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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants |
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DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:Canada thistle is native to southeastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean area, and was probably introduced to North America in the 1600s as a contaminant of crop seed and/or ship's ballast [153]. It is probably the most widespread of all thistle species [153]. In addition to North America, Canada thistle is invasive in northern and southern Africa, the Middle East, Japan, India, New Zealand, Australia, and South America. It infests at least 27 crops in 37 countries and thrives in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere [147]. In North America, Canada thistle occurs from Alaska east to the Northwest Territories, Quebec, and Newfoundland and south to California, New Mexico, Kansas, Arkansas, and North Carolina [107]. The PLANTS database provides a map of Canada thistle's distribution in the United States. Canada thistle has been identified as a management problem in many national parks and on The Nature Conservancy preserves in the upper Midwest, the Great Plains states, and the Pacific Northwest [215]. It is an invader in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado [67], Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming [4,48,219], Wood Buffalo National Park, Northwest Territories, Canada [83,238], Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota [32], and the Camas Swale Research Natural Area in the Willamette Valley, Oregon [43]. Although Canada thistle is not usually found in undisturbed forested areas, it has the potential to colonize a wide variety of forest habitats within its range following overstory removal and soil disturbance. The following listings take this potential into account. ECOSYSTEMS [74]:FRES10 White-red-jack pine FRES11 Spruce-fir FRES15 Oak-hickory FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood FRES18 Maple-beech-birch FRES19 Aspen-birch FRES20 Douglas-fir FRES21 Ponderosa pine FRES22 Western white pine FRES23 Fir-spruce FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce FRES25 Larch FRES26 Lodgepole pine FRES27 Redwood FRES28 Western hardwoods FRES29 Sagebrush FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub FRES35 Pinyon-juniper FRES36 Mountain grasslands FRES37 Mountain meadows FRES38 Plains grasslands FRES39 Prairie FRES41 Wet grasslands FRES42 Annual grasslands FRES44 Alpine STATES:
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [18]:1 Northern Pacific Border 2 Cascade Mountains 3 Southern Pacific Border 4 Sierra Mountains 5 Columbia Plateau 6 Upper Basin and Range 8 Northern Rocky Mountains 9 Middle Rocky Mountains 10 Wyoming Basin 11 Southern Rocky Mountains 12 Colorado Plateau 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont 14 Great Plains 15 Black Hills Uplift 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands> KUCHLER [119] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest K004 Fir-hemlock forest K005 Mixed conifer forest K006 Redwood forest K007 Red fir forest K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest K009 Pine-cypress forest K010 Ponderosa shrub forest K011 Western ponderosa forest K012 Douglas-fir forest K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest K015 Western spruce-fir forest K016 Eastern ponderosa forest K017 Black Hills pine forest K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest K019 Arizona pine forest K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest K022 Great Basin pine forest K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland K024 Juniper steppe woodland K025 Alder-ash forest K026 Oregon oakwoods K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026 K029 California mixed evergreen forest K030 California oakwoods K032 Transition between K031 and K037 K034 Montane chaparral K035 Coastal sagebrush K036 Mosaic of K030 and K035 K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub K038 Great Basin sagebrush K047 Fescue-oatgrass K048 California steppe K049 Tule marshes K050 Fescue-wheatgrass K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass K052 Alpine meadows and barren K055 Sagebrush steppe K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe K063 Foothills prairie K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalo grass K069 Bluestem-grama prairie K070 Sandsage-bluestem prairie K074 Bluestem prairie K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie K081 Oak savanna K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100 K084 Cross Timbers K093 Great Lakes spruce-fir forest K094 Conifer bog K095 Great Lakes pine forest K096 Northeastern spruce-fir forest K098 Northern floodplain forest K099 Maple-basswood forest K100 Oak-hickory forest K101 Elm-ash forest K102 Beech-maple forest K103 Mixed mesophytic forest K104 Appalachian oak forest K106 Northern hardwoods K107 Northern hardwoods-fir forest K108 Northern hardwoods-spruce forest K109 Transition between K104 and K106 K110 Northeastern oak-pine forest SAF