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You are here >1Up Info > Wildlife, Animals, and Plants > Plant Species > Shrub > SPECIES: Salix scouleriana | Scouler Willow
 

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DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

SPECIES: Salix scouleriana | Scouler Willow

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:


Scouler willow is found primarily in the boreal forests of North America [49]. It is widely distributed, occurring in Canada from the Yukon Territory south through British Columbia and east through Alberta, Saskatchewan and into Manitoba. In the United States, Scouler willow occurs in Alaska, south through the western states and into Mexico in the mountains, and east to the Black Hills of South Dakota [8,9,10,32,72,121,178].  U.S. Geological Survey provides a distribution map for Scouler willow.

ECOSYSTEMS [81]:


FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES37 Mountain meadows

STATES:


AK AZ CA CO ID MT NV
NM OR SD UT WA WY

AB BC MB SK YK

MEXICO

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [27]:


1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands

KUCHLER [123] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:


K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest
K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir-hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce-fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest
K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
K025 Alder-ash forest
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K034 Montane chaparral
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K063 Foothills prairie

SAF COVER TYPES [64]:


201 White spruce
202 White spruce-paper birch
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir
207 Red fir
208 Whitebark pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood-willow
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock-Sitka spruce
227 Western redcedar-western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock
232 Redwood
234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone
235 Cottonwood-willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon-juniper
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
251 White spruce-aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce-white spruce
254 Black spruce-paper birch
256 California mixed subalpine

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [215]:


110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
203 Riparian woodland
209 Montane shrubland
213 Alpine grassland
216 Montane meadows
411 Aspen woodland
412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
422 Riparian
504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
901 Alder
904 Black spruce-lichen
906 Broadleaf forest
912 Low scrub shrub birch-ericaceous
917 Tall shrub swamp
920 White spruce-paper birch
921 Willow

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:


With its widespread distribution, Scouler willow occurs in many different vegetation types, but it is dominant in a small percentage of plant communities [80,256]. In the northern part of its distribution, Scouler willow is a common understory component of several forest types, including California fir  (Abies magnifica) [205], larch (Larix occidentalis)/Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) [73,207], lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)/white spruce (Picea glauca) [196], Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) [73], black spruce (Picea mariana) [184,253], Douglas-fir [4,25,60,102,126,128,139,144,162,164], lodgepole pine [25,73,144], grand fir (Abies grandis) [25,151], ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) [19,24,25,102,126,128,153], subalpine fir (Abies lasioscarpa) [60], cedar (Thuja spp.)/hemlock (Tsuga spp.) [70], white spruce/hardwood [138,184,260], paper birch (Betula papyrifera)/white spruce [50], aspen (Populus spp.) and aspen/conifer stands [122,138,225], spruce (Picea spp.)/fir (Abies spp.) [210,211,244], birch (Betula spp.)/willow (Salix spp.) [180], and spruce/birch/willow [184]. It occupies grassland, low-elevation forests, and forest ecotones in the northern Rocky Mountains [23]; and occurs in both tree-dominated vegetation in Alaska and the Yukon Territory as well as in the treeless vegetation of southern coastal Alaska [9].

In the southern part of its distribution, Scouler willow is a common understory component of spruce/fir [244], Douglas-fir/Engelmann spruce/ponderosa pine [109], ponderosa pine, mixed conifer [109,167], Douglas-fir/white fir (Abies concolor) [95], high-altitude willow [125], montane chaparral [43], and scree forests [129]. It also occurs occasionally in stands of giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea) [118,257].

Though Scouler willow is also known as upland willow and occupies drier habitats than most willows [54], it occurs in riparian communities and floodplains in the northwest [9,147,258] and may dominate early seral vegetation on gravel bars [67]. It is also a characteristic species of riparian woodlands and scrub in the southwest [95,129,137,248], and occurs in wet meadow vegetation [29]. 

