|
Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
|
|
Introductory
SPECIES: Umbellularia californica | California Bay
ABBREVIATION :
UMBCAL
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
UMCA
COMMON NAMES :
California bay
bay
bay laurel
baytree
black myrtle
California laurel
cinnamon bush
Coos Bay laurel
laurel
mountain laurel
myrtle
myrtletree
myrtlewood
Oregon myrtle
Pacific myrtle
pepperwood
spice-tree
white myrtle
yellow myrtle
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of California bay is Umbellularia
californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. [9,22,31]. Recognized varieties and
forms are as follows [9]:
U. californica var. californica
U. californica var. fresnensis Eastwood
U. californica f. pendula Rehd.
LIFE FORM :
Tree, Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Janet L. Howard, May 1992
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Umbellularia californica. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Umbellularia californica | California Bay
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
California bay occurs in the Klamath, Siskiyou, and Coast Ranges from
Douglas County, Oregon south to San Diego County, California, and on the
western slope of the Sierra Nevada from Shasta County south to Kern
County. It is found along drainages in the Central Valley, California
[16,23,31,48]. Umbellularia californica var. fresnensis occurs in
Fresno County, California [9].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES42 Annual grasslands
STATES :
CA OR
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
KICA LAVO PORE REDW MUWO SAMO
SEQU WHIS YOSE
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K009 Pine - cypress forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
K048 California steppe
SAF COVER TYPES :
218 Lodgepole pine
221 Red alder
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Stika spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak - Digger pine
255 California coast live oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
California bay is sometimes codominant or dominant in various hardwood
forests. Pure stands are rare, but there are a few California bay
forests in the Coast Ranges and in Tehema County, California [7,11,15].
The tree also occurs in various coniferous forests, where it is a
codominant or dominant in the subcanopy or is an understory associate.
Published classifications listing California bay as codominant or
dominant in community types (cts), ecoassociation types (eco), plant
associations (pas), or vegetation types (vts) are as follows:
AREA CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY
CA: outer Coast Ranges Ca. bay forest cts Holland 1986
CA: Coast Ranges Ca. hardwoods eco Allen & others 1991
nCA: Klamath; N.Coast Ranges cismontane woodland cts Holland 1986
nCA: Muir Woods NM redwood forest vts McBride & Jacobs 1980
sCA: S.Coast Ranges riparian pas Paysen & others 1980
sCA: Santa Ana Mts. canyon woodlands cts Vogl 1976
swOR: Siskiyou NF mixed evergreen cts Sawyer & others 1977
swOR: Siskiyou; Klamath tanoak-Ca. laurel pas Atzet & Wheeler 1984
Ranges
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Umbellularia californica | California Bay
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
California bay wood is used for cabinets, furniture, interior trim,
paneling, veneer, gunstocks, and turned woodenware. Burls, marketed as
myrtlewood, are used for making novelty items and wood carvings [9].
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
California bay leaves and twigs are browsed by black-tailed deer and
livestock. The tree is in relatively short supply over most of its
distribution, but is one of the prinicipal browse species for deer in
parts of the North Coast Ranges [42]. The seeds are eaten by birds,
rodents, and domestic and wild pigs. [5,43,39]. Pigs also consume the
roots [42].
PALATABILITY :
New shoots are highly palatable to black-tailed deer. Utilization of 60
to 80 percent by weight of young shoots was recorded on chaparral deer
ranges in Madera and Lake counties, California [6,39]. The relish and
degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for California bay
leaves and twigs has been rated as follows [39]:
cattle - fair to poor
horses - poor
goats - fair to poor
sheep - fair to poor
mule deer - good to fair
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
California bay leaves and twigs are high in protein. Studies conducted
at several sites in northern California found that the protein
content varies from 25.6 percent in May to 11.3 percent in January [43].