COVER TYPES [59]:1 Jack pine 5 Balsam fir 12 Black spruce 13 Black spruce-tamarack 14 Northern pin oak 15 Red pine 16 Aspen 17 Pin cherry 18 Paper birch 19 Gray birch-red maple 20 White pine-northern red oak-red maple 21 Eastern white pine 22 White pine-hemlock 23 Eastern hemlock 24 Hemlock-yellow birch 25 Sugar maple-beech-yellow birch 26 Sugar maple-basswood 27 Sugar maple 28 Black cherry-maple 30 Red spruce-yellow birch 31 Red spruce-sugar maple-beech 32 Red spruce 33 Red spruce-balsam fir 34 Red spruce-Fraser fir 35 Paper birch-red spruce-balsam fir 37 Northern white-cedar 38 Tamarack 39 Black ash-American elm-red maple 40 Post oak-blackjack oak 42 Bur oak 43 Bear oak 44 Chestnut oak 45 Pitch pine 46 Eastern redcedar 50 Black locust 51 White pine-chestnut oak 52 White oak-black oak-northern red oak 53 White oak 55 Northern red oak 57 Yellow-poplar 58 Yellow-poplar-eastern hemlock 59 Yellow-poplar-white oak-northern red oak 60 Beech-sugar maple 61 River birch-sycamore 62 Silver maple-American elm 63 Cottonwood 64 Sassafras-persimmon 65 Pin oak-sweetgum 75 Shortleaf pine 76 Shortleaf pine-oak 78 Virginia pine-oak 79 Virginia pine 80 Loblolly pine-shortleaf pine 81 Loblolly pine 87 Sweetgum-yellow-poplar 93 Sugarberry-American elm-green ash 95 Black willow 107 White spruce 108 Red maple 109 Hawthorn 110 Black oak 201 White spruce 202 White spruce-paper birch 203 Balsam poplar 204 Black spruce 205 Mountain hemlock 206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir 207 Red fir 208 Whitebark pine 209 Bristlecone pine 210 Interior Douglas-fir 211 White fir 212 Western larch 213 Grand fir 215 Western white pine 216 Blue spruce 217 Aspen 218 Lodgepole pine 219 Limber pine 220 Rocky Mountain juniper 221 Red alder 222 Black cottonwood-willow 223 Sitka spruce 224 Western hemlock 225 Western hemlock-Sitka spruce 226 Coastal true fir-hemlock 227 Western redcedar-western hemlock 228 Western redcedar 229 Pacific Douglas-fir 230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock 231 Port-Orford-cedar 232 Redwood 233 Oregon white oak 234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone 235 Cottonwood-willow 236 Bur oak 237 Interior ponderosa pine 238 Western juniper 239 Pinyon-juniper 243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer 244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir 245 Pacific ponderosa pine 246 California black oak 247 Jeffrey pine 248 Knobcone pine 249 Canyon live oak 250 Blue oak-foothills pine 251 White spruce-aspen 252 Paper birch 253 Black spruce-white spruce 254 Black spruce-paper birch 255 California coast live oak 256 California mixed subalpine> SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [200]:101 Bluebunch wheatgrass 102 Idaho fescue 103 Green fescue 104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass 105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue 107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass 109 Ponderosa pine shrubland 110 Ponderosa pine-grassland 201 Blue oak woodland 202 Coast live oak woodland 203 Riparian woodland 204 North coastal shrub 208 Ceanothus mixed chaparral 209 Montane shrubland 210 Bitterbrush 213 Alpine grassland 214 Coastal prairie 215 Valley grassland 216 Montane meadows 217 Wetlands 301 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama 302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass 303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass 304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass 305 Idaho fescue-Richardson needlegrass 306 Idaho fescue-slender wheatgrass 307 Idaho fescue-threadleaf sedge 308 Idaho fescue-tufted hairgrass 309 Idaho fescue-western wheatgrass 310 Needle-and-thread-blue grama 311 Rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass 312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue 313 Tufted hairgrass-sedge 314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass 315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue 316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue 317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass 318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue 319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue 320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass 321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue 322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass 323 Shrubby cinquefoil-rough fescue 324 Threetip sagebrush-Idaho fescue 401 Basin big sagebrush 402 Mountain big sagebrush 403 Wyoming big sagebrush 404 Threetip sagebrush 405 Black sagebrush 406 Low sagebrush 407 Stiff sagebrush 408 Other sagebrush types 409 Tall forb 410 Alpine rangeland 411 Aspen woodland 412 Juniper-pinyon woodland 413 Gambel oak 415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany 416 True mountain-mahogany 417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany 418 Bigtooth maple 419 Bittercherry 420 Snowbrush 421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose 422 Riparian 504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland 509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association 601 Bluestem prairie 