeyer, C. S.,
technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United States.
Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service: 746-750. [5412]
7. Brunsfeld, Steven J.; Johnson, Frederic D. 1985. Field guide to the
willows of east-central Idaho. Bulletin Number 39. Moscow, ID:
University of Idaho; College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences;
Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. 82 p. [6175]
8. Crane, Marilyn F. 1982. Fire ecology of Rocky Mountain Region forest
habitat types. Final Report Contract No. 43-83X9-1-884. Missoula, MT:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 1. 272 p. On file
with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [5292]
9. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information
network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and
Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
10. Dorn, Robert D. 1970. Moose and cattle food habits in southwestern
Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management. 34(3): 559-564. [6173]
11. Dorn, Robert D. 1977. Willows of the Rocky Mountain States. Rhodora. 79:
390-429. [6000]
12. Douglas, David C.; Ratti, John T. 1984. Avian habitat associations in
riparian zones of the Centennial Mountains and surrounding areas, Idaho.
Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Department of Zoology,
Wildlife Biology. 125 p. [14928]
13. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
14. Finch, Deborah M. 1987. Bird-habitat relationships in subalpine riparian
shrublands of the central Rocky Mountains. In: Troendle, Charles A.;
Kaufmann, Merrill R.; Hamre, R. H.; Winokur, Robert P., technical
coordinators. Management of subalpine forests: building on 50 years of
research: Proceedings of a technical conference; 1987 July 6-9; Silver
Creek, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-149. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station: 167-172. [3475]
15. Froiland, Sven G. 1962. The genus Salix (Willows) in the Black Hills of
South Dakota. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 75 p.
[5992]
16. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
17. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D. 1986. Autecological characteristics of
selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a
literature review. Land Management Report No. 33. Victoria, BC: Ministry
of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [1055]
18. Hansen, Paul L.; Chadde, Steve W.; Pfister, Robert D. 1988. Riparian
dominance types of Montana. Misc. Publ. No. 49. Missoula, MT: University
of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation
Experiment Station. 411 p. [5660]
19. Hansen, Paul; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John; [and others]. 1989.
Classification and management of riparian sites in southwestern Montana.
Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana
Riparian Association. 292 p. Draft Version 2. [8900]
20. Hansen, Paul; Boggs, Keith; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John. 1990.
Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in central
and eastern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of
Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, Montana
Riparian Association. 279 p. [12477]
21. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed.
Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc. 666 p. [6851]
22. Hess, Karl; Wasser, Clinton H. 1982. Grassland, shrubland, and
forestland habitat types of the White River-Arapaho National Forest.
Final Report. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 335 p.
[1142]
23. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1964. Vascular plants of the
Pacific Northwest. Part 2: Salicaceae to Saxifragaceae. Seattle, WA:
University of Washington Press. 597 p. [1166]
24. Hulten, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1008 p. [13403]
25. Kovalchik, Bernard L. 1987. Riparian zone associations: Deschutes,
Ochoco, Fremont, and Winema National Forests. R6 ECOL TP-279-87.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Region. 171 p. [9632]
26. Kovalchik, Bernard L.; Hopkins, William E.; Brunsfeld, Steven J. 1988.
Major indicator shrubs and herbs in riparian zones on National Forests
of central Oregon. R6-ECOL-TP-005-88. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 159 p. [8995]
27. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
28. Lewis, Mont E. 1970. Alpine rangelands of the Uinta Mountains. Ogden,
UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 4. 75 p.
[1451]
29. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession
following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall
Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council
fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No.
14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
30. Mattson, David John. 1984. Classification and environmental
relationships of wetland vegetation in central Yellowstone National
Park, Wyoming. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 409 p. Thesis. [7348]
31. McCluskey, D. Cal; Brown, Jack; Bornholdt, Dave; [and others]. 1983.
Willow planting for riparian habitat improvement. Tech. Note 363.
Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
21 p. [6408]
32. Mozingo, Hugh N. 1987. Shrubs of the Great Basin: A natural history.
Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. 342 p. [1702]
33. Munz, Philip A. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
34. Padgett, Wayne G.; Youngblood, Andrew P.; Winward, Alma H. 1989.
Riparian community type classification of Utah and southeastern Idaho.
R4-Ecol-89-01. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Intermountain Region. 191 p. [11360]
35. Parminter, John. 1984. Fire-ecological relationships for the
biogeoclimatic zones of the northern portion of the Mackenzie Timber
Supply Area: summary report. In: Northern Fire Ecology Project: Northern
Mackenzie Timber Supply Area. Victoria, BC: Province of British
Columbia, Ministry of Forests. 59 p. [9205]
36. Peek, J. M. 1974. A review of moose food habits studies in North
America. Le Naturaliste Canadien. 101: 195-215. [7420]
37. Pierce, John; Johnson, Janet. 1986. Wetland community type
classification for west-central Montana. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, Ecosystem Management
Program. 158 p. [Review draft]. [7436]
38. Platts, William S.; Armour, Carl; Booth, Gordon D.; [and others]. 1987.
Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to
management. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-221. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 177 p.
[6171]
39. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
40. Schulz, Terri Tucker; Leininger, Wayne C. 1990. Differences in riparian
vegetation structure between grazed areas and exclosures. Journal of
Range Management. 43(4): 295-299. [11836]
41. Seymour, Frank Conkling. 1982. The flora of New England. 2d ed.
Phytologia Memoirs 5. Plainfield, NJ: Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L.
Moldenke. 611 p. [7604]
42. Soper, James H.; Heimburger, Margaret L. 1982. Shrubs of Ontario. Life
Sciences Misc. Publ. Toronto, ON: Royal Ontario Museum. 495 p. [12907]
43. Stephens, H. A. 1973. Woody plants of the North Central Plains.
Lawrence, KS: The University Press of Kansas. 530 p. [3804]
44. Stevens, David R. 1970. Winter ecology of moose in the Gallatin
Mountains, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management. 34(1): 37-46.
[7932]
45. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1937. Range plant
handbook. Washington, DC. 532 p. [2387]
46. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.
National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names.
SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]
47. Van Dersal, William R. 1938. Native woody plants of the United States,
their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture. 362 p. [4240]
48. Viereck, Leslie A.; Schandelmeier, Linda A. 1980. Effects of fire in
Alaska and adjacent Canada--a literature review. BLM-Alaska Tech. Rep.
6. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land
Mangement, Alaska State Office. 124 p. [7075]
49. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry
C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo,
UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
50. Youngblood, Andrew P.; Padgett, Wayne G.; Winward, Alma H. 1985.
Riparian community type classification of northern Utah and adjacent
Idaho. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Region, Ecology and Classification Program. 104 p.
[Preliminary draft]. [3054]
51. Zasada, J. 1986. Natural regeneration of trees and tall shrubs on forest
sites in interior Alaska. In: Van Cleve, K.; Chapin, F. S., III;
Flanagan, P. W.; [and others], eds. Forest ecosystems in the Alaska
taiga: A synthesis of structure and function. New York: Springer-Verlag:
44-73. [2291]
Index
Related categories for Species: Salix planifolia ssp. planifolia
| Planeleaf Willow
|
 |
