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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Lepus californicus | Black-Tailed Jackrabbit
ABBREVIATION :
LECA
COMMON NAMES :
black-tailed jackrabbit
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of black-tailed jackrabbit is
Lepus californicus Gray (Leporidae) [13,15,23,24,42]. Seventeen
subspecies are recognized:
L. c. altamirae Nelson [13,42]
L. c. asellus Miller [13,42]
L. c. bennettii Gray* [42]
L. c. californicus Gray* [13,24,42]
L. c. curti Hall [42]
L. c. deserticola Mearns* [13,24,42]
L. c. ememicus J. A. Allen* [24,42]
L. c. festinus Nelson [13,42]
L. c. magdalenae Nelson [13,42]
L. c. martirensis Stowell [42]
L. c. melanotis Mearns* [13,24,42]
L. c. merriamai Mearns* [13,42]
L. c. richardsonii Bachman* [13,24,42]
L. c. sheldoni Burt [13,42]
L. c. texianus Waterhouse* [13,24,42]
L. c. wallawalla Merriam* [13,24,42]
L. c. xanti Thomas [13,42]
*occurs north of Mexico [24]
Flux [31] noted that the number of black-tailed jackrabbit subspecies
recognized may be excessive. Using cluster analysis of anatomical
characters, Dixon and others [23] found that black-tailed jackrabbit
subspecies separated into two distinct groups that are geographically
separated west and east of the Colorado Rocky Mountains and the Colorado
River. They suggested only two infrataxa are warranted: the western
subspecies L. c. californicus and the eastern subspecies L. c.
texianus.
Black-tailed jackrabbit and white-tailed jackrabbit (L. townsendii)
produce hybrid offspring in Utah [31].
ORDER :
Lagomorpha
CLASS :
Mammal
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
See OTHER STATUS
OTHER STATUS :
Lepus californicus bennettii is federally classified as a Category 2
subspecies [71].
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
C. Bushey, 1986
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
Janet L. Howard, July 1995
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Howard, Janet L. 1995; Bushey, C. 1986. Lepus californicus. In: Remainder of Citation
WILDLIFE DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Lepus californicus | Black-Tailed Jackrabbit
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Black-tailed jackrabbit is the most widely distributed jackrabbit (Lepus
spp.) in North America [13]. Native black-tailed jackrabbit populations
occur from central Washington east to Missouri and south to Baja
California Sur and Zacatecas [24]. Black-tailed jackrabbit distribution
is currently expanding eastward in the Great Plains at the expense of
white-tailed jackrabbit [31]. Black-tailed jackrabbit has been
successfully introduced in southern Florida and along the coastline in
Maryland, New Jersey, and Virginia [13,24].
Distribution of subspecies occurring entirely or partially in the United
States is as follows [42]:
L. c. bennettii - coastal southern California to Baja California Norte
L. c. californicus - coastal Oregon to coastal and Central Valley California
L. c. deserticola - southern Idaho to Sonora
L. c. eremicus - central Arizona to Sonora
L. c. melanotis - South Dakota to Iowa, Missouri, and central Texas
L. c. merriami - south-central and southeastern Texas to Tamaulipas
L. c. richardsonii - central California
L. c. texianus - southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado to Zacatecas
L. c. wallawalla - eastern Washington to northeastern California and
northwestern Nevada
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine
FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES31 Shinnery
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
STATES :
| AZ |
AR |
CA |
CO |
FL |
ID |
IA |
KS |
MD |
MT |
MO |
| NE |
NV |
NJ |
NM |
OK |
OR |
SD |
TX |
UT |
VA |
WA |
WY |
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest
K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir-hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest
K009 Pine-cypress forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K025 Alder-ash forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K027 Mesquite bosque
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K031 Oak-juniper woodlands
K032 Transition between K031 and K037
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
K035 Coastal sagebrush
K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K039 Blackbrush
K040 Saltbush-greasewood
K041 Creosotebush
K042 Creosotebush-bursage
K043 Paloverde-cactus shrub
K044 Creosotebush-tarbush
K045 Ceniza shrub
K047 Fescue-oatgrass
K048 California steppe
K050 Fescue-wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass
K053 Grama-galleta steppe
K054 Grama-tobosa prairie
K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta-three-awn shrubsteppe
K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
K060 Mesquite savanna
K061 Mesquite-acacia savanna
K062 Mesquite-live oak savanna
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass
K065 Grama-buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalograss
K069 Bluestem-grama prairie
K070 Sandsage-bluestem prairie
K071 Shinnery
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K076 Blackland prairie
