SPECIES : 
Amelanchier alnifolia

ABBREVIATION : 
AMEALN

SYNONYMS : 
   Amelanchier florida Lind. [53]
     = A. alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook) C.L. Hitch. [51,52]
   A. pallida Greene [55]
     = A. alnifolia var. pallida (Greene) Jepson [51]


SCS PLANT CODE : 
   AMAL2
   AMALA
   AMALC
   AMALH
   AMALP2
   AMALS


COMMON NAMES : 
   Saskatoon serviceberry
   western serviceberry


TAXONOMY : 
The scientific name of Saskatoon serviceberry is Amelanchier alnifolia
(Nutt.) Nutt. (Rosaceae) [42,51,53,55,67,88,103].  Currently recognized
varieties include:

A. a. var. alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer  Saskatoon serviceberry
A. a. var. cusickii (Fern.) C.L. Hitch. Cusick's serviceberry
A. a. var. humptulipensis (G.N. Jones) C.L. Hitch. [52,55] 
  Saskatoon serviceberry
A. a. var. pumila (Nutt.) Nelson [50,51]  dwarf serviceberry
A. a. var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitch. [51,52,55]
  Pacific serviceberry

Serviceberries (Amelanchier spp.) intergrade and hybridize readily,
making species identification difficult [47,52,103].  Saskatoon
serviceberry has been successfully crossed with many other species of
serviceberry in the laboratory.  Intergradation of Saskatoon
serviceberry and other serviceberries across the West suggests that such
hybridization also occurs in the field [103].  Intergradation and
hybridization between Saskatoon serviceberry and low serviceberry (A.
humilis) is particularly strong [42,67].

Amelasorbus jackii Rehd. is a hybrid of Saskatoon serviceberry and
Greene mountain-ash (Sorbus scopulina) [67].


LIFE FORM : 
Tree, Shrub

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : 
No special status

OTHER STATUS : 
NO-ENTRY


AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : 
Howard, Janet L. 1997. Amelanchier alnifolia. In: Remainder of Citation

Species Index
FEIS Home

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : 
Saskatoon serviceberry is distributed from east-central California north
to southern Alaska; east to Ontario and southwestern Quebec; and south
to southern Colorado and Utah [31,44,52,53,66,88].

Varieties of Saskatoon serviceberry overlap in distribution.  Their
geographical ranges are as follows:

The typical variety of Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia
var. alnifolia) occurs from southern Alaska south to southern Oregon,
mostly east of the Cascade Range, and east to the Dakotas, Nebraska, and
Colorado.  Amelanchier alnifolia var. humptulipensis occurs on the
western slope of the Cascade Range in British Columbia and Washington
[52].

Cusick's serviceberry is distributed on the east slope of the Cascade
Range from British Columbia to Oregon and east in the Rocky Mountains to
Wyoming [52].

Dwarf serviceberry is distributed from southeastern Washington south to
northeastern California and east to Montana and Colorado [51,52].

Pacific serviceberry is distributed west of the Cascade and Sierra
Nevada ranges from central California to Alaska and east to northern
Idaho and western Montana [21,51,52].


ECOSYSTEMS : 
   FRES10  White-red-jack pine
   FRES11  Spruce-fir
   FRES15  Oak-hickory
   FRES17  Elm-ash-cottonwood
   FRES19  Aspen-birch
   FRES20  Douglas-fir
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES22  Western white pine
   FRES23  Fir-spruce
   FRES24  Hemlock-Sitka spruce
   FRES25  Larch
   FRES26  Lodgepole pine
   FRES28  Western hardwoods
   FRES29  Sagebrush
   FRES34  Chaparral-mountain shrub
   FRES35  Pinyon-juniper
   FRES36  Mountain grasslands
   FRES38  Plains grasslands
   FRES39  Prairie


STATES : 
     AK  CA  CO  ID  IA  MN  MT  NE  NV  ND
     OR  SD  UT  WA  WI  WY  AB  BC  MB  NT
     ON  PQ  SK  YT


ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : 
     BADL  BIHO  BICA  BLCA  BOWA  CODA
     CRLA  CRMO  DETO  DINO  FOBU  GLAC
     GRTE  GRSA  JODA  LACL  MORA  MORU
     MOSA  NOCA  OLYM  REDW  SEKI  THRO
     TICA  WICA  YELL  YOSE  YUCH


BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 
    1  Northern Pacific Border
    2  Cascade Mountains
    3  Southern Pacific Border
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    6  Upper Basin and Range
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   10  Wyoming Basin
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   13  Rocky Mountain Piedmont
   14  Great Plains
   15  Black Hills Uplift
   16  Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands


KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : 
   K001  Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest
   K002  Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest
   K003  Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest
   K004  Fir-hemlock forest
   K005  Mixed conifer forest
   K006  Redwood forest
   K007  Red fir forest
   K008  Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest
   K010  Ponderosa shrub forest
   K011  Western ponderosa forest
   K012  Douglas-fir forest
   K013  Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
   K014  Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest
   K015  Western spruce-fir forest
   K016  Eastern ponderosa forest
   K018  Pine-Douglas-fir forest
   K020  Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest
   K023  Juniper-pinyon woodland
   K024  Juniper steppe woodland
   K026  Oregon oakwoods
   K028  Mosaic of K002 and K026
   K029  California mixed evergreen forest
   K033  Chaparral
   K034  Montane chaparral
   K037  Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
   K038  Great Basin sagebrush
   K055  Sagebrush steppe
   K056  Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe
   K063  Foothills prairie
   K074  Bluestem prairie
   K081  Oak savanna
   K082  Mosaic of K074 and K100
   K093  Great Lakes spruce-fir forest
   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K098  Northern floodplain forest


SAF COVER TYPES : 
     1  Jack pine
    12  Black spruce
    16  Aspen
    42  Bur oak
    63  Cottonwood
   107  White spruce
   204  Black spruce
   206  Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir
   207  Red fir
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   211  White fir
   212  Western larch
   213  Grand fir
   215  Western white pine
   216  Blue spruce
   217  Aspen
   218  Lodgepole pine
   219  Limber pine
   220  Rocky Mountain juniper
   222  Black cottonwood-willow
   224  Western hemlock
   225  Western hemlock-Sitka spruce
   226  Coastal true fir-hemlock
   227  Western redcedar-western hemlock
   228  Western redcedar
   229  Pacific Douglas-fir
   230  Douglas-fir-western hemlock
   232  Redwood
   233  Oregon white oak
   234  Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone
   236  Bur oak
   237  Interior ponderosa pine
   239  Pinyon-juniper
   243  Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
   244  Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir
   245  Pacific ponderosa pine
   247  Jeffrey pine
   248  Knobcone pine
   256  California mixed subalpine


SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : 
   101  Bluebunch wheatgrass
   102  Idaho fescue
   103  Green fescue
   104  Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
   105  Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
   107  Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
   109  Ponderosa pine shrubland
   110  Ponderosa pine-grassland
   203  Riparian woodland
   208  Ceanothus mixed chaparral
   209  Montane shrubland
   210  Bitterbrush
   301  Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama
   302  Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass
   303  Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass
   304  Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
   305  Idaho fescue-Richardson needlegrass
   314  Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
   315  Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue
   316  Big sagebrush-rough fescue
   317  Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
   318  Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
   319  Bitterbrush-rough fescue
   320  Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
   321  Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue
   322  Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass
   401  Basin big sagebrush
   402  Mountain big sagebrush
   403  Wyoming big sagebrush
   405  Black sagebrush
   409  Tall forb
   411  Aspen woodland
   412  Juniper-pinyon woodland
   413  Gambel oak
   415  Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
   416  True mountain-mahogany
   417  Littleleaf mountain-mahogany
   419  Bittercherry
   420  Snowbrush
   421  Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose
   422  Riparian
   504  Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
   509  Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association
   601  Bluestem prairie
   606  Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
   607  Wheatgrass-needlegrass
   608  Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
   608  Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
   609  Wheatgrass-grama
   611  Blue grama-buffalograss
   612  Sagebrush-grass
   805  Riparian


HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : 
Saskatoon serviceberry is common in lower-elevation coniferous forests
[91].  It also occurs in montane chaparral [14,21], mountain shrub
[91,103], and the upper limits of pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.)
communities [91].  In plains grasslands it mostly occurs in wooded
draws, grassland-woodland interfaces, and riparian zones [39].

Associated species:  Riparian - Saskatoon serviceberry is common in
riparian areas throughout its distribution.  Riparian associates in the
Northern Rocky Mountains include white alder (Alnus rhombifolia) [75],
hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), bitter
cherry (P. emarginata), Greene mountain-ash, and elderberry (Sambucus
spp.) [1].

Montana chaparral - Associates in montane chaparral of California
include creeping snowberry (Symphoricarpos mollis), Sierra currant
(Ribes nevadensis), Sierra gooseberry (R. roezlii), California rose
(Rosa californica), Sierra plum (P. subcordata), Sierra mountain-misery
(Chamaebatia foliolosa), and conifer saplings, especially ponderosa pine
(Pinus ponderosa) [14].

Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) - Mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus spp.),
chokecherry, and snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.) are common associates
throughout the Gambel oak type [21].  Associates in Gambel oak/Saskatoon
serviceberry habitat types of Colorado include Oregon-grape (Mahonia
repens), chokecherry, mountain snowberry (S. oreophilis), and elk sedge
(Carex geyeri) [4].

Pinyon-juniper - Common associates include singleleaf pinyon (Pinus
monophylla), Utah juniper (J. osteosperma), bitterbrush (Purshia
tridentata), Stansbury cliffrose (P. mexicana var. stansburiana), and
curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) [107].  Associates
in singleleaf pinyon/Saskatoon serviceberry communities in southeastern
Nevada include greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula), big
sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), black sagebrush (A. nova), rubber
rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Gambel oak, and Stansbury phlox
(Phlox stansburyi) [15].

Bur oak (Q. macrocarpa) - In Bur oak/chokecherry woodland of North
Dakota, associates of Saskatoon serviceberry include green ash (Fraxinus
pennsylvanica), western snowberry (S. occidentalis), and northern
bedstraw (Galium boreale) [39,40].

Colorado - Associates in bigtooth aspen (Populus angustifolia)/Saskatoon
serviceberry habitat types include Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum),
water birch (Betula occidentalis), and mountain snowberry.  Associates
in blue spruce (Picea pungens)/Saskatoon serviceberry types include
red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea), Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii), elk
sedge, Thurber fescue (Festuca thurberi), and Lapland cornel (Cornus
suecica) [4].

Alaska - Saskatoon serviceberry is uncommon in Alaska [53].  Associates
in white spruce-black spruce-quaking aspen (Picea glauca-P.
mariana-Populus tremuloides) on the Kenai Peninsula include paper birch
(B. papyrifera), Bebb willow (Salix bebbiana), Scouler willow (S.
scouleriana), bog birch (B. glandulosa), and Greene mountain-ash [89].

Publications describing plant habitat or community types in which
Saskatoon serviceberry is dominant follow.

Classification of the forest vegetation of Colorado by habitat type and
  community type [4]
Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain
  Province [12]
Vegetation and soils of the Pine and Mathews Canyon watersheds [15] (NV)
Sagebrush-steppe habitat types in northern Colorado: a first
  approximation [36]
Grassland, shrubland, and forestland habitat types of the White
  River-Arapaho National Forest [50]
Forest vegetation of the Gunnison and parts of the Uncompahgre National
  Forests: a preliminary habitat type classification [58]
Aspen community types of the Intermountain Region [76]
The Quercus garryana forests of the Willamette Valley, Oregon [96]

IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : 
Saskatoon serviceberry is a valuable wildlife plant.  Wild ungulates
browse twigs and foliage; fur and game mammals such as black bear,
beaver, and hares consume twigs, foliage, fruits, and bark.  Upland game
birds consume the fruits and buds, and many species of rodents and
songbirds eat the fruits [20,41,72,101].

Where available in quantity, Saskatoon serviceberry is often a primary
or important component of the winter diet of big game species.  In
Montana, utilization of Saskatoon serviceberry browse was heaviest
during periods of deep snow.  Second heaviest use was in spring.  All
big game species, including mountain goat and bighorn sheep, utilized
Saskatoon serviceberry.  Elk would often browse all available twigs
before moving to another area [48].  

In Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota, bison browsed
Saskatoon serviceberry and used the wooded draws in which it grows for
cover [78].


PALATABILITY : 
Saskatoon serviceberry browse is palatable to all wild and domestic
ungulate species [30,84].  It is not among the most preferred browse
species, but ungulates consume a considerable amount of it when
plentiful.  In a feeding trial with captive mule deer in Logan, Utah,
Saskatoon serviceberry was ranked 11th in preference out of 14 winter
browse species, with 1 being the most preferred species [87].