COVER VALUE :
California bay provides hiding and thermal cover for deer, wild pig,
black bear, and various small mammals. It also provides nesting,
hiding, and thermal cover for upland game birds and songbirds. It is
heavily used for cover when it grows in ecotones between riparian and
chaparral communities [10].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
California bay is used for a variety of rehabilitative purposes. It has
been utilized in riparian and wildlife habitat reclamation projects in
Berkeley, the Santa Clara Valley, and Los Angeles County, California
[14,35,49]. It has also been used in watershed projects for flood
control and stream channel restoration [17,32]. California bay is
started from seed and transplants best when under 1 year of age.
Cultivation methods have been detailed [42].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Native Americans made tea from the root bark of California bay and used
the leaves for control of biting insects. The leaves were also used
medicinally by Native Americans and pioneers for treatment of headache
and rheumatism.
California bay leaves are marketed as a food seasoning. The tree is
used in ornamental landscaping and is available at commercial nurseries
[9,20].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Hardwood timber: Silviculture of California bay may become more
important as East Coast hardwood production lessens. Although
California bay wood is valuable, young trees are not currently planted
for future commercial harvest. A serious management problem of this
species is heart rot. The fungus (Ganoderma applanatum) causing this
disease will infect even young trees. Heart rot can be virtually
eliminated from a stand by cutting down trees to stumps of less than 8
inches (20 cm) in height to promote root crown sprouting. Root crown
sprouts have a very low incidence of heart rot. Slash disposal by
broadcast burning is recommended to increase sprouting and kill fungi
harbored in the slash [27]. California bay has no serious insect pests,
although the powderpost beetle (Ptilinus basalis) and various oak bark
beetles (Pseudopithyophthorus spp.) will sometimes attack injured trees
[9]. California bay is not windfirm [27].
Conifer timber: California bay severely reduces growth of conifer
timber seedlings through allelopathic inhibition. The leaves contain
water-soluble terpenes which retard root elongation [16]. A study done
in the Siskiyou National Forest of southwestern Oregon showed that root
elongation of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was 16
percent of normal following treatment with California bay leaf extract.
This was a greater rate of suppression than that shown by 10 other
chaparral species tested for potential conifer growth inhibition [44].
Unless controlled, the California bay understory in coniferous forests
often becomes dominant or codominant within a few years following
clear-cutting of mature timber trees [9].
Control: California bay can be controlled by aerosol or injection/cut
surface treatment with 2,4-D [8]. (also see Fire Management
Considerations regarding control by burning)
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Umbellularia californica | California Bay
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
California bay is a highly-branched native evergreen tree that grows
from 40 to 80 feet (12-24 m) in height. Trees in Oregon generally grow
taller than those in California [31]. The largest recorded tree is in
Oregon, measuring 13.3 feet (4 m) in diameter and 88 feet (25 m) in
height [9]. On poor sites the tree grows in scrub form [7,31]. The
fruit is a drupe containing one large seed with a thin seedcoat [42].
The bark is thin and smooth on young trees, while older trees have thin,
scaly bark that is continually shed. Authorities disagree on the
rooting habit of California bay. Roots are described as either shallow
or as deep and wide-spreading. Rootwads of windthrown trees in southern
Oregon were found to be limited in extent with no taproot, and 100
percent of California bay trees excavated in the Berkeley Hills of
California had their roots confined to the top 36 inches (90 cm) of soil
[9].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Sexual: California bay begins reproducing by seed at 30 to 40 years of
age [7,9,31]. Seed crops are abundant in most years. Seed is
disseminated by animals, water, and gravity. Limited research suggests
that seed viability is retained over winter but diminishes rapidly after
that time [42]. Some fresh seed will slowly germinate over a 3-month
period without stratification or scarification. Germination rates
improve, however, after a 2- to 3-month cold stratification at 40
degrees Fahrenheit (4 deg C). Scarified seed has a slightly higher
germination rate than unscarified seed [9,42]. Germination is hypogeal.
Germination and seedling establishment are favored in riparian areas
where seed is buried by silt deposition or high water [27]. Seedling
establishment is poor in drier environments unless the ground is
disturbed [9]. Seedlings are good competitors against other species and
grow under moderately dense canopies. Seedling recruitment is poor
under other California bay trees, however [9].