K077 Bluestem-sacahuista prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K083 Cedar glades
K085 Mesquite-buffalograss
K086 Juniper-oak savanna
K087 Mesquite-oak savanna
K088 Fayette prairie
SAF COVER TYPES :
66 Ashe juniper-redberry (Pinchot) juniper
67 Mohrs (shin) oak
68 Mesquite
205 Mountain hemlock
207 Red fir
209 Bristlecone pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood-willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock-Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir-hemlock
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone
235 Cottonwood-willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon-juniper
240 Arizona cypress
241 Western live oak
242 Mesquite
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak-foothills pine
255 California coast live oak
256 California mixed subalpine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
102 Idaho fescue
103 Green fescue
104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
106 Bluegrass scabland
107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
109 Ponderosa pine shrubland
110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
201 Blue oak woodland
202 Coast live oak woodland
203 Riparian woodland
204 North coastal shrub
205 Coastal sage shrub
206 Chamise chaparral
207 Scrub oak mixed chaparral
208 Ceanothus mixed chaparral
209 Montane shrubland
210 Bitterbrush
211 Creosotebush scrub
212 Blackbush
214 Coastal prairie
215 Valley grassland
301 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama
303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass
304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
305 Idaho fescue-Richardson needlegrass
306 Idaho fescue-slender wheatgrass
307 Idaho fescue-threadleaf sedge
309 Idaho fescue-western wheatgrass
310 Needle-and-thread-blue grama
312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue
314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue
316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue
317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue
320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue
322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass
323 Shrubby cinquefoil-rough fescue
324 Threetip sagebrush-Idaho fescue
401 Basin big sagebrush
402 Mountain big sagebrush
403 Wyoming big sagebrush
404 Threetip sagebrush
405 Black sagebrush
406 Low sagebrush
407 Stiff sagebrush
408 Other sagebrush types
409 Tall forb
411 Aspen woodland
412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
413 Gambel oak
414 Salt desert shrub
415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
416 True mountain-mahogany
417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany
419 Bittercherry
420 Snowbrush
421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose
422 Riparian
501 Saltbush-greasewood
502 Grama-galleta
503 Arizona chaparral
504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
505 Grama-tobosa shrub
506 Creosotebush-bursage
507 Palo verde-cactus
508 Creosotebush-tarbush
509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association
601 Bluestem prairie
602 Bluestem-prairie sandreed
603 Prairie sandreed-needlegrass
604 Bluestem-grama prairie
605 Sandsage prairie
606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
609 Wheatgrass-grama
610 Wheatgrass
611 Blue grama-buffalograss
612 Sagebrush-grass
613 Fescue grassland
614 Crested wheatgrass
615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama
701 Alkali sacaton-tobosagrass
702 Black grama-alkali sacaton
703 Black grama-sideoats grama
704 Blue grama-western wheatgrass
705 Blue grama-galleta
706 Blue grama-sideoats grama
707 Blue grama-sideoats grama-black grama
708 Bluestem-dropseed
709 Bluestem-grama
710 Bluestem prairie
711 Bluestem-sacahuista prairie
712 Galleta-alkali sacaton
713 Grama-muhly-threeawn
714 Grama-bluestem
715 Grama-buffalograss
716 Grama-feathergrass
717 Little bluestem-Indiangrass-Texas wintergrass
718 Mesquite-grama
719 Mesquite-liveoak-seacoast bluestem
720 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (dunes)
721 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (plains)
722 Sand sagebrush-mixed prairie
724 Sideoats grama-New Mexico feathergrass-winterfat
725 Vine mesquite-alkali sacaton
728 Mesquite-granjeno-acacia
727 Mesquite-buffalograss
729 Mesquite
730 Sand shinnery oak
733 Juniper-oak
734 Mesquite-oak
735 Sideoats grama-sumac-juniper
802 Missouri prairie
803 Missouri glades
PLANT COMMUNITIES :
The black-tailed jackrabbit occupies plant communities with a mixture of
shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Shrubland-herb mosaics are preferred over
pure stands of shrubs or herbs [19]. Black-tailed jackrabbit is common
in sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) [55,60], creosotebush (Larrea tridentata)
[21,57], and other desert shrublands [22,29,37]; palouse, shortgrass,
and mixed-grass prairies; desert grassland [9,29,62]; open-canopy
chaparral [1,4,80]; oak (Quercus spp.) [3,43] and pinyon-juniper
(Pinus-Juniperus spp.) [16,24] woodlands; and early seral, low- to
mid-elevation coniferous forests [39,80]. It is also common in and near
croplands, especially alfalfa (Medicago sativa) fields [24].
REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
BIOLOGICAL DATA AND HABITAT REQUIREMENTS
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Lepus californicus | Black-Tailed Jackrabbit
TIMING OF MAJOR LIFE HISTORY EVENTS :
Breeding: Male black-tailed jackrabbit reach sexual maturity at about 7
months of age [54]. Females usually breed in the spring of their second
year, although females born in spring or early summer may breed in their
first year. Ovulation is induced by copulation [24]. The breeding
season is variable depending upon latitude and environmental factors.
In the northern part of its range in Idaho, black-tailed jackrabbit
breeds from February through May [32]. In Utah, Gross and others [40]
reported breeding from January through July, with over 75 percent of
females pregnant by April. The Kansas breeding season extends from
January to August [68]. Breeding in warm climates continues nearly
year-round. Two peak breeding seasons corresponding to rainfall
patterns and vegetation greenup occur in California [54], Arizona [81],
and New Mexico [20]. In Arizona, for example, breeding peaks during
winter (January-March) rains and again during June monsoons [81].
Gestation and Nesting: The gestation period ranges from 41 to 47 days
[40,44]. More litters are born in warm climates: Number of litters
born each year ranged from two per year in Idaho [30] to seven in
Arizona [81]. Litter sizes are largest in the northern portions of
black-tailed jabbit's range, however, and decrease with latitude.
Average litter size has been reported at 4.9 in Idaho [30], 3.8 in Utah
[40], and 2.2 in Arizona [81].
Female black-tailed jackrabbit do not prepare an elaborate nest. They
give birth in shallow excavations called forms that are no more than a
few centimeters deep. Females may line forms with hair prior to
parturition, but some drop litters in existing depressions on the ground
with no further preparation [67,68]. Young are borne fully furred with
eyes open, and are mobile within minutes of birth [24,90]. Females do
not protect or even stay with the young except during nursing [65].
Ages of weaning and dispersal are unclear since the young are well
camouflaged and rarely observed in the field. Captive black-tailed
jackrabbit are fully weaned by 8 weeks [81]. The young apparently stay
together for at least a week after leaving the form [24,65].
PREFERRED HABITAT :
The black-tailed jackrabbit is a habitat generalist. It can occupy a
wide range of habitats as long as there is diversity in plant species
and structure. It requires mixed grasses, forbs, and shrubs for food,
and shrubs or small trees for cover [48,55,60,36]. It prefers
moderately open areas without dense understory growth and is seldom
found in closed-canopy habitats. For example, Bell and Stadinski [4]
reported that in California, black-tailed jackrabbit was plentiful in
open chamise (Ademostoma fasciculatum)-Ceanothus spp. chaparral
interspersed with grasses, but did not occupy closed-canopy chaparral.
Similarly, black-tailed jackrabbit occupies clearcuts and early seral
coniferous forest, but not closed-canopy coniferous forest [8,39,80].
Black-tailed jackrabbit does not migrate or hibernate during winter
[24,39]; therefore, the same habitat is used year-round. There is
diurnal movement of 2 to 10 miles (3-16 km) from shrub cover in day to
open foraging areas at night [24]. Home range area varies with habitat
and habitat quality [39]. Home ranges of 0.4 to 1.2 square miles (1-3
sq km) have been reported in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and
black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) communities of northern Utah
[65].
COVER REQUIREMENTS :
Black-tailed jackrabbit require shrubs or small conifers for hiding,
nesting, and thermal cover, and grassy areas for night feeding [24,48].