Palatability has been rated as follows [30,84]:

cattle           fair to good
domestic goats       good
domestic sheep   fair to good
mule deer        fair to good
horses           poor to fair

Although Saskatoon serviceberry is often a primary component of winter
diets [65,84], ungulates normally consume a variety of other shrubs as
well.  A diet consisting solely of Saskatoon serviceberry can be fatal
due to presence of cyanogenic glycosides [70,82].  The glycosides are
highly concentrated in young twigs and least concentrated in older
leaves.  Captive mule deer fed only fresh, winter-collected Saskatoon
serviceberry twigs died within a week [82].  Quinton [82] speculated
that a winter diet of over 35 percent Saskatoon serviceberry would be
fatal to mule deer.


NUTRITIONAL VALUE : 
Browse:  Nutritional content of fresh Saskatoon serviceberry twigs and
leaves (collected at time of flowering) averaged [77]:

                            twigs       leaves
                            _____       ______
       ash (%)               2.8          8.5
       crude fiber (%)      34.8         14.8
       ether extract (%)     3.4          6.2
       N-free extract (%)   53.5         59.6
       protein (digestible, N X 6.25)
         cattle              2.6          7.2
         domestic goats      1.7          6.7
         horses              2.2          6.8
         rabbits             2.9          7.1
         domestic sheep      2.1          7.1
       calcium               ---          2.32
       magnesium             ---          0.47

Comparing winter nutrient and fiber content of Saskatoon serviceberry
over widely scattered geographical areas of western Colorado, Kufeld and
others [60] concluded that variation in protein, carbohydrate, and fiber
was small enough to assume constant values for those parameters when
calculating nutritional status of big game rangelands.

In the Black Hills of South Dakota, Saskatoon serviceberry was found to
provide adequate nutrition for white-tailed deer in all seasons.
Digestibility for white-tailed deer was 48 percent in spring and 54
percent in winter (in-vitro, oven-dry basis).  Seasonal variation in
nutritional content of Saskatoon serviceberry is shown below [28].

___________________________________________________________________________
   Nutritional    |    Spring     |    Summer     |    Fall       | Winter|
    Component     |_______________|_______________|_______________|_______|
                  | leaves|stems  | leaves|stems  | leaves|stems  | stems |
__________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|
crude protein (%) |  18.5 |  13.6 |  12.3 |  6.7  |   6.2 |   6.4 |  7.0  |
carbohydrates (%) |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
 ADF              |  18.7 |  32.0 |  22.3 | 42.7  |  29.8 |  44.4 | 43.6  | 
 ADL              |   7.4 |   6.9 |   9.8 | 15.7  |  15.2 |  19.7 | 20.1  | 
 Cellulose        |  13.2 |  24.8 |  12.2 | 22.0  |  13.3 |  25.6 | 21.0  |
ash (%)           |   6.6 |   5.8 |   6.0 |  4.2  |   5.3 |   3.5 |  3.6  | 
Ca (%)            |   1.1 |   1.3 |   1.2 |  1.6  |   1.5 |   1.6 |  1.5  |
P (%)             |   0.6 |   0.3 |   0.4 |  0.1  |   0.4 |   0.1 |  0.2  |
energy (cal/g)    | 4,862 | 4,746 | 4,916 | 4,770 | 4,999 | 4,922 | 4,793 |
__________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|
ADF - acid-detergent fiber
ADL - acid-detergent lignin

Asherin [10,11] compared nutritional content of Saskatoon serviceberry
on two burned and two unburned control sites near Avery, Idaho.  He
found Saskatoon serviceberry twigs on burned sites contained more crude
protein and less crude fiber than twigs on unburned sites.  Twigs were
collected during winter dormancy.  Two watersheds were used as study
sites:  one with 1- and 2-year-old prescribed burns, and one with a
3-year-old prescribed burn.  Mean percent nutritional content of twigs
was as follows [10,11]:

                 Site 1      Site 1        Site 1       Site 2      Site 2 
                control  1-yr-old burn  2-yr-old burn  control   3-yr-old burn
                _______  _____________  _____________  _______   _____________
moisture         55.09      51.90*         54.42        56.30        53.50*
crude protein     9.14       9.28          10.04*        9.44         9.48
crude fiber      27.95      26.74*         27.16        26.39        25.20*
ash               2.84       2.77           2.95         2.86         2.79
N-free extract   57.63      57.88          57.90        58.69        59.28
calcium           1.07       0.91*          1.17*        1.10         1.08
phosphorus        0.16       0.15           0.16         0.17         0.15*
C:P ratio        6.7:1      6.0:1*         7.2:1        6.5:1        7.1:1*   
______________________________________________________________________________
*significantly different from the control (p = 0.01)

Fruits:  Nutritional content of Saskatoon serviceberry fruits collected
in northern Ontario follows [100].

                      Percent
                      _______
moisture               75.20
dry matter             24.80
fat                     0.28
protein                 1.51
soluble carbohydrate   11.36        


COVER VALUE : 
The degree to which Saskatoon serviceberry provides cover for wildlife
has been rated as follows [30]:

                         CO      MT      ND      UT      WY
Pronghorn               ----    ----    ----    poor    poor
Elk                     fair    poor    ----    fair    poor 
Mule deer               good    fair    good    good    fair 
White-tailed deer       poor    good    ----    ----    fair 
Small mammals           good    fair    ----    good    good 
Small nongame birds     good    fair    good    good    good 
Upland game birds       good    fair    good    good    fair 
Waterfowl               ----    ----    ----    poor    poor 


VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : 
Saskatoon serviceberry is used for reclamation [48] and for wildlife,
watershed, and shelterbelt plantings [33].  It can be started from seed
or vegetative cuttings.  Seed collection, processing, and germination
techniques are reviewed by Brinkman [20].  Hermesh and Cole [48] review
procedures for starting Saskatoon serviceberry from cuttings.

Saskatoon serviceberry has been successfully planted on burned sites
[29,91].  In the Black Hills of South Dakota, Saskatoon serviceberry and
other browse species were transplanted on 30-year-old burn and
open-grown, mature ponderosa pine sites .  Establishment and 10-year
survival of bareroot Saskatoon serviceberry nursery stock was rated
"fair" on both sites; growth was rated "poor" on both sites [29].


