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Introductory

SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
ABBREVIATION : ELAUMB SYNONYMS : NO-ENTRY SCS PLANT CODE : ELUM COMMON NAMES : autumn-olive cardinal olive autumn elaeagnus TAXONOMY : The currently accepted scientific name for autumn-olive is Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. There are no recognized subspecies, varieties, or forms [4,6,18]. LIFE FORM : Tree, Shrub FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : No special status OTHER STATUS : NO-ENTRY COMPILED BY AND DATE : William R. Reed, July 1993 LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : NO-ENTRY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : Reed, William R. 1992. Elaeagnus umbellata. In: Remainder of Citation

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : Autumn-olive is native to Asia. It has been introduced in North America, and has naturalized in the East. Its naturalized range is from Maine south to South Carolina, west to Oklahoma, and north to southwest Minnesota. It is also occurs, but has not naturalized in, Hawaii, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming [4,14,18,23]. ECOSYSTEMS : FRES10 White - red - jack pine FRES11 Spruce - fir FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine FRES14 Oak - pine FRES15 Oak - hickory FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood FRES18 Maple - beech - birch FRES39 Plains grasslands FRES39 Prairie STATES : AR CA CT DE HI IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC OH OK OR PA RI SC TN TX UT VT VA WV WI WY AB SK ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : BITH GUIS BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 14 Great Plains KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K074 Bluestem Prairie K081 Oak savanna K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100 K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest K095 Great Lakes pine forest K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest K099 Maple - basswood forest K100 Oak - hickory forest K101 Elm - ash forest K102 Beech - maple forest K103 Mixed mesophytic forest K104 Appalachian oak forest K106 Northern hardwoods K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest K112 Southern mixed forest K114 Pocosin SAF COVER TYPES : 1 Jack pine 5 Balsam fir 14 Northern pin oak 15 Red pine 20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple 21 Eastern white pine 22 White pine - hemlock 23 Eastern hemlock 24 Hemlock - yellow birch 25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch 26 Sugar maple - basswood 27 Sugar maple 28 Black cherry - maple 30 Red spruce - yellow birch 31 Red spruce - sugar maple - beech 32 Red spruce 33 Red spruce - balsam fir 34 Red spruce - Fraser fir 35 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir 37 Northern white-cedar 39 Black ash - American elm - red maple 42 Bur oak 43 Bear oak 44 Chestnut oak 45 Pitch pine 46 Eastern redcedar 51 White pine - chestnut oak 52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak 53 White oak 55 Northern red oak 57 Yellow-poplar 58 Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock 59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak 60 Beech - sugar maple 75 Shortleaf pine 76 Shortleaf pine - oak 78 Virginia pine - oak 79 Virginia pine 80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine 81 Loblolly pine 82 Loblolly pine - hardwood 94 Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm 98 Pond pine 107 White spruce 108 Red maple 109 Hawthorn SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : NO-ENTRY