Vegetative: California bay sprouts from the root crown, bole, or stump
[9,34]. Sprouts arise wherever surviving meristematic tissue receives
strong light [9]. Bole sprouts are more common on plants growing on
south-facing slopes, while root collar sprouts usually appear on plants
on north-facing slopes. Sixty sprouts have been reported growing on the
trunk of one burned tree [34]. Sprouts have been observed growing from
fallen California bay trees in Muir Woods National Monument, California
[25].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
California bay grows on a variety of sites. It occurs on xeric
chaparral, where the tree often grows in scrub form. Scrub trees are
particularly common in serpentine chaparral [16]. California bay also
occurs on exposed ridges, steep mountain slopes, coastal bluffs, or
rocky outcrops. Best development occurs on mesic sites: deep,
well-drained alluvial benches, valley bottoms subjected to occasional
inundation, well-watered coastal slopes, or along foothill streams [9].
Soil: California bay grows in loam, sandy-loam, or clay soils. Soil
pH ranges from 5.7 to 7.4 [9].
Climate: California bay grows in the cool, humid maritime climate of
dense coastal forests and the mediterranean climate of California
hardwood forests and chaparral [9].
Elevation: California bay is found from sea level to 4,000 feet
(1,219 m) in northern California and Oregon and from 2,000 to 5,000
feet (610-1,524 m) in southern California [42].
Plant associates: Overstory associates include bigcone Douglas-fir
(Psuedotsuga macrocarpa), grand fir (Abies grandis), white fir (A.
concolor), Colter pine (Pinus coulteri), sugar pine (P. lambertiana),
western white pine (P. monticola), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globus; E.
camaldulensis), valley oak (Quercus lobata), and black cottonwood
(Populus trichocarpa) [9,11,34]. (also see SAF cover types)
Subcanopy and understory associates include California sycamore
(Plantanus racemosa), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), boxelder (A.
negundo), interior live oak (Q. wislizenii), coast live oak (Q.
agrifolia), canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepsis), blue oak (Q. douglasii),
California scrub oak (Q. dumosa), Sadler oak (Q. sadleriana), Pacific
dogwood (Cornus nuttalii), California buckeye (Aesculus californica),
chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), various manzanitas (Arctostaphylos
nevadensis; A. mariposa; A. viscida), yerba santa (Eriodictyon
californicum), California rhododendron (Rhododendron californicum),
Pacific rhododendron (R. macrophyllum), and evergreen huckleberry
(Vaccinium ovatum) [9,11,34].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
California bay is seral in mixed evergreen forests, and climax in
California hardwood forests, riparian communities, and chaparral
[3,26,37]. In mixed-evergreen forest it is replaced by various conifers
(see SAF cover types and Site Characteristics: Overstory associates). A
sun- and shade-tolerant species, California bay occurs in all seral
stages of mixed evergreen forest. Pioneer seedlings or residual
sprouters appear in the initial community, and the species frequently
persists as a subcanopy dominant in the late seral community [3,25]. In
California hardwood forests, it is dominant or codominant with other
hardwood species [1,18]. In chaparral, it replaces brush species in the
absence of fire. California bay seedlings were found growing in a
mature chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) chaparral community in the San
Gabriel Mountains of southern California 40 years following fire [33].
Such seedlings occasionally grow to maturity and outcompete existing
shrubs before the next fire cycle. In riparian communities, California
bay codominates with red alder (Alnus ruba), bigleaf maple, boxelder,
and California buckeye [26,42].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
The seasonal development of California bay varies with latitude and
elevation. The general development is as follows [9]:
Northern Ca Southern Ca
flowers out: April-Sept year-round
new leaves out: May-June Dec-April
seeds ripe: Sept-Nov Sept-Nov
flora primordia develop: Sept-Nov Sept-Nov
seed disseminated: Nov-Jan Nov-Jan
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Umbellularia californica | California Bay
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Plant adaptations: California bay sprouts from the root crown or bole
following fire [9,25,27,43,42]. Some studies indicate that germination
of buried seed may slightly increase following light to moderate fire
due to the cracking of the thin seed coat [28,42].