OTHER USES AND VALUES : 
Saskatoon serviceberry is planted as an ornamental and to produce
commercial fruit crops.  The fruits are added to pastries and used for
making jelly or syrup [31].  Several cultivars of Saskatoon serviceberry
have been developed [35].

Native Americans used Saskatoon serviceberry wood to make arrow shafts,
spears, and digging sticks.  They made a tea, used for treating colds,
by boiling the branches [44].


MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
Control:  It may be desirable to control Saskatoon serviceberry on
conifer plantations [74].  Glyphosate or triclopyr ester give good
control of serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.).  Even with several
treatments, 2,4-D gives only poor to fair control [104].

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : 
Saskatoon serviceberry is a native, deciduous shrub or small tree
reaching 3 to 26 feet (1-8 m) at maturity.  Grown alone, the crown is
rounded with spreading to erect branches [51].  Growth form is highly
variable, however; Saskatoon serviceberry often forms thickets, mats, or
grows in clumps [48].  The flowers and fruits are borne in terminal
clusters; the fruits are berrylike pomes.  Each fruit contains 4 to 10
small seeds, some of which are usually infertile.  The seedcoat is
leathery in texture [20].

Underground portions of Saskatoon serviceberry include a massive
root crown, horizontal and vertical rhizomes, and an extensive root
system [19,101].  Bradley [19] reported that the root crown a 9-year-old
individual excavated in Pattee Canyon, Montana, measured 4 inches (10.5
cm) in diameter and 8 inches (20.7 cm) in length.  Rhizomes extending
from the root crown were long and massive; horizontal rhizomes reached at
least 7.8 inches (20 cm) and vertical rhizomes extended at least 30.4
inches (78 cm).  Roots of a 12-inch-tall (30 cm) Saskatoon serviceberry
excavated in Idaho extended 32 inches (80 cm) below ground [105].

Saskatoon serviceberry is relatively short lived.  Lonner (cited in [48])
reported that in western Montana, 61 percent of 470 plants were between
6 and 20 years old (mean = 17.9).  The oldest individual was 85.


RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : 
   Phanerophyte
   Geophyte


REGENERATION PROCESSES : 
Saskatoon serviceberry reproduces from seed, by sprouting from the
root crown and/or rhizomes, and by layering [19,20,35,95].

Vegetative reproduction by sprouting is most common.  On four western
Montana sites, Hemmer [48] found that over 90 percent of new stems
sampled were sprouts from previously existing plants.  On two burns, all
sprouts originated from root crowns.  On two clearcuts, most sprouts
came from rhizomes.

Regeneration from seed is apparently rare, being limited by moisture,
low spring temperature, and/or disease [16,20].  In several locations in
western Montana, Hemmer [48] found that sprouting from top-killed plants
was common, but only one site, on the Yaak River, had Saskatoon
serviceberry seedlings.  Flowers are produced almost every year, but
because of drought, spring frost, and/or juniper rust (Gymnosporangium
spp.), good seed crops may be produced only every 3 to 5 years [16,48].
Even under good conditions, most fruits contain some unviable seed [51].
Seed is dispersed by frugivorous birds and mammals [20,90].  It is
dormant and requires overwinter stratification.  In the laboratory,
seventy percent germination was obtained from fresh seed stratified for
180 days and then given day/night temperatures of 86/68 degrees
Fahrenheit (30/19 deg C) for a month [20].  Good seed may remain viable
for years.  Seed stored in an unheated warehouse in Utah showed 91, 80,
91, 85, and 84 percent germination after 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 years of
storage, respectively [92].


SITE CHARACTERISTICS : 
Saskatoon serviceberry grows on mountain slopes, hillsides, prairies,
and riparian zones [31].  Pfister and others [81] reported Saskatoon
serviceberry in every habitat type in Montana except timberline and
moist subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) types.  Atzet and McCrimmon [12]
noted that in the Cascade Range of Oregon, white fir-lodgepole pine (A.
concolor-Pinus contorta)/Saskatoon serviceberry associations tend to
occur in frost pockets.

Saskatoon serviceberry grows on relatively infertile soils but also
occurs on nutrient-rich substrates [91].  Soils are well-drained and
typically mesic, although moisture regime varies from moist to
seasonally dry [48,57,91].  Saskatoon serviceberry apparently does not
tolerate prolonged drought.  In Montana it does not occur on sites with
less than 14 inches (355 mm) of annual precipitation [48].

Saskatoon serviceberry occurs from near sea level to timberline [48].
Elevational range by state is:

California     160 to  8,530 feet    (50-2,600 m) [51] 
Colorado     5,000 to 10,000 feet (1,500-3,000 m) [46] 
Utah         4,000 to  9,500 feet (1,220-2,900 m) [103]


SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : 
Saskatoon serviceberry grows in open sun to moderate shade.  It is
intolerant of deep shade, and declines with canopy closure [3,9,43].  It
rarely establishes from seed in early stages of primary succession
[26,37].  Eleven years after the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in
Washington, mature Saskatoon serviceberry plants occurred only on
refugia plots on the volcano slope.  Neither seedlings nor mature plants
occurred on sites of volcanic deposition [26].

Riparian succession:  In riparian areas in southeastern British
Columbia, Saskatoon serviceberry occurred mostly in stabilized black
cottonwood (Populus deltoides) galleries on the upper floodplain.  It
did not occur on low gravel bars subject to frequent flooding [37].  A
study on the Yellowstone River of Montana had similar findings.  The
successional sere there is:  plains black cottonwood (P. deltoides var.
monilifera) seedling; plains black cottonwood-Sandbar willow (Salix
interior) sapling; pole plains black cottonwood; mature plains black
cottonwood; shrub thicket; and grass.  Saskatoon serviceberry was most
common in mature plains black cottonwood stands and in shrub thickets.
It was sparse on grassland and absent in seres with young plains black
cottonwood [17].

Secondary succession:  Saskatoon serviceberry is common after
disturbances such as fire, logging, or insect outbreak [6,9,95].
Saskatoon serviceberry increased significantly (P < 0.1) after a
stand-destroying mountain pine beetle attack in lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta) in Glacier National Park, Montana.  Maximum foliage production
of Saskatoon serviceberry occurred 2 years after the overstory was
killed [6].


SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : 
Saskatoon serviceberry flowers early in the growing season [20].  It is
usually the first shrub to bloom in spring.  Anthesis is a mass event
lasting about 2 weeks [90].  Leaves emerge during or just after
flowering [20].  Fruits ripen 1 to 2 months later, from July to
September, depending upon location [101].  General fruiting and
flowering periods are given below.

               flowers     fruits
               _________   ______
Alaska          June        July [102]
North Dakota    May          --  [23]
Ontario         June        July and August [88]
Saskatchewan    May-July     --  [109]

A more detailed calendar of phenological development of Saskatoon
serviceberry east of the Continental Divide of Montana and in
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, is presented below [85].

      Event                       Dates
___________________     _________________________
leaf buds open          April 12- May 29
flowering starts        April 15 - June 18
flowering stops         May 15 - July 3
leaves fully expanded   May 15 - July 13
fruits ripe             July 10 - August 19
seed fall starts        July 11 - September 15        
leaves change color     July 23 - September 25
leaf fall begins        August 13 - October 1
leaves fallen           September 5 - October 21

FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : 
Fire adaptations:  Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts from the root crown
and/or rhizomes after fire [9,19,48,95].  Bradley [19] concluded that
because Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts from existing plants, fire is
not likely to alter its frequency unless plants were in poor condition
before fire.  After light- to moderate-severity fire, it usually sprouts
from the root crown or from shallowly buried rhizomes [19].  However,
deeply buried rhizomes enable Saskatoon serviceberry to sprout after
even the most intense wildfire.  For example, the Sundance Fire on the
Kaniksu National Forest of northern Idaho was an intense, running crown
fire that reached firestorm proportions in the Pack River Valley.  (The
fire broke out on Aug. 23, 1967.)  Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts were a
principle component of Pack River Valley vegetation at postfire year 1,
with 12 percent frequency and 4 percent cover [93].

Seedling establishment is apparently not an important postfire
regeneration strategy.  After wildfire in quaking aspen-paper birch in
northern Saskatchewan, a single Saskatoon serviceberry seedling was
found at postfire year 2 on one of seven plots [108].  Leege [62] found
an occasional Saskatoon serviceberry seedling after prescribed burning on
the Clearwater National Forest of northern Idaho, but the seedlings
survived for only a few postfire years.  Stickney [93] found that on 21
plots on the Sundance Burn, 100 percent of Saskatoon serviceberry
regeneration resulted from sprouting of burned plants.

Fire ecology:  Forests - Saskatoon serviceberry in forests is
fire-dependent and declines with fire exclusion [8,43].  It may persist
in the understory for decades, but eventually dies out with canopy
closure.  Through time-series photographs, Gruell [43] has documented
decline of Saskatoon serviceberry in ponderosa pine habitat types in the
Northern Rocky Mountains due to canopy closure with fire exclusion.

Sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) - In sagebrush steppe in southeastern Idaho,
Saskatoon serviceberry was prominent on burn sites of all ages.  Field
sampling was conducted on 2- to 36-year-old burns [54].

Fire frequency:  Forests - Saskatoon serviceberry occurs in forests with
fire regimes varying from frequent, low-severity fire to infrequent,
severe fire.  In low-elevation forests, where Saskatoon serviceberry is
most common, the historical regime was frequent, low-severity fire
[1,2,8].  Wright [106] compiled historical fire frequencies of ponderosa
pine communities in which Saskatoon serviceberry occurs:

State(s)                          Fire Frequency
_____________________________     ______________
Arizona and New Mexico            4.8 - 11.9 yrs 
California and eastern Oregon       8 - 10 yrs
Colorado and Wyoming               12 - 25 yrs
western Montana                     2 - 48 yrs
South Dakota (Black Hills)         15 - 20 yrs
eastern Washington                  6 - 47 yrs

On the west slope of the Cascade Range of Washington, mean historical
fire return intervals in forests with Saskatoon serviceberry were [2]:

ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir*    52 years
lodgepole pine-Douglas-fir     76 years
Douglas-fir-grand fir**        93 years
_______________________________________
*Pseudotsuga menziesii
**Abies grandis
 


POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : 
   Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
   Geophyte, growing points deep in soil

IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : 
Saskatoon serviceberry is top-killed by moderate to severe fire.  Larger
branches may survive light-severity fire [19,80,95].


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : 
NO-ENTRY


PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : 
Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts after top-kill by fire [9,19,95].
Bradley [19] found that on burn sites in western Montana, Saskatoon
serviceberry sprouted mostly from upper portions of the root crown.
When the root crown was killed by fire, Saskatoon serviceberry sprouted
from rhizomes further beneath the soil surface.  Seed production may
resume soon after fire:  Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts produced fruits
the second summer after a July 1977 wildfire in Pattee Canyon near
Missoula, Montana [56].

Saskatoon serviceberry cover usually increases [9] or is unaffected
[9,97] by fire.  Even when there is little change between pre- and
postfire cover, fire usually makes Saskatoon serviceberry more
accessible as wildlife browse by lowering shrub height [97].  Arno and
others [9] found that in western Montana, Saskatoon serviceberry cover
generally increased after wildland or prescribed fires in
Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat types.  It sometimes took 10 or more years
before the increase occurred, however.  The authors suggested that slow
recovery in some areas may be due to big game browsing pressure after
fire.

Current-year annual twig production is usually greater after fire in the
absence of heavy browsing pressure [9,24].  In a mountain brush
community in Wyoming, Saskatoon serviceberry mortality was 12 percent,
15 percent, and 15 percent, 1, 2, and 3 years after fall wildfire,
respectively.  Mortality after spring prescribed burning a nearby site
was one, two, and two percent at postfire years 1, 2, and 3.  Postfire
browsing pressure was not heavy, but wildfire- and prescription-burned
areas were browsed more than unburned areas.  Despite this, current-year
twig production was significantly greater on burned sites than on
unburned sites in postfire years 1 to 3.  Current-year annual twig
production was greater on the wildfire-burned site than on the spring
prescribed-burned site (37 vs.  15 g/plant) [24].

Fire season:  In a western Montana study contrasting the ability of
spring vs. fall prescribed fire to improve wildlife habitat, severe fall
fire killed 15 percent of Saskatoon serviceberry plants on the site,
while a less severe spring treatment killed only 5 percent.  Sprouting
response in the first 2 postfire years was greater on the spring burn
[79].

