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Economy - overview:
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Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics in territory, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves as well as plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. It also is a large agricultural - livestock and grain - producer. Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these natural resources and also on a growing machine-building sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural machinery, and some defense items. The breakup of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse in demand for Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products resulted in a short-term contraction of the economy, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97, the pace of the government program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. Kazakhstan enjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 - and a solid 9.5% in 2002 - thanks largely to its booming energy sector, but also to economic reform, good harvests, and foreign investment. The opening of the Caspian Consortium pipeline in 2001, from western Kazakhstan's Tengiz oilfield to the Black Sea, substantially raised export capacity. The country has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversify the economy away from overdependence on the oil sector, by developing light industry. Additionally, the policy aims to reduce the influence of foreign investment and foreign personnel; the government has engaged in several disputes with foreign oil companies over the terms of production agreements, and tensions continue.
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $120 billion (2002 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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9.5% (2002 est.)
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $7,200 (2002 est.)
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 9%
industry: 40%
services: 51% (2002 est.)
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Population below poverty line:
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26% (2001 est.)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 27.3% (2001)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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35.4 (1996)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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6% (2002 est.)
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Labor force:
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8.4 million (1999)
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Labor force - by occupation:
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industry 30%, agriculture 20%, services 50% (2002 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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8.8% (2002 est.)
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Budget:
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revenues: $4.2 billion
expenditures: $5.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
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Industries:
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oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials
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Industrial production growth rate:
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10% (2002 est.)
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Electricity - production:
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52.43 billion kWh (2001)
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 84.3%
hydro: 15.7%
other: 0% (2001)
nuclear: 0%
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Electricity - consumption:
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48.36 billion kWh (2001)
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Electricity - exports:
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3.6 billion kWh (2001)
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Electricity - imports:
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3.2 billion kWh (2001)
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Oil - production:
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798,200 bbl/day (2001 est.)
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Oil - consumption:
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195,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
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Oil - exports:
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NA (2001)
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Oil - imports:
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NA (2001)
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Oil - proved reserves:
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2.709 billion bbl (37257)
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Natural gas - production:
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10.08 billion cu m (2001 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption:
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14.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)
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Natural gas - exports:
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4.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)
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Natural gas - imports:
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8.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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920.3 billion cu m (37257)
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Agriculture - products:
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grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; livestock
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Exports:
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$10.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
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Exports - commodities:
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oil and oil products 58%, ferrous metals 24%, chemicals 5%, machinery 3%, grain, wool, meat, coal (2001)
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Exports - partners:
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Russia 16.2%, Bermuda 12.1%, China 11.3%, Germany 8.8%, Italy 5.5%, Ukraine 4.9%, France 4% (2002)
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Imports:
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$9.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment 41%, metal products 28%, foodstuffs 8% (2001)
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Imports - partners:
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Russia 37.1%, US 9.3%, China 9.3%, Germany 9.1% (2002)
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Debt - external:
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$6.6 billion (2002 est.)
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$610 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000
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Currency:
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tenge (KZT)
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Currency code:
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KZT
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Exchange rates:
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tenge per US dollar - 153.28 (2002), 146.74 (2001), 142.13 (2000), 119.52 (1999), 78.3 (1998)
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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