Fire ecology: California bay increases fuel loading by the continual
shedding of its bark [9].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
survivor species; on-site surviving root crown
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
secondary colonizer; off-site seed carried to site after year 2
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Umbellularia californica | California Bay
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
The thin bark of this tree provides little protection against fire.
Moderate-severity fire kills California bay seedlings and top-kills
saplings and mature trees. Severe fire kills the seed [9,42].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Top-killed California bay recovers rapidly from fire. Taber and Dasmann
[43] reported crown sprouts appearing 4 to 6 weeks after late winter and
spring fires in the North Coast Ranges of California. Sprouting may
also occur after summer or fall fires. Most California hardwoods sprout
within a few weeks following fire in any season [29], and California bay
presumably has this ability. Reproductive ability is regained quickly;
flowers have been noted on first-year sprouts [9]. Seedlings establish
from postfire year 1 until the next fire cycle. In the redwood (Sequoia
sempervirens) forest of Muir Woods National Monument, for example, 567
seedlings per acre (1,400 seedlings/ha) were observed at postfire year
134. The dense understory was codominated by redwood and California bay
trees that began as sprouts and seedlings following the 1845 fire [25].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Hardwood timber: Prescribed burning is an effective tool for reclaiming
California bay in hardwood forests invaded by conifers [9].
Conifer timber: Prescribed burning alone is not effective in removing
California bay from clear-cut timber areas. Prescribed fire will
top-kill California bay, but follow-up mechanical or chemical control of
sprouts will be necessary until conifer seedlings are established [9].
Other considerations: California bay was an integral part of a fire
hazard reduction project in the Berkeley Hills, where highly flammable
exotic eucalyptus were removed to release the less flammable understory
of California bay and coast live oak [38].
California bay in riparian areas is not usually threatened because fire
is rare there [19,40].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Umbellularia californica | California Bay
REFERENCES :
1. Allen, Barbara H.; Holzman, Barbara A.; Evett, Rand R. 1991. A
classification system for California's hardwood rangelands. Hilgardia.
59(2): 1-45. [17371]
2. Atzet, Thomas; Wheeler, David L. 1984. Preliminary plant associations of
the Siskiyou Mountain Province. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 278 p. [9351]
3. Barbour, Michael G. 1987. Community ecology and distribution of
California hardwood forests and woodlands. In: Plumb, Timothy R.;
Pillsbury, Norman H., technical coordinators. Proceedings of the
symposium on multiple-use management of California's hardwood resources;
1986 November 12-14; San Luis Obispo, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-100.
Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 18-25. [5356]
4. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
5. Bissell, Harold D.; Strong, Helen. 1955. The crude protein variations in
the browse diet of California deer. California Fish and Game. 41(2):
145-155. [10524]
6. Biswell, H. H.; Gilman, J. H. 1961. Brush management in relation to fire
and other environmental factors on the Tehama deer winter range.
California Fish and Game. 47(4): 357-389. [6275]
7. Bolsinger, Charles L. 1988. The hardwoods of California's timberlands,
woodlands, and savannas. Resour. Bull. PNW-RB-148. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research
Station. 148 p. [5291]
8. Bovey, Rodney W. 1977. Response of selected woody plants in the United
States to herbicides. Agric. Handb. 493. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 101 p. [8899]
9. Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., tech. coords. 1990. Silvics of
North America. Vol 2. Hardwoods. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 877 p. [13955]
10. Capelli, Mark H.; Stanley, Stephen J. 1984. Preserving riparian
vegetation along California's south central coast. In: Warner, Richard
E.; Hendrix, Kathleen M., eds. California riparian systems: Ecology,
conservation, and productive management. Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press: 673-686. [5868]
11. Cooper, W. S. 1922. The broad-sclerophyll vegetation of California.
Publ. No. 319. Washington, DC: The Carnegie Institution of Washington.