VALUE AND USE

SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : NO-ENTRY IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : Autumn-olive is highly valued species for wildlife [8,12,13,24]. It provides both cover and food for a variety of birds and mammals. The fruits, which remain on the plant until late winter, are browsed by deer, songbirds, and gamebirds [7,17,23,28]. The foliage provides thermal and nesting cover for birds and small mammals, especially when planted as windbreaks [7,23]. PALATABILITY : NO-ENTRY NUTRITIONAL VALUE : NO-ENTRY COVER VALUE : NO-ENTRY VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : Autumn-olive has been widely used throughout its naturalized range for a variety of purposes. It tolerates harsh site conditions and fixes nitrogen, making it a low-maintenance, productive perennial. It has been successfully planted in shelterbelts throughout the Prairie states to prevent wind erosion and for wildlife habitat [8,14,24]. It has also been used for mine reclamation in the eastern United States [9,28]. OTHER USES AND VALUES : Autumn-olive is used as an ornamental on highway and park landscapes [7]. Because of its nitrogen fixing abilities, autumn-olive has been utilized as a nurse plant for black walnut (Juglans nigra) in Canada and the United States [15,17,21]. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Autumn-olive easily escapes cultivation and is difficult to control. It may reduce overall site productivity [10]. In the forests of New England, it seriously competes with native plant species [13]. Autumn-olive is probably not adapted for plantings outside its current naturalized range. Outside this range, it shows poor rates of survival [3,19].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : Autumn-olive is an exotic, deciduous tree or shrub. It attains a height of 3 to 12 feet (0.9-2.7 m), but may grow as tall as 20 feet (6 m). It produces berries averaging 0.16 inch (4 mm) in diameter [14,24,28]. RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : Phanerophyte Chamaephyte REGENERATION PROCESSES : Sexual reproduction: Autumn-olive generally flowers at 2 to 3 years of age. Abundant seed production begins at age 3 to 4 years. Seeds require cold stratification for germination. Optimum germination is achieved with a minimum stratification period of 16 weeks at 50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit (10-20 deg C) [28]. Seeds are ingested with fruit and dispersed by birds and mammals [14,24]. Vegetative reproduction: Vegetative reproduction has not been documented in the literature for this species. Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), a closely related species, sprouts from the root crown [29,30]. It is possible that autumn olive does this as well. SITE CHARACTERISTICS : Autumn-olive is found on a variety of soil types. It grows well on sand, glacial till, and disturbed soils. It tolerates adverse site conditions. It is more common on well-drained, upland sites than on marshy or bottomland sites. In the mid-Atlantic states, it withstands soil pH as low as 4.0 [9,10,24]. SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : Autumn-olive aggressively colonizes soils of poor or marginal quality. It is relatively shade tolerant [9]. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : Autumn-olive generally flowers from May through June. The fruits begin to ripen in August and continue through October. Seed dispersal occurs from September to November [4,6,14].

FIRE ECOLOGY

SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : Autumn-olive may sprout from the root crown following low- to moderate-severity fire. It is probably an off-site colonizer of burned sites because it produces adundant seed which is dispersed by animals [14,24]. POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community) Secondary colonizer - off-site seed

FIRE EFFECTS

SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : No information concerning effect of fire on autumn-olive was found in the literature. Fire probably top-kills autumn-olive. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : NO-ENTRY PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : Autumn-olive may sprout from the root crown following fire. It probably colonizes burned areas through off-site seed sources. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : NO-ENTRY FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : NO-ENTRY

