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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Chimaphila umbellata | Prince's Pine
ABBREVIATION :
CHIUMB
SYNONYMS :
Pyrola umbellata L. [41,82]
SCS PLANT CODE :
CHUM
COMMON NAMES :
prince's pine
pipsissewa
waxflower
wintergreen
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of prince's pine is Chimaphila
umbellata (L.) Barton [17,39,57,81,82]. Prince's pine comprises a
circumboreal complex in which several geographical varieties have been
recognized [70]. The following varieties and subspecies are accepted:
Chimaphila umbellata var. umbellata (Eurasia) [70]
C. umbellata var. occidentalis (Rydb.) Blake (western North America)
[17,38,39,57,82]
C. umbellata var. cisatlantica Blake (eastern North America)
[17,24,63,70]
C. umbellata var. acuta (Rydb.) Blake (Arizona and New Mexico) [35,44]
C. umbellata ssp. domingensis (S.F. Blake) Dorr (Dominican Republic) [84]
C. umbellata ssp. mexicana (DC.) Hulten (Mexico) [41]
LIFE FORM :
Shrub, Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
See OTHER STATUS
OTHER STATUS :
Chimaphila umbellata var. cisatlantica is listed as threatened in Ohio
by the Natural Heritage Program [85]. Chimaphila species are considered
vulnerable in New York and may become rare, threatened, or endangered in
the future if collection and/or development continues. They are
protected under the 1974 New York State Wildflower Law [50].
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Robin F. Matthews, January 1994
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Chimaphila umbellata | Prince's Pine
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Prince's pine is a circumboreal species that is widely distributed in
the northern hemisphere. It is found from Newfoundland to Alaska south
to California and Mexico, and east to New Mexico, Colorado, and South
Dakota. It is also found in the eastern United States from Maine south
in the mountains to Georgia and west to Minnesota [25,44,63,67,81,82].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
STATES :
AK AZ CA CO CT DE GA ID IL IN
IA KY ME MD MA MI MN MT NV NH
NJ NM NY NC OH OR PA RI SC SD
TN UT VT VA WA WV WI WY AB BC
MB NB NF NT NS ON PE PQ SK YT
MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
APIS CACO CAHA CATO COLO CRLA
CUVA GLAC GRCA GRTE ISRO MANA
MORA NERI NOCA OLYM PIRO PRWI
RICH ROCR ROMO SAJH SHEN SLBE
VOYA YELL YOSE
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K097 Southeastern spruce - fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K109 Transition between K104 and K106
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
14 Northern pin oak
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
19 Gray birch - red maple
20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
30 Red spruce - yellow birch
31 Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
32 Red spruce
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
34 Red spruce - Fraser fir
35 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
37 Northern white-cedar
38 Tamarack
42 Bur oak
45 Pitch pine
51 White pine - chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
58 Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
63 Cottonwood
107 White spruce
108 Red maple
110 Black oak
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
207 Red fir
208 Whitebark pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
222 Black cottonwood - willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
235 Cottonwood - willow
236 Bur oak
237 Interior ponderosa pine
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
249 Canyon live oak
251 White spruce - aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce - white spruce
254 Black spruce - paper birch
256 California mixed subalpine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Prince's pine is a common understory species in many habitat types
throughout its range but often does not reach dominance. It is found in
coniferous and mixed forests with numerous tree species. In addition to
those already mentioned, prince's pine may occur with sugar pine (Pinus
lambertiana), giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea), and Brewer spruce (Picea
breweriana) [6,65,79]. Several publications that list prince's pine as
a dominant understory species in the western United States follow.