145 p. [6716]
12. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
13. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
14. Goldner, Bernard H. 1984. Riparian restoration efforts associated with
structurally modified flood control channels. In: Warner, Richard E.;
Hendrix, Kathleen M., eds. California riparian systems: Ecology,
conservation, and productive management: Proceedings of the conference;
1981 September 17-19; Davis, CA. Berkeley, CA: University of California
Press: 445-451. [5852]
15. Griffin, James R. 1974. Notes on environment, vegetation and flora:
Hastings Natural History Reservation. Memo Report. On file at: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 90 p. [10531]
16. Griffin, James R.; Critchfield, William B. 1972. The distribution of
forest trees in California. Res. Pap. PSW-82. Berkeley, CA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and
Range Experiment Station. 118 p. [1041]
17. Hanes, Ted L. 1984. Vegetation of the Santa Ana River and some flood
control implications. In: Warner, Richard E.; Hendrix, Kathleen M., eds.
California riparian systems: Ecology, conservation, and productive
management. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 882-888.
[5879]
18. Holland, Robert F. 1986. Preliminary descriptions of the terrestrial
natural communities of California. Sacramento, CA: California Department
of Fish and Game. 156 p. [12756]
19. Horton, Jerome S.; Wright, John T. 1944. The wood rat as an ecological
factor in southern California watersheds. Ecology. 25(3): 341-351.
[10682]
20. Krochmal, Arnold; Krochmal, Connie. 1982. Uncultivated nuts of the
United States. Agriculture Information Bulletin 450. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 89 p. [1377]
21. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
22. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native
and naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 375 p. [2952]
23. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1971. Atlas of the United States trees. Volume 1.
Conifers and important hardwoods. Misc. Publ. 1146. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 320 p. [1462]
24. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession
following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall
Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council
fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No.
14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
25. McBride, Joe R.; Jacobs, Diana F. 1980. Information gathering for
vegetation preservation management: a case study Muir Woods National
Monument. In: Proceedings, 2nd conference on scientific research in the
National Parks; 1979 November 26-30; San Francisco, CA. Volume 7:
Ecosystem Studies/Interdisciplinary Studies. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, National Park Service, and American Institute
of Biological Science: 464-477. [8780]
26. McBride, Joe R.; Strahan, Jan. 1984. Fluvial processesand woodland
succession along Dry Creek, Sonoma County, California. In: Warner,
Richard E.; Hendrix, Kathleen M., eds. California riparian systems:
Ecology, conservation, and productive management: Proceedings of a
conference; 1981 September 17-19; Davis, CA. Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press: 110-119. [5832]
27. McDonald, Philip M.; Minore, Don; Atzet, Tom. 1983. Southwestern
Oregon--northern California hardwoods. In: Burns, Russel M., compiler.
Silvicultural systems for the major forest types of the United States.
Agric. Handb. 445. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture:
29-32. [7142]
28. Mirov, N. T.; Kraebel, C. J. 1937. Collecting and propagating the seeds
of California wild plants. Res. Note No. 18. Berkeley, CA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, California Forest and Range
Experiment Station. 27 p. [9787]
29. Mooney, H. A.; Hayes, R. I. 1973. Carbohydrate storage cycles in two
Californian Mediterranean-climate trees. Flora. 162: 295-304. [10525]
30. Muller, Cornelius H. 1966. The role of chemical inhibition (allelopathy)
in vegetational composition. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
93(5): 332-351. [13672]
31. Munz, Philip A. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
32. Parra-Szijj, Emilia A. 1990. Revegetation in the Sepulveda Wildlife
Reserve: a seven year summary. In: Hughes, H. Glenn; Bonnicksen, Thomas
M., eds. Restoration '89: the new management challenge: Proceedings, 1st
annual meeting of the Society for Ecological Restoration; 1989 January
16-20; Oakland, CA. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Arboretum,
Society for Ecological Restoration: 139-151. [14693]
33. Patric, James H.; Hanes, Ted L. 1964. Chaparral succession in a San
Gabriel Mountain area of California. Ecology. 45(2): 353-360. [9825]
34. Paysen, Timothy E.; Narog, Marcia G.; Tissell, Robert G.; Lardner,
Melody A. 1991. Trunk and root sprouting on residual trees after
thinning a Quercus chrysolepis stand. Forest Science. 37(1): 17-27.