602 Bluestem-prairie sandreed 603 Prairie sandreed-needlegrass 604 Bluestem-grama prairie 605 Sandsage prairie 606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass 607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass 608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass 609 Wheatgrass-grama 610 Wheatgrass 611 Blue grama-buffalo grass 612 Sagebrush-grass 613 Fescue grassland 614 Crested wheatgrass 615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama 722 Sand sagebrush-mixed prairie 801 Savanna 802 Missouri prairie 803 Missouri glades 804 Tall fescue 805 Riparian 808 Sand pine scrub 901 Alder 902 Alpine herb 903 Beach wildrye-mixed forb 904 Black spruce-lichen 905 Bluejoint reedgrass 906 Broadleaf forest 908 Fescue 909 Freshwater marsh 910 Hairgrass 912 Low scrub shrub birch-ericaceous 913 Low scrub swamp 914 Mesic sedge-grass-herb meadow tundra 915 Mixed herb-herbaceous 916 Sedge-shrub tundra 917 Tall shrub swamp 918 Tussock tundra 919 Wet meadow tundra 920 White spruce-paper birch 921 Willow HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:Canada thistle is adaptable to a wide range of habitats. It occurs in nearly every upland herbaceous community within its range, particularly prairie communities and riparian habitats [162]. It is most commonly found in disturbed areas as part of the initial postdisturbance community along roadsides, railroads, streambanks, ditches, lakeshores, seashores, sand dunes and other open sandy areas [153], in clearcuts and forest openings, and in wet and wet-mesic grasslands and prairie potholes. In Canada, Canada thistle frequently occurs in prairie marshes and sedge meadows, where it is often associated with sow thistle (Sonchus spp.), goldenrod (Solidago spp.), smartweeds (Polygonum spp.), mint (Mentha arvensis), rough bugleweed (Lycopus asper), marsh hedgenettle (Stachys palustris), and western germander (Teucrium canadense var. occidentale) in upland transition zones [98,160,170,214]. Canada thistle is also a component of the emergent vegetation after drawdown in marsh communities dominated by common reed (Phragmites australis), along with alkali bulrush (Scirpus spp.), cattail (Typha spp.), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), sow thistle, and stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) [143,214,230]. In a southern Ontario wet prairie, Canada thistle occurs with bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), and sedges (Carex spp.) [60]. On a seasonally flooded delta in Alberta, Canada thistle occurs with other xerophytic forbs such as sow thistle, largeleaf avens (Geum macrophyllum), willow shrubs (Salix spp.), Siberian yarrow (Achillea sibirica), threepetal bedstraw (Galium trifidum), and fringed willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum) [98]. Canada thistle emerges after drawdown in a northern marsh in Minnesota, along with sow thistle, willows, and sweet clover (Melilotus spp.) [87]. In a North Dakota meadow/riparian transition, Canada thistle is found with sedges, sow thistle, tall nettle (U. procera) and river-bulrush (S. fluviatilis) [136]. In the prairie pothole region of Iowa, Canada thistle occurs with Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), goldenrod, wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa), and common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) [146]. Canada thistle is found in the bottomland vegetation typical of perennial streams in eastern Colorado where silty and sandy terrace sediments are dominated by tall exotic herbs including rough pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium), saltbush (Atriplex heterosperma), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and Fuller's teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) [71]. Dense Canada thistle stands in undisturbed areas in Colorado are associated with American bulrush (S. americanus), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris), longstem spikerush (Eleocharis macrostachys), and saltgrass (Distichlis stricta). In moderately dense stands of Canada thistle, associates include giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), horseweed (Conyza canadensis), common lambsquarters, rough pigweed, prairie sunflower (Helianthus petiolaris), smooth dock (Rumex altissimus), and foxtail barley (Critestion jubatum) [204]. In a riparian-wetland shrub community in Montana, Canada thistle is found with Sandbar willow (Salix exigua), rose (Rosa spp.), red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea), other willows, redtop (Agrostis gigantea), and Kentucky bluegrass [86]. Midwest: In tallgrass prairies and upland openings in Wisconsin, Canada thistle may be found with big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), goldenrod, quackgrass (Elytrigia repens), Kentucky bluegrass, reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), aster (Aster spp.), Canada wildrye (Elymus canadensis), blackberry (Rubus spp.), sweet coneflower (Rudbeckia subtomentosa), and indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) [102,131,167]. In heavily grazed pastures in Iowa, Canada