Description and classification of the forests of the upper Illinois
River drainage of southwestern Oregon [6]
Preliminary plant associations of the Siskiyou Mountain Province [8]
Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain
Province [7]
Terrestrial vegetation of California [66]
Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington [21]
Plant association and management guide: Willamette National Forest [37]
Plant associations of south Chiloquin and Klamath Ranger
Districts--Winema National Forest [40]
Vegetation and fire history of a pondersosa pine-white fir forest in
Crater Lake National Park [53]
Associated species are well described for the Northwest and include
baldhip rose (Rosa gymnocarpa), Nootka rose (R. nutkana), Greene
mountain-ash (Sorbus scopulina), common snowberry (Symphoricarpos
albus), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), Pacific yew
(Taxus brevifolia), huckleberry (Vaccinium spp.), russet buffaloberry
(Shepherdia canadensis), spiraea (Spiraea spp.), menziesia (Menziesia
ferruginea), creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis), common juniper
(J. communis), pachistima (Pachistima myrsinites), snowbrush ceanothus
(Ceanothus velutinus), Utah honeysuckle (Lonicera utahensis), currant
(Ribes spp.), raspberry (Rubus spp.), twinflower (Linnaea borealis),
bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax),
Oregon-grape (Mahonia repens), queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora),
violet (Viola spp.), strawberry (Fragaria spp.), sweet-scented bedstraw
(Galium trifolium), pyrola (Pyrola spp.), oneleaf foamflower (Tiarella
unifoliata), western rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera oblongifolia),
pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens), and elk sedge (Carex geyeri)
[1,7,14,28,37].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Chimaphila umbellata | Prince's Pine
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Prince's pine is of minor importance in winter, spring, and fall diets
of Roosevelt elk in the Pacific Northwest [43]. It is a component
of white-tailed deer winter diets in the Swan Valley, Montana [56].
Mature stands of white fir (Abies concolor)-giant chinquapin
(Chrysolepsis chrysophylla)/pachistima (Pachistima myrsinites)-prince's
pine and Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica var. shastensis)-white
fir-giant chinquapin/prince's pine-long stolon sedge (Carex inops) plant
associations in the Winema National Forest are critical elk calving and
deer fawning habitat. They are also important for feeding and nesting
sites for birds and are suitable habitats for spotted owls, goshawks,
and pileated woodpeckers [40]. White fir-Brewer spruce/prince's pine
plant associations in the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain Province are
also excellent wildlife habitat [8].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Prince's pine is sensitive to trampling and has a low potential for
recovery. It may, however, recover from very low (less than 40 passes
per year) or low (75-100 passes per year) trampling intensities [13].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Historically, prince's pine roots and leaves were boiled and the
infusion was ingested as a treatment for tuberculosis and long-lasting
colds. The leaves were also used as an astringent. Prince's pine can
also be used as an ingredient in root beer [34,40].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
In a study of lodgepole pine stands in spruce (Picea engelmannii and P.
glauca)/queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora) habitat types in Glacier
National Park, prince's pine displayed a significant (p<.10) decrease in
frequency in response to a mountain pine beetle infestation and was more
numerous on sites never infested than sites infested 80 years earlier.
It was negatively correlated to overstory removal and increased light
intensity, as shown by a steady decline in cover and frequency following
the epidemic [3].
Prince's pine is a major constituent of old-growth forests in the Swan
Valley, Montana. It often persists only on sheltered, unburned
microsites. It is present (39% frequency) in untreated old-growth and
mature stands but is absent from burned clearcuts and plantation sites
(20-30 years old). Where standing trees remain to provide cover,
frequency may be as high as 67 percent in stands that have been select
cut without burning [22]. At other locations prince's pine has
essentially disappeared from stands or has had a major decrease in
frequency or cover following stand removal with or without subsequent
burning [4,5,14,74].
In the Vancouver Forest Region of British Columbia, prince's pine is an
indicator species in several variants of biogeoclimatic units for which
guidelines for site diagnosis, tree species selection, and slash burning
have been developed [26]. It is used as an indicator of good forest
sites in the Winema and Fremont National Forests, Oregon. When
associated with twinflower, it is an indicator of the best fir (Abies
spp.) sites [32,40]. The presence of prince's pine is used to predict
natural regeneration success under partially cut stands on the Dead
Indian Plateau in southwest Oregon [55].
Prince's pine is not a serious competitor to conifer seedlings [7].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Chimaphila umbellata | Prince's Pine
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Prince's pine is a native evergreen low shrub or perennial rhizomatous
herb. The woody stems are usually 4 to 12 inches (10-30 cm) tall and
the leathery, whorled leaves are sharply serrate. The fertile stems are
generally erect and may have 2 to 15 flowers. Fruits are depressed,
globose capsules which often persist through the winter
[25,39,57,70,72,82].