Fire in various habitat/plant community types:  In a western redcedar
(Thuja plicata)/ninebark habitat type of central Idaho, Saskatoon
serviceberry sprouted from the root crown and grew rapidly after
prescribed burning.  Height growth of sprouts follows [11].  (Prefire
height not available.)
                             Height (m)
                    __________________________
                    Avery Site     Lochsa Site
postfire year 1         0.9            1.2
postfire year 2         1.5            1.3
postfire year 3         1.2            3.0
unburned control        2.3            3.2 

In Douglas-fir/blue huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum) habitat types
of western Montana, prescribed fire had little effect on Saskatoon
serviceberry cover [11].

Near Ketchum, Idaho, a prescribed fire was conducted on August 1, 1963,
to reduce dwarf-mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii) infestation in
Douglas-fir and to promote sprouting of browse, which was above
browseline.  The fire was successful in both respects.  Saskatoon
serviceberry recovered from the fire as follows [68,69]:

            Plants*/1,000 sq ft      Percent Canopy Cover
            ___________________      ____________________
prefire            0.2                       0.25 
postfire yr 1      0.1                       0.03
postfire yr 2      0.1                       0.05
postfire yr 3      0.2                       0.06
postfire yr 4      0.1                       0.06
postfire yr 5      0.1                       0.09
postfire yr 6      0.3                       0.12
postfire yr 7      0.2                       0.12
___________________________________________________________________________
*only plants over 18 inches in height were included in density measurements

After prescribed fire in Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) woodlands
in western Washington, Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts were most common
on sites that were treated with low-severity fire and had no prefire
mechanical disturbance.  Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts usually
co-occurred with Oregon white oak sprouts on such sites.  Neither
Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts, Saskatoon serviceberry seedlings, nor
Oregon white oak sprouts occurred on microsites that were heavily
disturbed before fire.  After prescribed fire, those microsites were
colonized by herbs, especially exotic herbs, and Oregon white oak
seedlings [1].

Saskatoon serviceberry appears to be slow to recover from prescribed
burning in the sub-boreal spruce-fir (Picea-Abies spp.) zone in British
Columbia [45]. 

Response to very frequent fire:  Saskatoon serviceberry response to
repeated burning is unclear.  In a quaking aspen-rough fescue (Festuca
scabrella) ecotone in Alberta, Saskatoon serviceberry was one of the few
woody shrubs that was not harmed by low-severity annual spring
prescribed fire.  Frequency was 8 percent on unburned sites and 16
percent on annually burned sites.  Canopy cover was not significantly
different between the two areas (4 and 1.4 percent, respectively) [5].

In the Willamette Valley of Oregon, Kalapuyan Indians apparently
controlled Saskatoon serviceberry with frequent fire in order to promote
acorn production by Oregon white oak.  Open oak savannas were noted by
early travellers, but in the absence of aboriginal burning, Saskatoon
serviceberry has formed a closed subcanopy in Oregon white oak woodlands
[18].


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : 
NO-ENTRY


FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
Saskatoon serviceberry is most vigorous in seral plant communities
[9,48,51], and prescribed fire can be used to maintain and/or promote
seral communities.  On big game rangelands, prescribed fire can improve
condition of Saskatoon serviceberry and other shrubs by reducing shrub
height, promoting growth of new twigs, and increasing nutritional
content of browse [9,68,73].  Sites where prescribed burning may harm
Saskatoon serviceberry in the long term include harsh (especially very
dry) sites with low Saskatoon serviceberry density [48], and very cold
sites where postfire growth would be limited by temperature [45].

Fire stimulates production of Saskatoon serviceberry by killing
understory conifers, removing old Saskatoon serviceberry topgrowth, and
promoting sprouting [9,73].  On Douglas-fir/ninebark winter elk range on
the Lolo National Forest, Montana, Makela [71] found that after spring
prescribed fire, biomass production of new Saskatoon serviceberry twigs
was significantly greater (p < 0.1) on burned sites than on unburned
sites the first two growing seasons after fire.
        
Ponderosa pine:  Saskatoon serviceberry usually occurs in the moister,
cooler ponderosa pine habitat types.  Average loading of downed and dead
woody fuels is slightly higher than in drier ponderosa pine types.  Fire
hazard is further increased by the tendency of this type to form
subcanopies and dog-hair thickets of conifer saplings.  Wildfire hazard
is particularly high in this type during drought.  Common management
objectives are to eliminate large areas of overstocking and create a
two-storied stand rather than a multilayered one.  Periodic prescribed
surface fire in early spring or late fall is recommended.  Fuels
management includes treatment of slash following logging and thinning,
and controlling stocking levels.  Scattered thickets of Saskatoon
serviceberry and other shrubs can be left for wildlife [34].

Quaking aspen:  Light fuels and grazing can inhibit fire spread in
quaking aspen.  Brown and Simmerman [22] assigned probabilities of
successful prescribed burning in quaking aspen/Saskatoon serviceberry
habitat types as follows:

                                            Fuel Type
                        _____________________________________________________
       
Grazing    Woody Fuel   Aspen/serviceberry   Mixed aspen-conifer/serviceberry
_____________________________________________________________________________
ungrazed     light            high                       high
ungrazed     heavy            high                       high
grazed       light            moderate                   moderate
grazed       heavy            high                       high 

• 1st CASE STUDY: Fire severity/Phenological stage/Lolo NF, MT
  
• 2nd CASE STUDY: Range prescribed burning/northern Idaho
  
• 3rd CASE STUDY: Range prescribed burning/British Columbia
  
  

1st CASE NAME :
Fire severity/Phenological stage/Lolo NF, MT

                                        Surface/
    Treatment          Fuel load        volume      Diameter
____________________________________________________________
    Severity-
    duration          kg/m2  (T/ac)      1/cm        (inch)

1.  moderate-moderate   1     (5)          6         (1/8-1/4)
2.  light-moderate      0.4   (2)          6         (1/8-1/4)
3.  heavy-moderate      2     (10)         6         (1/8-1/4)
4.  moderate-fast       1     (5)         81         excelsior 
5.  moderate-slow       1     (5)          3         (1/2)
6.  clipped             --     --         --          --

