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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
ABBREVIATION :
ELAUMB
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
ELUM
COMMON NAMES :
autumn-olive
cardinal olive
autumn elaeagnus
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name for autumn-olive is Elaeagnus
umbellata Thunb. There are no recognized subspecies, varieties, or
forms [4,6,18].
LIFE FORM :
Tree, Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
William R. Reed, July 1993
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Reed, William R. 1992. Elaeagnus umbellata. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Autumn-olive is native to Asia. It has been introduced in North
America, and has naturalized in the East. Its naturalized range is from
Maine south to South Carolina, west to Oklahoma, and north to southwest
Minnesota. It is also occurs, but has not naturalized in, Hawaii,
Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming [4,14,18,23].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES39 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
STATES :
AR CA CT DE HI IL IN IA KS KY
LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO NE NV
NH NJ NM NY NC OH OK OR PA RI
SC TN TX UT VT VA WV WI WY AB
SK
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
BITH GUIS
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
14 Great Plains
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K074 Bluestem Prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K114 Pocosin
SAF COVER TYPES :
1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
14 Northern pin oak
15 Red pine
20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry - maple
30 Red spruce - yellow birch
31 Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
32 Red spruce
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
34 Red spruce - Fraser fir
35 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
37 Northern white-cedar
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
42 Bur oak
43 Bear oak
44 Chestnut oak
45 Pitch pine
46 Eastern redcedar
51 White pine - chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
58 Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
78 Virginia pine - oak
79 Virginia pine
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
94 Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm
98 Pond pine
107 White spruce
108 Red maple
109 Hawthorn
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Autumn-olive is highly valued species for wildlife [8,12,13,24]. It
provides both cover and food for a variety of birds and mammals. The
fruits, which remain on the plant until late winter, are browsed by
deer, songbirds, and gamebirds [7,17,23,28]. The foliage provides
thermal and nesting cover for birds and small mammals, especially when
planted as windbreaks [7,23].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Autumn-olive has been widely used throughout its naturalized range for a
variety of purposes. It tolerates harsh site conditions and fixes
nitrogen, making it a low-maintenance, productive perennial. It has
been successfully planted in shelterbelts throughout the Prairie states
to prevent wind erosion and for wildlife habitat [8,14,24]. It has also
been used for mine reclamation in the eastern United States [9,28].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Autumn-olive is used as an ornamental on highway and park landscapes
[7].
Because of its nitrogen fixing abilities, autumn-olive has been utilized
as a nurse plant for black walnut (Juglans nigra) in Canada and the
United States [15,17,21].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Autumn-olive easily escapes cultivation and is difficult to control. It
may reduce overall site productivity [10]. In the forests of New
England, it seriously competes with native plant species [13].
Autumn-olive is probably not adapted for plantings outside its current
naturalized range. Outside this range, it shows poor rates of survival
[3,19].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Autumn-olive is an exotic, deciduous tree or shrub. It attains a height
of 3 to 12 feet (0.9-2.7 m), but may grow as tall as 20 feet (6 m). It
produces berries averaging 0.16 inch (4 mm) in diameter [14,24,28].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
Chamaephyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Sexual reproduction: Autumn-olive generally flowers at 2 to 3 years of
age. Abundant seed production begins at age 3 to 4 years. Seeds
require cold stratification for germination. Optimum germination is
achieved with a minimum stratification period of 16 weeks at 50 to 68
degrees Fahrenheit (10-20 deg C) [28]. Seeds are ingested with fruit
and dispersed by birds and mammals [14,24].
Vegetative reproduction: Vegetative reproduction has not been
documented in the literature for this species. Russian-olive (Elaeagnus
angustifolia), a closely related species, sprouts from the root crown
[29,30]. It is possible that autumn olive does this as well.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Autumn-olive is found on a variety of soil types. It grows well on
sand, glacial till, and disturbed soils. It tolerates adverse site
conditions. It is more common on well-drained, upland sites than on
marshy or bottomland sites. In the mid-Atlantic states, it withstands
soil pH as low as 4.0 [9,10,24].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Autumn-olive aggressively colonizes soils of poor or marginal quality.
It is relatively shade tolerant [9].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Autumn-olive generally flowers from May through June. The fruits begin
to ripen in August and continue through October. Seed dispersal occurs
from September to November [4,6,14].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Autumn-olive may sprout from the root crown following low- to
moderate-severity fire. It is probably an off-site colonizer of burned
sites because it produces adundant seed which is dispersed by animals
[14,24].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
No information concerning effect of fire on autumn-olive was found in
the literature. Fire probably top-kills autumn-olive.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Autumn-olive may sprout from the root crown following fire. It probably
colonizes burned areas through off-site seed sources.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
REFERENCES :
1. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
2. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
3. Everett, Richard L.; Meeuwig, Richard O.; Butterfield, Richard I. 1980.
Revegetation of untreated acid spoils Leviathan mine, Alpine County,
California. California Geology. 32(1): 8-10. [895]
4. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections
supplied by R. C. Rollins]. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p.