thistle is often found with Kentucky bluegrass and goldenrod [76], and in an abandoned field in Ohio it grows with fescue (Festuca spp.), bluegrass (Poa spp.), reed canarygrass, goldenrod, and Fuller's teasel (D. f. ssp. sylvestris) [95]. Pacific Northwest: In the mountains of Washington and Oregon, Canada thistle is found along roadsides and in clearcuts on many forest types, but is usually absent from undisturbed forests [13,88,161,164,166,251]. It occurs in the beardless wildrye (Leymus triticoides) habitat type in mesic upland meadows in eastern Oregon with Douglas sedge (C. douglasii), Baltic rush (Juncus balticus var. montanus), and Sandberg bluegrass (P. secunda) [253]. On Mount St. Helens, Washington, Canada thistle occurs with fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium), pearly everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea), cat's-ear (Hypochareis radicata), groundsel (Senecio spp.), velvet grass (Holcus lanatus), and blackberry on the regenerating blast zone and in clearcuts [145]. In the eastern Oregon desert Canada thistle occurs with stinging nettle, perennial pepperweed, chaparral willowherb (Epilobium minutum), short-rayed alkali aster (Symphyotrichum frondosum), western goldenrod (S. occidentalis), common silverweed (Potentilla anserina), and lambsquarters [242]. Intermountain west: Canada thistle grows in a wide range of environmental types including those dominated by little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Canada thistle is found in many forest types after disturbance [39,133], and it has the ability to invade undisturbed sites in Douglas-fir and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)/twinflower (Linnaea borealis) habitat types [68,141]. In Montana, Canada thistle may be found in ponderosa pine-Douglas fir communities with white spirea (Spiraea betulifolia), snowbrush ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinus), big huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum), and sticky currant (Ribes viscosissimum) [123], or on high river terraces with silver sagebrush (Artemisia cana), western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), green needlegrass (Nassella viridula), Kentucky bluegrass and smooth brome (Bromus inermis) under Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) [130]. In Glacier National Park, it occurs in wetland communities with sedges (Carex spp.) [243]. In Yellowstone National Park, Canada thistle is found in a wide range of habitat types including big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)/Idaho fescue (F. idahoensis), Douglas-fir/common snowberry, Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii)/sweetscented bedstraw (Galium triflorum), Englemann spruce/horsetail (Equisetum spp.), subalpine fir/grouse whortleberry (Vaccinium scoparium), and subalpine fir/pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens) habitat types [4]. Additional associated species include lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), sedges, heartleaf arnica (Arnica cordifolia), silvery lupine (Lupinus argenteus), snowbrush ceanothus, quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) [41,220]. Southwest: In New Mexico, Canada thistle was found in pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.) woodland, on an abandoned uranium spoil, with broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), hairy goldenaster (Heterotheca villosa), scarlet globemallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea), black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), and tall dropseed (Sporobolus asper) [63]. At Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado, Canada thistle is found in Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis)-juniper (Juniperus spp.) habitats where it is most common in riparian corridors with species such as boxelder (Acer negundo), Utah serviceberry (Amelanchier utahensis), fendlerbush (Fendlera rupicola), Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii), mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), true mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), and antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) [64,65,66]. In California, Canada thistle infests middle-elevation Sierran meadows, including those in Yosemite Valley, as well as clear-cuts in the El Dorado National Forest and riparian zones throughout the state, and is general to many disturbed habitats [197]. In the annual grassland of northern California, Canada thistle may be found with coyotebrush (Baccharis pilularis), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), soft chess (Bromus hordeaceus), ripgut brome (Bromus rigidus), wild oat (Avena fatua), blue fieldmadder (Sherardia arvensis), foxtail fescue (Vulpia myuros) and purple tussock grass (Nassella pulchra) [96]. In the coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) zone in California, Canada thistle may be found in cottonwood (Populus spp.)-ash (Fraxinus spp.) habitats [235].
Related categories for SPECIES: Cirsium arvense | Canada Thistle |
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