A shrub-grassland mosaic or widely spaced shrubs interspersed with herbs
provides hiding cover while providing feeding opportunities. Small
shrubs do not provide adequate cover [18,19,48]. On the Snake River
Birds of Prey Study Area of southwestern Idaho, black-tailed jackrabbit
was more frequent on sites dominated by big sagebrush or black
greasewood than on sites dominated by the smaller shrubs winterfat
(Krascheninnikovia lanata) or shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia).
Black-tailed jackrabbit does not habitually use a burrow [60], although
it has occassionally been observed using abandoned burrows for escape
[81] and thermal [24,65] cover.
FOOD HABITS :
The black-tailed jackrabbit diet is composed of shrubs, small trees,
grasses, and forbs. Throughout the course of a year, black-tailed
jackrabbit feed on most if not all of the important plant species in a
community [2]. Growth stage and moisture content of plants may
influence selection more than species [46]. Shrubs generally comprise
the bulk of fall and winter diets, while grasses and forbs are used in
spring and early summer. This pattern varies with climate: Herbaceous
plants are grazed during greenup periods while the plants are in
prereproductive to early reproductive stages, and shrubs are utilized
more in dry seasons [2,29,59,82]. Shrubs are browsed throughout the
year, however. Most of a jackrabbit's (Lepus spp.) body water is
replaced by foraging water-rich vegetation [81,85]. Jackrabbit require
a plant's water weight to be at least five times its dry weight in
order to meet daily water intake requirements. Therefore, black-tailed
jackrabbit switch to phreatophyte shrubs when herbaceous vegetation
cures [38,85].
Plant species used by black-tailed jackrabbit are well documented for
desert regions. Forage use in other regions is less well known;
however, it is well established that black-tailed jackrabbit browse
Douglas-fir (Psedotsuga menzeisii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa),
lodgepole pine (P. contorta), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
seedlings, and oak (Quercus spp.) seedlings and sprouts [22,39,43].
Great Basin: Big sagebrush is a primary forage species and is used
throughout the year; in southern Idaho it formed 16 to 21 percent of the
black-tailed jackrabbit summer diet. Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.),
spiny hopsage (Gray spinosa), and black greasewood are also browsed
[2,28]. Four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) is heavily used in
western Nevada [89]. In Butte County, Idaho, winterfat comprised 41
percent of black-tailed jackrabbits' annual diet. Fourteen percent was
composed of grasses, with most grass consumption in March and April
[36]. Russian-thistle (Salsola kali) is an important forb diet item.
Needle-and-thread grass (Stipa comata) and Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis
hymenoides) are preferred grasses [2]. Other preferred native grasses
include Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) and bluebunch wheatgrass
(Pseudoroegneria spicata) [56]. Where available, crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron desertorum and A. cristatum) and barley (Horeum vulgare) are
highly preferred. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) use is variable: It
comprised 45 percent of the April diet on two southern Idaho sites [28],
but black-tailed jackrabbit on an eastern Washington site did not use it
[11].
Warm Desert: Mesquite (Prosopis spp.) [29] and creosotebush (Larrea
tridentata) [57,81] are principle browse species. Broom snakeweed
(Gutierrezia sarothrae) and Yucca spp. [49] are also used. In honey
mesquite (P. glandulosa var. glandulosa) communities in New Mexico,
overall black-tailed jackrabbit diet was 47 percent shrubs, 22 percent
grasses, and 31 percent forbs [18]. Black grama, dropseed (Sporobolus
spp), fluffgrass (Erioneuron pulchellum), and threeawns (Aristida spp.)
are the most commonly grazed grasses [18,29,82]. Leather croton (Croton
pottsii), silverleaf nightshade (Solanum alaeagnifolium), desert
marigold (Baileya multiradiata), wooly paperflower (Psilostrophe
tagetina), and globemallow (Sphaeralcea spp.) are important forbs,
although many forb species are grazed [82]. Opuntia spp., saguaro
(Carnegiea gigantea), and other cacti are used throughout the year but
are especially important in dry seasons as a source of moisture [70].