            Rate of    Flame     Flame  Residence  Total heat
             spread    depth    length    time      release
Treatment   (m/min)     (cm)     (cm)     (min)     (mJ/m2)
______________________________________________________________
    1         0.47       36       51       1.6        52.0
    2         0.16       23       21       4.1        20.0
    3         0.37       49       99       1.4       105.0
    4         4.05       48      142       0.6        41.0
    5         0.12       30       28       4.5        44.0

Phenological stage            Sprouts/plant (mean)
_________________________     _____________
before leaf bud burst               89
after leaf expansion                59
initial fruit color change          70
1st leaf color in fall              90

Treatment                     Sprouts/plant (mean)
____________________          _____________
1  moderate-moderate                88
2  light-moderate                   72
3  heavy-moderate                   75
4  moderate-fast                    81
5  moderate-slow                    81
6  clipping                         73
   _________________                __
   mean                             78

2nd CASE STUDY:

CASE NAME :
Range prescribed burning/northern Idaho

REFERENCES :
Leege, L. A. 1978 [62]
Leege, L. A. 1978 [63]
Leege, L. A. 1979 [64]
Leege, L. A.; Hickey, W. O. 1966 [65]

SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION :
Holly Creek: spring/severity not given
Polar Ridge: spring and fall/severity not given
Fish Creek: repeat spring/severity not given

STUDY LOCATION :
Three areas on Lochsa River watersheds of the Clearwater National Forest, northern Idaho, were selected for study. The study areas were Holly Creek, Polar Ridge, and Fish Creek [62,63,64].

Holly Creek flows into the Lochsa River from the north, about halfway between the Lowell and Powell Ranger Stations along U.S. Highway 12. Study plots were located about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the mouth of Holly Creek [62].

Polar Ridge is located between the Polar and Walde Creek drainages, which are tributaries of Pete King Creek. Pete King Creek flows into the Lochsa River [63].

Fish Creek is a major tributary of the Lochsa River. The study site was on lower slopes of the Fish Creek drainage [64].

PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY :
Due to wildfires, all three study sites were dominated by shrubs. The Holly Creek site had some conifer regeneration on north slopes and along watercourses. Habitat type of the Holly Creek site was not given. Scouler willow (Salix scouleriana) and thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) were dominant. Other common shrubs included Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor), common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), and ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus) [62].

The Polar Ridge site was on a grand fir-pachistima (Abies grandis/Pachistima myrsinites) habitat type. Thimbleberry, common snowberry, oceanspray, redstem ceanothus (Ceanothus sanguineus), and Saskatoon serviceberry were dominant shrubs; Saskatoon serviceberry dominated slopes with southerly aspects. Other common shrubs included Rocky mountain maple (Acer glabrum), Scouler willow, bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata), and white spiraea (Spiraea betufolia). Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) was common on the site [65].

The Fish Creek study area was on a grand fir-pachistima habitat type [64,65]. Redstem ceanothus and Scouler willow were dominant. Other common shrubs included Saskatoon serviceberry, oceanspray, paper birch (Betula papyrifera), Rocky Mountain maple, and bitter cherry. Common herbaceous species included false lupine (Thermopsis montana), bracken fern, St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum), western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) [64].

TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE :
Not given

SITE DESCRIPTION :
The Holly Creek drainage was completely burned by wildfire in 1919 and again in 1929. Slope on the study site averaged 55 percent. Soil was derived from granitic parent material and was coarse on steep terrain but more loamy on gentler terrain [62].

Polar Ridge was completely burned by wildfire in 1934. Study plots were selected on each cardinal aspect and ranged from 3,000 to 3,200 feet (900-960 m) elevation. Average slope was 60 to 80 percent [63].

The Fish Creek site area was completely burned by wildfire in 1934 and in 1954. Slope on the study site ranged from 35 to 50 percent. Soil was derived from granitic parent material [64].

FIRE DESCRIPTION :
Elk populations were declining on the Lochsa River watershed at the time of these studies, possibly because most larger shrubs that had become dominant after the wildland fires had grown above browseline. The burn objectives on all three sites were to make more browse available to big game species by reducing shrub heights, and to increase shrub productivity [62,63,64,65].

HOLLY CREEK: The study site was burned on May 2, 1966. Eight hundred and ten acres were burned, mostly that afternoon. Ignition time was 13:00. Temperature at that time was 84 degrees Fahrenheit (29 deg C); relative humidity was 18 percent. At 15:30, temperature and relative humidity were 85 degrees and 14 percent, respectively. Wind was negligible. Fuels were "dry and abundant," except that fuels on northern exposures were moist enough to retard lateral fire spread. Snowline was at 4,500 feet (1,350 m). Vegetation on all plots was mostly consumed [65].

POLAR RIDGE: Four fires, one on each cardinal aspect, were set. It had rained 3 days prior to burning on the south aspect. Rain had not fallen for at least 4 days prior to burning on other aspects [63].

It was decided to slash the vegetation and reburn the area in fall 1972. All woody vegetation was cut to ground level during the summer and fall of 1971. The area was again fired on October 4, 1972. Maximum temperature was 60 degrees Fahrenheit (16 deg C) and minimum relative humidity was 50 percent. In the previous winter, snow had compressed the slashed fuels to ground level and there was an abundance of green vegetation, mostly Scouler willow sprouts, covering the slash. The reburn was unsuccessful [63].

East aspect: The site was fired on May 6, 1969. Based upon measurements taken at the Kooskia Ranger Station, maximum temperature was estimated at 74 degrees Fahrenheit (23 deg C); relative humidity was estimated at 38 percent. The burn was not successful: only 2 of 25 plots burned. Failure was attributed to lack of flash fuels in the understory and a cool, damp microclimate [63].

The area was slashed in the summer and fall of 1971 and reburned on October 6, 1972. Maximum temperature was 67 degrees Fahrenheit (19 deg C); minimum relative humidity was 50 percent. The burn was marginally successful: 10 of 25 plots burned [2].

West aspect: Vegetation was not uniform over the entire area. Slope with a southwesterly aspect had more herbaceous vegetation, particularly bracken fern. Slopes with a northwesterly aspect had a dense overstory of young conifers. The site was burned on May 6, 1969. Maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity at Kooskia Ranger Station were 84 degrees Fahrenheit (29 deg C) and 28 percent, respectively. Fourteen of 25 plots burned. Portions of the study area with minimum conifer overstory and abundant bracken fern burned best [63].