Plant Associations:
Scouler willow is commonly associated with quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), paper birch, Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum), white spruce, common juniper (Juniperus communis), greyleaf willow (Salix glauca), and American green alder (Alnus viridis ssp. crispa) [7,73,92,189,245,253]. In Idaho, it is frequently associated with quaking aspen, water birch (Betula occidentalis), thinleaf alder (Alnus tenuifolia), and black cottonwood (Populus balsamitera ssp. trichocarpa) overstories at the low to mid-elevations; with aspen, Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir, or lodgepole pine open overstories at the higher elevations; and in upland forest openings created by disturbance [33]. In the cedar-hemlock zone of northern Idaho, Scouler willow is negatively associated with redstem ceanothus (Ceanothus sanguineus), Utah honeysuckle (Lonicera utahensis), and elderberry (Sambucus spp.), but positively associated with thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) [171]. It has specifically been identified in the following plant associations: white spruce-gray leaved willow-scrub birch (Betula glandulosa) association, lodgepole pine-scrub birch-lichen association [154,155], aspen/birch/redosier dogwood (Cornus sericea) association [90], 

Habitat and Community Types:
Scouler willow is a seral species common in the following habitat types: Douglas-fir/pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens) [86], Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis)/devil's club (Oplopanax horridus), Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis)/ovalleaf huckleberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium) [71], grand fir/blue huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare) [75], subalpine fir/beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax) [218], white fir/prince's pine (Chimaphila umbellata) [152], Douglas-fir/white spiraea (Spiraea betufolia) [76], grand fir/Rocky mountain maple [78], Douglas-fir/ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceous) [12,41,247,251,268], Engelmann spruce/myrtle huckleberry, subalpine fir/forest fleabane (Erigeron eximius), subalpine fir/thimbleberry, blue spruce (Picea pungens)/redosier dogwood, white fir/Rocky mountain maple, white fir/forest fleabane [129], and Engelmann spruce/forest fleabane [166]. In Montana and Idaho, it is common to many habitat types in the Douglas-fir, grand fir, and subalpine fir series [46,66,80]. 

Scouler willow is dominant in the mid-seral, Scouler willow shrub layer group of the following habitat types: grand fir (Abies grandis)/blue huckleberry [226], Douglas-fir/pinegrass [229], Douglas-fir/blue huckleberry [17], Douglas-fir/ninebark [17,228], Douglas-fir/Rocky mountain maple [227], Douglas-fir/white spirea [233], subalpine fir/fool's huckleberry (Menziesia ferruginea) [17], and grand fir/mountain maple (Acer glabrum) [228,231]. It may also dominate seral stands in warm, moderate to dry habitat types of Douglas-fir, grand fir, and ponderosa pine [222]. 

Scouler willow occurs in a variety of community types, which include the lodgepole pine-subalpine fir, quaking aspen-white spruce, quaking aspen-lodgepole pine-white spruce [185], and lodgepole pine-white spruce-subalpine fir community types in British Columbia [186]; and white spruce-russet buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis), white spruce-quaking aspen-russet buffaloberry-twinflower (Linnaea borealis), and quaking aspen-bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) community types in the Yukon Territory [55]. Scouler willow occurs as a dominant in the tall mountain shrub component of the north Idaho seral brushfields [21,42,56,92,96,97,141,172,181,242,251,262,266]. It is dominant in the Scouler willow community type in the Yukon, with russet buffaloberry as the most prominent understory shrub [55], and may dominate other deciduous forest communities in the montane zone of British Columbia and the Yukon Territory [55,94]. Scouler willow occurs as a dominant shrub in aspen stands and in the Salix spp. community type of Wyoming [35,81]. In Nevada, Scouler willow is a dominant in the Scouler willow/tall forb community type and may dominate the tall forb undergrowth vegetation type that is transitional from riparian to upland sites [149].  Scouler willow dominates the Scouler willow riparian community type in the southwestern United States [248]. It is also a codominant tree in the quaking aspen/Scouler willow community type [63,174].

Classifications describing plant communities in which Scouler willow is a dominant species are as follows:

Arizona [248,250]
British Columbia [119]
California [99]
Idaho [174,226,227,228,229,231,232,233]
Nevada [149,174]
New Mexico [248,250]
Utah [174]


Related categories for SPECIES: Salix scouleriana | Scouler Willow

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