PREDATORS :
Black-tailed jackrabbit is an important prey species for many raptors
and carnivorous mammals. Nydegger and Smith [60] rated black-tailed
jackrabbit and Townsend's ground squirrel (Spermophilus townsendii) as
the two most important prey species on the Snake River Birds of Prey
Study Area. Hawks preying on black-tailed jackrabbit include the
ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis) [5,45,47,85], white-tailed hawk (B.
albicaudatus) [66], Swainson's hawk (B. swainsoni), and red-tailed hawk
(B. jamaicensis) [47]. Janes [47] reported black-tailed jackrabbit as
the primary prey of Swainson's, red-tailed, and ferruginous hawks on
Idaho and Utah sites. Other raptors consuming black-tailed jackrabbit
include the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), burrowing owl (Athene
cunicularia), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and bald eagle
(Haliaeetus leucocephalus) [37,90]. Nydegger and Smith [60] reported a
significant correlation between golden eagle production and black-tailed
jackrabbit productivity on the Snake River Birds of Prey Study Area. In
Colorado and southeastern Wyoming, black-tailed jackrabbit constituted 9
percent of nesting bald eagle's diet [51]. Jackrabbits (Lepus spp.) and
cottontails (Sylvilagus spp.) combined formed 9 percent of the diet of
bald eagles wintering on National Forests in Arizona and New Mexico
[41].
Mammalian predators include coyote (Canis latrans), domestic dog (C.
familiaris), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), common gray fox (Urocyon
cinereoargenteus), American badger (Taxidea taxus), mountain lion (Felis
concolor), housecat (F. catus), and bobcat (Lynx rufus) [24,39,68]. In
many areas, black-tailed jackrabbit is the primary item in coyote diets
[1,325,45]. It is locally and regionally important to other mammalian
predators. One study [35] found that jackrabbits (Lepus spp.) made up
45 percent of the bobcat diet in Utah and Nevada. Another Utah-Nevada
study [61] found that jackrabbits were the fourth most commonly consumed
prey of mountain lion.
Rattlesnakes (Crotalus spp.) and garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) prey
on black-tailed jackrabbit young [54,81]. Raccoon (Procyon lotor) and
striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) may also capture young [81].
Humans hunt black-tailed jackrabbit for food and hunt, trap, or poison
it as a pest species [24].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Black-tailed jackrabbit populations undergo periodic peaks and lows
every 3 to 10 years [18,19,24]. Northern Utah populations, for example,
reached a peak density of 71.4 black-tailed jackrabbits/sq km in 1970,
declined to a low of 47.1 black-tailed jackrabbits/sq km in 1972
(Stoddart in [85]), and peaked to approximate 1970 levels in 1979 [88].
Large populations can overgraze ranges and depradate croplands and
conifer plantations [8,13,24,39,81]. Black-tailed jackrabbit control
methods are reviewed in several publications [26,39,50].
Range: When populations are between peaks, black-tailed jackrabbit
presence may complement livestock grazing. Daniel and others [18,19]
reported that at moderate stocking rates and average black-tailed
jackrabbit numbers, there was little competition for forage between
cattle and black-tailed jackrabbit on a Chihuahua Desert
creosotebush-honey mesquite rangeland. The black-tailed jackrabbit
browsed shrubs such as creosotebush that the cattle found unpalatable.
In addition, the black-tailed jackrabbit consumed native poisonous
plants such as locoweed (Astragulus spp.), desert marigold, and wooly
paperflower, thereby reducing poisonous plant cover. Thirty-six percent
of their total diet was composed of plants poisonous to cattle. Daniel
and others [18] also found that black-tailed jackrabbit densities were
significantly (p<0.10) higher on rangeland in fair condition than on
good condition rangelands. They suggested that maintaining rangelands
in good to excellent condition may be the best way to control
black-tailed jackrabbit populations.
Black-tailed jackrabbit populations in some areas of the Great Basin
have been declining for 20 to 25 years. There has been an attendant
population decline of some raptor species including ferruginous hawk
[85] and golden eagle [60]. See HABITAT RELATED FIRE EFFECTS for
further details.
Black-tailed jackrabbit browse saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima). It is
apparently the only vertebrate herbivore in the United States to do so
[83].
Seeds of several plant species are dispersed in black-tailed jackrabbit
feces including dropseeds (Sporobolus spp.) [19] and prickly pear
(Opuntia spp.) [69].
Timber: In coniferous forests, management practices that reduce edge
also reduce black-tailed jackrabbit populations. Roads, skid trails,
and patchy canopy cover have been found to increase populations [39].