[15040]
35. Perala, C.; Hoover, D. A. 1990. Hand-removal of exotics and planting of
natives key to restoration of riparian forest understory. Restoration &
Management Notes. 8(2): 118. [13791]
36. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
37. Ray, Dan; Woodroof, Wayne; Roberts, R. Chad. 1984. Management of
riparian vegetation in the northcoast region of California's coastal
zone. In: Warner, Richard E.; Hendrix, Kathleen M., eds. California
riparian systems: Ecology, conservation, and productive management:
Proceedings of a conference; 1981 September 17-19; Davis, CA. Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press: 660-672. [5867]
38. Rice, Carol. 1990. Restoration plays an integral role in fire hazard
reduction plan for the Berkeley Hills Area. Restoration & Management
Notes. 8(2): 125-126. [13792]
39. Sampson, Arthur W.; Jespersen, Beryl S. 1963. California range
brushlands and browse plants. Berkeley, CA: University of California,
Division of Agricultural Sciences, California Agricultural Experiment
Station, Extension Service. 162 p. [3240]
40. Sauer, Jonathan D. 1977. Fire history, environmental patterns, and
species patterns in Santa Monica Mountain chaparral. In: Mooney, Harold
A.; Conrad, C. Eugene, technical coordinators. Proceedings of the symp.
of the environmental consequences of fire and fuel management in
Mediterranean ecosystems; 1977 August 1-5; Palo Alto, CA. Gen. Tech.
Rep. WO-3. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service: 383-386. [4866]
41. Sawyer, John O.; Thornburgh, Dale A.; Griffin, James R. 1977. Mixed
evergreen forest. In: Barbour, Michael G.; Major, Jack, eds. Terrestrial
vegetation of California. New York: John Wiley and Sons: 359-381.
[7218]
42. Stein, William I. 1974. Umbellularia (Nees) Nutt. California-laurel. In:
Schopmeyer, C. S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States.
Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Washington: U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service: 835-839. [7773]
43. Taber, Richard D.; Dasmann, Raymond F. 1958. The black-tailed deer of
the chaparral: Its life history and management in the North Coast Range
of California. Game Bulletin No. 8. Sacramento, CA: State of California,
Department of Fish and Game, Game Management Branch. 166 p. [16312]
44. Tinnin, Robert O.; Kirkpatrick, Lee Ann. 1985. The allelopathic
influence of broadleaf trees and shrubs on seedlings of Douglas-fir.
Forest Science. 31(4): 945-952. [9692]
45. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.
National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names.
SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]
46. Veirs, Stephen D., Jr. 1980. The role of fire in northern coast redwood
forest dynamics. In: Proceedings of the conference on scientific
research in the National Parks: Fire ecology; 1979 November 28 -
November 28; San Francisco. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the
Interior, National Park Service: 1-20. [7276]
47. Vogl, Richard J. 1976. An introduction to the plant communities of the
Santa Ana and San Jacinto Mountains. In: Latting, June, ed. Symposium
proceedings: plant communities of southern California; 1974 May 4;
Fullerton, CA. Special Publication No. 2. Berkeley, CA: California
Native Plant Society: 77-98. [4230]
48. Warner, Richard E. 1984. Structural, floristic, and condition inventory
of central valley riparian systems. In: Warner, Richard E.; Hendrix,
Kathleen M., eds. California riparian systems: Ecology, conservation,
and productive management: Proceedings of a conference; 1981 September
17-19; Davis, CA. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 356-374.
[5840]
49. Wolfe, Douglas. 1988. Recreating a "natural" riparian environment, or
getting the creek out of the culvert. In: Rieger, John P.; Williams,
Bradford K., eds. Proceedings of the second native plant revegetation
symposium; 1987 April 15-18; San Diego, CA. Madison, WI: University of
Wisconsin - Arboretum, Society of Ecological Restoration & Management:
193-197. [4114]
50. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
Index
Related categories for Species: Umbellularia californica
| California Bay
|
 |