South aspect: The site was burned on April 16, 1969. Onsite maximum temperature was 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 deg C) and minimum relative humidity was 35 percent. A continuous cover of surface fuels, primarily bracken fern, was present. All 25 plots burned [63].

FISH CREEK: Three spring prescribed fires were set on the same site at 5-year intervals. Each fire achieved 100 percent top-kill of shrubs on all plots. The first prescribed fire was set on March 31, 1965. Maximum temperature at the Kooskia Ranger Station was 77 degrees Fahrenheit (25 deg C); minimum relative humidity was 35 percent. There was a westerly wind at 8 km/hr. Shrubs were dormant [64].

The area was reburned on May 3, 1970. Maximum temperature was 80 degrees Fahrenheit (27 deg C); minimum relative humidity was 16 percent. Wind was negligible. Small leaves had emerged on some shrubs [64].

The third burn was conducted on May 14, 1975. Weather readings at the Kooskia Ranger Station were: maximum temperature 88 degrees Fahrenheit (31 deg C) and minimum relative humidity 27 percent. Wind was negligible. Leaves had expanded on shrubs and herbaceous vegetation was greening up. Green vegetation appeared to retard fire spread [64].

FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES :
Holly Creek: Saskatoon serviceberry was lower in average height after fire, but productivity did not increase. Production of Saskatoon serviceberry stayed at approximate prefire levels for the first 2 postfire years, but the third postfire growing season was the beginning of a decline that stabilized at about 15 percent of prefire production at postfire years 9 through 12. Leege [1] speculated that the decline was due to elk and mule deer use of Saskatoon serviceberry during active summer growth. Saskatoon serviceberry production was [62]:

                  Twigs/ha     Avg. twig weight (g)     Kg/ha*
                  ________     ____________________     _____ 
1966 (prefire)      672                0.26             16.6
1966 (postfire)     137                1.19             15.5
1967                215                0.72             14.7
1968                312                0.26              7.8
1969                229                0.10              2.1
1970                458                0.11              4.8
1971                387                0.20              7.4
1972                645                0.11              6.9
1973                387                0.15              5.4
1974                312                0.07              2.0
1975                270                0.07              1.9
1976                219                0.11              2.2
1977                195                0.13              2.5 
_______________
*new growth

                     Twigs/ha       Twig length (cm)           Kg/ha
                   ____________     ________________        ____________ 
                   west   south     west       south        west   south  
prefire (1967)     257     413       2.5        10.4         0.8    6.8
1969                42      73      50.8        32.5        10.9    4.2
1970               185     226      17.8        15.2        13.4    9.3
1971               255     177       7.6        11.7         7.0    5.6
1972               179     326       5.1        10.2         2.7    6.8
1977               171     248       7.6         6.4         4.2    2.1   

                 Height (cm)      Crown diameter (cm)
                 ___________      ___________________
prefire              378                  125
postfire yr 2
  1966 fire          183                  140
  1970 fire          162                  134
  1975 fire          134                  128


                 Sprouts/plant    Sprout height (cm)
                 _____________    __________________ 
postfire yr 1
  1965 fire          > 50                  94 
  1970 fire          149.4                 67
  1975 fire          112.2                 55

3rd CASE STUDY:

CASE NAME :
Range prescribed burning/British Columbia

REFERENCES :
Thomson, S. 1988 [97]

SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION :
Operational burns: spring/severity not given
Experimental burns: fall/moderate severity

STUDY LOCATION :
The study areas were located in the Purcell Mountains near Cranbrook, British Columbia, within four different range units. The range units were Pickering Hills, Luckhurst, Power Plant, and Newgate.

PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY :
Study sites were located in a Douglas-fir/bitterbrush (Pseudotsuga menziesii/Purshia tridentata) habitat type. The overstory was a sparse canopy of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa); there were a few Douglas-fir in the understory. Shrub cover varied between 5 and 60 percent. Common shrub species included Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), western snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), and snowbrush ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinus). Bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) and Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha) were the dominant herbs. Rough fescue (Festuca scabrella) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) were also present.

TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE :
Not stated

SITE DESCRIPTION :
All study sites but one were located on thick glacial moraine; one was on fluvial glacial deposits. Soils were Orthic Eutric Brunisols, varying in coarse fragment and sand content. Slopes were gentle to flat. The area is a key winter range for elk, white-tailed deer, and mule deer, and is used as summer range for cattle.

FIRE DESCRIPTION :
Operational burns: Six sites were prescription burned to thin conifers and increase availability of browse and grasses for elk, deer, and cattle. Each of the six sites was burned once, in April. Burning years were 1976, 1978, 1983, 1985, and 1986 (2 sites were burned in 1986). Fuels and fire behavior data were not collected for the operational burns [98].

Experimental burns: Two sites were prescription burned, one in October 1986 and one in October 1987. Fire-related data for the site burned in 1987 were not given. Weather conditions during the 1986 fire were less than ideal. Temperature was low and relative humidity high, making fire intensity less than desired. Relatively low rates of spread and flame heights were obtained. Weather conditions and fire behavior data for the 1986 fire follow [98].

Date of burn            Oct. 8, 1986
Relative humidity       70%
Temperature             12.6 deg C
Wind speed              7.5 m/s
Rate of fire spread     0.1-0.9 m/min
flame height            0.15-1.50 m                                 

Fuel component          Prefire biomass         % consumption
______________          _______________         _____________
coarse fuels             0.39 kg/sq m                 66
forest floor             0.06 kg/sq m                  0
shrubs                   0.61 kg/sq m                 39
grasses                  0.02 kg/sq m                 90
                         ____________                 __
                 total   1.08 kg/sq m                 52

                             Percent cover
                _______________________________________
                postfire year 1         postfire year 2
                _______________         _______________
unburned               5.0                     4.5
burned                 6.5*                    8.2
_______________________________________________________
*significantly different at P = 0.05

                             unburned        burned
                             ________        ______
percent cover                   2.5           5.0
current annual growth (g/m)     3.8           2.5 

References: Amelanchier alnifolia | Saskatoon Serviceberry

1. Agee, James K. 1996. Fire in restoration of Oregon white oak woodlands. In: Hardy, Colin C.; Arno, Stephen F., eds. The use of fire in forest restoration: A general session of the Society for Ecological Restoration; 1995 September 14-16; Seattle, WA. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-341. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 72-73. [26819]

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Related categories for SPECIES : Amelanchier alnifolia | Saskatoon Serviceberry