Lagomorphs can reduce conifer seedling survival. Lagomorph damage to
young conifers can be confirmed by examining injured trees. Because
they clip trees at an angle with sharp incisors, lagomorphs leave
smooth, oblique cuts on branchs and twigs. Lacking sharp incisors, deer
(Odocoileus spp.) and elk (Cervus elaphus) leave jagged tears. Clean
branch cuts and fecal pellets, which jackrabbits and rabbits often drop
at feeding sites, signal lagomorph damage [39].
Human Health: The black-tailed jackrabbit is a reservoir for several
diseases transmittable to humans including tularemia, bubonic plague,
and Lyme disease [24,53,81].
REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE EFFECTS AND USE
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Lepus californicus | Black-Tailed Jackrabbit
DIRECT FIRE EFFECTS ON ANIMALS :
Most black-tailed jackrabbit probably escape fire easily, even when
young. A few individuals are probably killed. Eye-witness accounts are
rare, but one observer [14] of a late August wildfire in chaparral-blue
oak (Quercus douglasii) woodland in California reported seeing
black-tailed jackrabbit running away from a fast-moving fire, although a
few individuals moved toward the flames.
An August precribed fire in big sagebrush in Idaho resulted in
asphyxiation of several radio-collared pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus
idahoensis) in areas where the fire was extensive and advanced rapidly;
most pygmy rabbit escaped the fire. Black-tailed jackrabbit were in the
area but were not radio collared. Like the pygmy rabbit, most
black-tailed jackrabbit probably avoided injury but a few may have been
asphyxiated [36].
HABITAT RELATED FIRE EFFECTS :
Patchy fire in big sagebrush and other shrub types can benefit
black-tailed jackrabbit by increasing grass and forb production adjacent
to shrub cover. In Idaho black-tailed jackrabbit density was
significantly (p<0.01) higher in big sagebrush plots prescribed burned
than on unburned plots in two of four counts. Density was similar on
burned and control plots on the other two counts. Reducing shrub cover
over large areas, however, can increase mortality from predation due to
cover removal [36]. Patchy fire in coniferous forest types probably
also benefits black-tailed jackrabbit by reducing the overstory and
encouraging growth of herbs, shrubs, and small conifers.
Great Basin: Fire frequencies on some big sagebrush habitats of the
Great Basin have increased from historical ranges of 30 to 70 years to
an average of 5.5 years [10,86,87]. Cheatgrass, an exotic that forms
dense stands and dries out earlier than native grasses, has been
implicated in changing the fire regime. Big sagebrush has declined with
frequent fire [10]. Loss of big sagebrush forage and cover has caused a
steady decline in black-tailed jackrabbit populations in affected areas
[60,84,85]. Some raptor populations are declining as well [60,85].
Wicklow-Howard [84] recommended revegetating these areas with big
sagebrush after fire to increase black-tailed jackrabbit and raptor
populations.
FIRE USE :
Jackrabbits (Lepus spp.) moved onto a burn in Arizona desert shrubsteppe
immediately after a November precribed fire. Jackrabbits foraged in the
burn through winter and into spring [58].
California chaparral: Closed-canopy chamise chaparral in Lake County
was prescribed burned in May to enhance wildlife habitat. Treatment was
creating small (5-10 acre [2-4 ha]) openings in the dense shrubs and
seeding the burned areas with annual and perennial herbs. Prefire
density of black-tailed jackrabbit was approximately 1 jackrabbit/sq
mile; density at postfire year 1 was approximately 5 to 10 jackrabbits/sq
mile. Burn use was heaviest in summer. Black-tailed jackrabbit grazed
the seeded-in perennials heavily. Most of the annuals were grazed only
lightly; however, cultivated rye (Secale cereale) was preferred. Soft
chess (Bromus hordeaceus) foliage was not grazed, but black-tailed
jackrabbit ate the ripe seeds [7].
Fifty percent removal of the canopy by prescribed fire in
chamise-ceanothus chaparral on the Cleveland National Forest attracted
black-tailed jackrabbit to the burned areas. They did not use unburned
areas with closed canopies [4].
REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Lepus californicus | Black-Tailed Jackrabbit
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Index
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