Across its range, prince's pines show wide variation in size; in leaf
blade length, number of teeth, and prominence of lower surface venation;
in sepal shape; and in stigma and capsule size [31].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Chamaephyte
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Prince's pine reproduces both sexually and vegetatively. Flowers have
been observed being pollinated by bumblebees and staphylinid beetles
[11]. Prince's pine develops numerous, minute seeds [25,57,72]. Their
dispersal mechanism has not been documented. A New Brunswick study of
boreal herb reproductive biology found that prince's pine flowered for
an average of 30 days. Fruit set was low for flowers opening at the
beginning of the flowering period. Eighty-three percent of buds opened
and 76.5 percent survived the flowering period. Forty-seven percent of
flower buds eventually developed fruit, and 45.6 percent actually
matured fruit [36].
Prince's pine produces long rhizomes that normally grow at a fast rate.
Genets are generally long-lived [83]. Reports differ concerning the
depth of prince's pine rhizomes. In a study of the Douglas-fir forest
zone in southern interior British Columbia, McLean [52] listed prince's
pine with species that have rhizomes growing from 2 to 5 inches (5-13
cm) below the mineral soil surface. Most of those species are able to
regenerate from those depths, but he stated that only prince's pine
rhizomes near the soil surface are able to produce new shoots. Stickney
[78] reported that in the northern Rocky Mountains, prince's pine
rhizomes are confined to the duff near or above the mineral soil
surface.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Prince's pine is found in a wide variety of soils and soil moisture
regimes. It most commonly occurs in mixed woods and coniferous forests
[17,24,35,38,44] on dry, well-drained, rocky or sandy soils
[7,18,24,26]. In coastal regions of British Columbia, prince's pine is
an indicator of dry to very dry, nutrient-poor soils in montane boreal,
temperate, and cool mesothermal climates. Its occurrence decreases with
increasing elevation and precipitation, and increases with
continentality [47]. In Ontario, prince's pine most often occurs on
sandy or rocky soil on well-drained sites, on gravel terraces, and in
jack pine (Pinus banksiana) barrens [70]. In red pine (P.
resinosa)-white pine (P. strobus) forests of Voyageurs National Park,
Minnesota, prince's pine is found on dry, shallow, well-drained,
nutrient poor to medium loamy sand to sandy loam soils [51]. In the
nearby Boundary Waters Canoe area, prince's pine is found on shallow,
sandy soils to deep soils with a high clay content [59].
Prince's pine also occurs in moist or imperfectly-drained situations
throughout its range. It is found on moist sites in oak ecosystems of
Michigan [2], on moist sites in the Black Hills of South Dakota [72],
and in lodgepole pine (P. contorta) forests in Alberta [9]. In the
Adirondack Mountains of New York, prince's pine occurs on well- to
imperfectly-drained sites, most often under pines (Pinus spp.) on
outwash soils, but also on tills in mixed woods [50].
Prince's pine occurs in the following elevational ranges:
feet meters
_________________________________________________
UT 6,930-9,570 2,100-2,900 [82]
AZ 6,000-9,570 1,800-2,900 [31]
CA 1,000-9,570 300-2,900 [38,57]
CO 8,000-11,500 2,400-3,500 [35]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Prince's pine has been classified as moderately shade tolerant to
tolerant throughout its range [26,29,42,47,50,60]. Its highest
frequency or cover is probably reached at intermediate light levels,
such as in relatively open conifer stands in the Siskiyou Mountains of
Oregon [15].
In the western Cascades, prince's pine is significantly more frequent
(p<.05) under a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) canopy than under a
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) canopy (71% vs. 4% frequency).
Average cover under western hemlock is less than 1.0 percent compared to
12.5 percent under Douglas-fir. The difference may be due to less
direct radiation in the western hemlock stands [73].
Prince's pine is present throughout succession and occurs in stands of
all ages [28,29,59,64,71]. It is found in relatively young stands
[1,20,45], but is probably more frequent in mid-successional stages and
mature forests [3,5,21,29]. Prince's pine is a common understory
component in many old-growth and climax forests of the Pacific Northwest
[20,27,30,42].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Prince's pine flowers from June to August throughout its range
[17,24,25,31,57].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Chimaphila umbellata | Prince's Pine
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Prince's pine is a fire-sensitive species that is very susceptible to
damage and often shows a strong decline following fire [33,52,71,78].