(Dudley, Theodore R., gen. ed.; Biosystematics, Floristic & Phylogeny
Series; vol. 2). [14935]
5. Gaines, Edward M.; Kallander, Harry R.; Wagner, Joe A. 1958. Controlled
burning in southwestern ponderosa pine: results from the Blue Mountain
plots, Fort Apache Indian Reservation. Journal of Forestry. 56: 323-327.
[988]
6. Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of
northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. New York: New
York Botanical Garden. 910 p. [20329]
7. Hamilton, D. F.; Carpenter, P. L. 1975. Regulation of seed dormancy in
Elaeagnus umbellata by endogenous growth substances. Canadian Journal of
Botany. 53(20): 2303-2311. [21549]
8. Hays, James F., Jr. 1990. Wildlife considerations in windbreak
renovation. In: Windbreaks, living with the wind: Proceedings, Windbreak
Renovation Workshop; 1990 October 23-25; Hutchinson, KS. Great Plains
Agriculture Council Publ. No. 133. Manhattan, KS: Kansas State
University, Cooperative Extension Service: 35-41. [15254]
9. Hensley, David L.; Carpenter, Philip L. 1986. Survival and coverage by
several N2-fixing trees and shrubs on lime-avended acid mine spoil. Tree
Planters' Notes. 29: 27-31. [2845]
10. Hughes, H. Glenn. 1989. Use of native shrubs on strip-mined lands in the
humid East. In: Wallace, Arthur; McArthur, E. Durant; Haferkamp,
Marshall R., compilers. Proceedings--symposium on shrub ecophysiology
and biotechnology; 1987 June 30 - July 2; Logan, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep.
INT-256. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
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of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
12. Muncy, Jack A. 1989. Reclamation of abandoned manganese mines in
southwest Virginia and northeast Tennessee. In: Walker, D. G.; Powter,
C. B.; Pole, M. W., compilers. Reclamation, a global perspective:
Proceedings of the conference; 1989 August 27-31; Calgary, AB. Edmonton,
AB: Alberta Land Conservation and Reclamation Council: 199-208. [14355]
13. Niering, William. 1992. The New England forests. Restoration &
Management Notes. 10(1): 24-28. [19731]
14. Olson, David F., Jr. 1974. Elaeagnus L. elaeagnus. In: Schopmeyer, C.
S., technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United States.
Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service: 376-379. [7603]
15. Paschke, Mark W.; Dawson, Jeffrey O.; David, Mark B. 1989. Soil nitrogen
mineralization under black walnut interplanted with autumn-olive or
black alder. In: Rink, George; Budelsky, Carl A., eds. Proceedings, 7th
central hardwood conference; 1989 March 5-8; Carbondale, IL. Gen. Tech.
Rep. NC-132. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station: 120-128. [9376]
16. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
17. Schlesinger, Richard C.; Funk, David T. 1977. Manager's handbook for
black walnut. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-38. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 22
p. [11641]
18. Seymour, Frank Conkling. 1982. The flora of New England. 2d ed.
Phytologia Memoirs 5. Plainfield, NJ: Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L.
Moldenke. 611 p. [7604]
19. Slayback, Robert D.; Clary, Raimond F., Jr. 1988. Vegetative solutions
to erosion control in the Tahoe Basin. In: Rieger, John P.; Williams,
Bradford K., eds. Proceedings of the second native plant revegetation
symposium; 1987 April 15-18; San Diego, CA. Madison, WI: University of
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66-69. [4097]
20. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
21. Torrey, John G. 1978. Nitrogen fixation by actinomycete-nodulated
angiosperms. Bioscience. 28(9): 586-592. [8517]
22. Tunison, J. T. 1991. Strategies and successes in controlling alien
plants in an Hawaiian National Park. In: Center, Ted D.; Doren, Robert
F.; Hofstetter, Ronald L.; Myers, Ronald L.; Whiteaker, Louis D, eds.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Exotic Pest Plants; 1988 November 2 -
November 4; Miami, FL. Tech. Rep. NPS/NREVER/NRTR-91/06. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service: 353-376.
[17876]
23. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.
National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names.
SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]
24. Vogel, Willis G. 1981. A guide for revegetating coal minesoils in the
eastern United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-68. Broomall, PA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest
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25. Voss, Edward G. 1985. Michigan flora. Part II. Dicots
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724 p. [11472]
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Agric. Handb. 473. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
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27. Yahner, R. H.; Storm, G. L.; Melton, R. E.; [and others]. 1991. Floral
inventory and vegetative cover type mapping of Gettysburg National
Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site. Tech. Rep.
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Interior, National Park Service, Mid-Atlantic Region. 149 p. [17987]
28. Fowler, Linda J.; Fowler, Dale K. 1987. Stratification and temperature
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seed. Tree Planter's Notes. 38(1): 14-17. [21550]
Index
Related categories for Species: Elaeagnus umbellata
| Autumn-Olive
|
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