REFERENCES

SPECIES: Elaeagnus umbellata | Autumn-Olive
REFERENCES : 1. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434] 2. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 3. Everett, Richard L.; Meeuwig, Richard O.; Butterfield, Richard I. 1980. Revegetation of untreated acid spoils Leviathan mine, Alpine County, California. California Geology. 32(1): 8-10. [895] 4. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections supplied by R. C. Rollins]. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p. (Dudley, Theodore R., gen. ed.; Biosystematics, Floristic & Phylogeny Series; vol. 2). [14935] 5. Gaines, Edward M.; Kallander, Harry R.; Wagner, Joe A. 1958. Controlled burning in southwestern ponderosa pine: results from the Blue Mountain plots, Fort Apache Indian Reservation. Journal of Forestry. 56: 323-327. [988] 6. Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. New York: New York Botanical Garden. 910 p. [20329] 7. Hamilton, D. F.; Carpenter, P. L. 1975. Regulation of seed dormancy in Elaeagnus umbellata by endogenous growth substances. Canadian Journal of Botany. 53(20): 2303-2311. [21549] 8. Hays, James F., Jr. 1990. Wildlife considerations in windbreak renovation. In: Windbreaks, living with the wind: Proceedings, Windbreak Renovation Workshop; 1990 October 23-25; Hutchinson, KS. Great Plains Agriculture Council Publ. No. 133. Manhattan, KS: Kansas State University, Cooperative Extension Service: 35-41. [15254] 9. Hensley, David L.; Carpenter, Philip L. 1986. Survival and coverage by several N2-fixing trees and shrubs on lime-avended acid mine spoil. Tree Planters' Notes. 29: 27-31. [2845] 10. Hughes, H. Glenn. 1989. Use of native shrubs on strip-mined lands in the humid East. In: Wallace, Arthur; McArthur, E. Durant; Haferkamp, Marshall R., compilers. Proceedings--symposium on shrub ecophysiology and biotechnology; 1987 June 30 - July 2; Logan, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-256. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 70-73. [5925] 11. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384] 12. Muncy, Jack A. 1989. Reclamation of abandoned manganese mines in southwest Virginia and northeast Tennessee. In: Walker, D. G.; Powter, C. B.; Pole, M. W., compilers. Reclamation, a global perspective: Proceedings of the conference; 1989 August 27-31; Calgary, AB. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Land Conservation and Reclamation Council: 199-208. [14355] 13. Niering, William. 1992. The New England forests. Restoration & Management Notes. 10(1): 24-28. [19731] 14. Olson, David F., Jr. 1974. Elaeagnus L. elaeagnus. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 376-379. [7603] 15. Paschke, Mark W.; Dawson, Jeffrey O.; David, Mark B. 1989. Soil nitrogen mineralization under black walnut interplanted with autumn-olive or black alder. In: Rink, George; Budelsky, Carl A., eds. Proceedings, 7th central hardwood conference; 1989 March 5-8; Carbondale, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-132. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station: 120-128. [9376] 16. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843] 17. Schlesinger, Richard C.; Funk, David T. 1977. Manager's handbook for black walnut. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-38. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 22 p. [11641] 18. Seymour, Frank Conkling. 1982. The flora of New England. 2d ed. Phytologia Memoirs 5. Plainfield, NJ: Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke. 611 p. [7604] 19. Slayback, Robert D.; Clary, Raimond F., Jr. 1988. Vegetative solutions to erosion control in the Tahoe Basin. In: Rieger, John P.; Williams, Bradford K., eds. Proceedings of the second native plant revegetation symposium; 1987 April 15-18; San Diego, CA. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin - Arboretum, Society of Ecological Restoration & Management: 66-69. [4097] 20. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090] 21. Torrey, John G. 1978. Nitrogen fixation by actinomycete-nodulated angiosperms. Bioscience. 28(9): 586-592. [8517] 22. Tunison, J. T. 1991. Strategies and successes in controlling alien plants in an Hawaiian National Park. In: Center, Ted D.; Doren, Robert F.; Hofstetter, Ronald L.; Myers, Ronald L.; Whiteaker, Louis D, eds. Proceedings of the Symposium on Exotic Pest Plants; 1988 November 2 - November 4; Miami, FL. Tech. Rep. NPS/NREVER/NRTR-91/06. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service: 353-376. [17876] 23. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982. National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names. SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573] 24. Vogel, Willis G. 1981. A guide for revegetating coal minesoils in the eastern United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-68. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 190 p. [15576] 25. Voss, Edward G. 1985. Michigan flora. Part II. Dicots (Saururaceae--Cornaceae). Bull. 59. Bloomfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook Institute of Science; Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Herbarium. 724 p. [11472] 26. Williams, Robert D.; Hanks, Sidney H. 1976. Hardwood nurseryman's guide. Agric. Handb. 473. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 78 p. [4182] 27. Yahner, R. H.; Storm, G. L.; Melton, R. E.; [and others]. 1991. Floral inventory and vegetative cover type mapping of Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site. Tech. Rep. NPS/MAR/NRTR - 91/050. Philadelphia, PA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Mid-Atlantic Region. 149 p. [17987] 28. Fowler, Linda J.; Fowler, Dale K. 1987. Stratification and temperature requirements for germination of autumn ol olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) seed. Tree Planter's Notes. 38(1): 14-17. [21550]

Index

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