Survival probably depends to a great extent on damage to rhizomes, so it
depends on depth of rhizomes, fire severity, and consumption of duff
[68,78]. Loss of the long-lived evergreen leaves may also reduce
survival. Postfire vegetative recovery depends primarily on the
survival of scattered individuals in undisturbed microsites [33].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Rhizomatous low woody plant, rhizome in organic mantle
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Chimaphila umbellata | Prince's Pine
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Prince's pine has a moderate to high probability of being killed by fire
[40,76]. Low-severity fires that do not consume the organic mantle may
only top-kill it.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Postfire response of prince's pine is variable and is probably most
dependent on fire severity and the uniformity of the burn. Some studies
have reported prince's pine surviving fire. In mixed western
hemlock-Douglas-fir-western redcedar (Thuja plicata) stands in North
Cascades National Park, Washington, prince's pine was considered a
residual species following a July wildfire. Its frequency in postfire
years 1, 2, and 3 was 65.3, 52.1, and 52.1 percent, respectively [54].
Prince's pine appeared to survive on moderately burned sites following
the Waterfalls Canyon Fire in Grand Teton National Park in July, 1974,
but was eliminated from severely burned sites. The prefire vegetation
was spruce-fir with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and whitebark pine
(P. albicaulis). Prince's pine had the following percent frequency and
cover as measured in 1975 [10]:
Frequency Cover
______________________________________________
Unburned sites 52 5
Sites burned in 1932 2 trace
Moderately burned sites 17 1
Severely burned sites 0 0
In the northern Rocky Mountains, slow recovery after fire has been
reported. Prince's pine was eliminated from initial postfire
communities by a severe wildfire in western larch (Larix
occidentalis)-Douglas-fir stands on the Flathead National Forest,
Montana [75]. In western larch-fir (Abies grandis and A. lasiocarpa)
stands on the Flathead and Lolo National Forests, Montana, prince's pine
had not recovered by postfire year 9 following logging and broadcast
burning [74]. Prince's pine was also absent 10 months after a
late-summer wildfire in lodgepole pine stands in the Chamberlain Basin,
Idaho. It was found on adjacent unburned sites and was present on
burned sites 5 years after the fire, but had less biomass production
than on unburned sites [61].
Variable responses to fire have been reported for prince's pine in
Minnesota. It survived the Little Sioux Wildfire in May, 1971, in mixed
conifer-hardwood stands in northeastern Minnesota. Number of
individuals (on seventy 0.605 sq m plots) and aboveground average dry
weight per individual prince's pine were measured at the end of each
growing season for the first 5 postfire years [58]:
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
________________________________________________________________
No. of individuals 15 no data 57 30 7
Ave. dry wt. (g) .07 no data .33 .29 .46
Prince's pine responded more slowly after wildfires in second-growth
mixed conifer-hardwood forests in northeastern Minnesota. It was not
present in postfire years 3, 5, or 14 after the April Heartlake Fire.
It was not present on the Kelley Creek Burn, resulting from a July fire,
at postfire year 2 but had a frequency of 3 percent in postfire years 5
and 11 [48].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Prince's pine is a component in many subzones in which guidelines for
prescribed burning and tree species selection have been developed in the
Vancouver Forest District, British Columbia [46].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Chimaphila umbellata | Prince's Pine
REFERENCES :
1. Antos, J. A.; Habeck, J. R. 1981. Successional development in Abies
grandis (Dougl.) Forbes forests in the Swan Valley, western Montana.
Northwest Science. 55(1): 26-39. [12445]
2. Archambault, Louis; Barnes, Burton V.; Witter, John A. 1989. Ecological
species groups of oak ecosystems of southeastern Michigan. Forest
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3. Armour, Charles David. 1982. Fuel and vegetation succession in response
to mountain pine beetle epidemics in northwestern Montana. Moscow, ID:
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4. Arno, Stephen F.; Simmerman, Dennis G. 1982. Succession after cutting
and fire treatments on forest habitat types in western Montana. In:
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Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Cooperative
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5. Arno, Stephen F.; Simmerman, Dennis G.; Keane, Robert E. 1985. Forest
succession on four habitat types in western Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep.
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of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain Province. Grants Pass, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Siskiyou National Forest. 330
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8. Atzet, Thomas; Wheeler, David L. 1984. Preliminary plant associations of
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Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 278 p. [9351]
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effects and biotic succession following the 1974 Waterfalls Canyon Fire
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western Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 139 p.
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Index
Related categories for Species: Chimaphila umbellata
| Prince's Pine
|
 |
