• ABBREVIATION
• SYNONYMS
• NRCS PLANT CODE
• COMMON NAMES
• TAXONOMY
• LIFE FORM
• FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS
• OTHER STATUS
• AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION

ABBREVIATION:

HOLDIS

SYNONYMS:

no entry

NRCS PLANT CODE [110]:

HODI

COMMON NAMES:

oceanspray
creambush oceanspray
creambush rockspiraea
arrow-wood

TAXONOMY:

The currently accepted scientific name of oceanspray is Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim (Rosaceae) [55,53].

LIFE FORM:

Shrub

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:

No special status

OTHER STATUS:

No entry

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:

Archer, Amy J. (2000, September) Holodiscus discolor. In: Remainder of Citation

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• ECOSYSTEMS
• STATES
• BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
• SAF COVER TYPES
• SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:

Oceanspray occurs from the western Cascade Mountains to the Pacific coast, from British Columbia south to California, east to northeastern Oregon, northern Idaho and eastern and western Montana [43,52].

ECOSYSTEMS [38]:

FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES27 Redwood
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub

STATES:

BC  

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [11]:

1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
8 Northern Rocky Mountains

KUCHLER [61] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:

K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest
K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir-hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce-fir forest
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K033 Chaparral
K055 Sagebrush steppe

SAF COVER TYPES [30]:

205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock-Sitka spruce
227 Western redcedar-western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock
232 Redwood
234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone
237 Interior ponderosa pine
244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir
256 California mixed subalpine

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [98]:

No entry

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:

Oceanspray is dominant or subdominant in a variety of habitat and community types throughout the Pacific Northwest. Habitats vary widely, from climax forests with moist, deep soils to droughty timbered or talus slopes [47,33,43,52]. Oceanspray dominates the shrub layer in Douglas-fir/oceanspray associations in Oregon's Willamette National Forest. These are old-growth stands that are structurally diverse with a mix of long-lived canopy species and an intermediate canopy of smaller, younger trees. Most of the stands are under 150 years old, reflecting a relatively high fire periodicity under natural conditions [48].

Species commonly associated with oceanspray include hollyleaved barberry (Mahonia aquifolium) in British Columbia [72], Cascade azalea (Rhododendron albiflorum) [3,85], western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) [70], Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) [44,59,70,92], white spirea (Spiraea betulifolia ) [3], and vine maple (Acer circinatum) [3,95,6] in western Washington and Oregon, curlleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) [37] in eastern Oregon and Washington, Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum) [63,62,50,84], serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) [64,63], redstem ceanothus (Ceanothus sanguineus) [71], and mallow ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus) [71,64,63,86] in northern Idaho, and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora), and evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum) [56] in northern California.

References describing oceanspray as a community or habitat dominant or subdominant include:

A classification system for California's hardwood rangelands [4]
Forest vegetation of eastern Washington and northern Idaho [26]
Successional relationships of vegetational composition to logging, burning, and grazing in the Douglas-fir/Physocarpus habitat type of northern Idaho [18]
Section 3-Landscape-level ecoregions for seven contiguous watersheds, northeast Oregon and southeast Washington [21]
Forested plant associations of the Olympic National Forest [49]
Field guide for forested plant associations of the Wenatchee National Forest [68]
Forest habitat types of Montana [90]
Plant association and management guide for the grand fir zone, Gifford Pinchot National Forest [107]

---

VALUE AND USE

SPECIES: Holodiscus discolor | Oceanspray

---

• IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE
• PALATABILITY
• NUTRITIONAL VALUE
• COVER VALUE
• VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES
• OTHER USES AND VALUES
• MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:

Oceanspray is often considered of minor importance as a browse species [25,89,90,109]. However, because this species typically occupies low elevation sites that are easily accessible to livestock and wildlife, plants provide some browse during the summer [109] with peak use in the fall and winter months [101]. Studies in the Bitterroot National Forest and Rattlesnake Creek drainage, both in western Montana, determined that oceanspray was not a desirable winter forage species for elk, mule deer, or white-tailed deer [74,58]. Oceanspray is considered a poor forage species [89] and an undesirable competitor with the more desirable browse species redstem ceanothus in northern Idaho [71]. Daubenmire and Daubenmire [26] reported that forced grazing of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)/ninebark stands in eastern Washington and northern Idaho, in which oceanspray occurs, typically results in a bluegrass (Poa spp.) disclimax.

Other data indicate that oceanspray can be a useful livestock and wildlife browse species [33,19,60]. Cattle use oceanspray as summer forage in northern Idaho [18], and there is evidence of grazing by cattle in northeastern Oregon [60]. Black-tailed deer in western Oregon browse oceanspray twigs in winter [24], and the species is heavily utilized by transient deer and elk in central Washington [94]. Snowshoe hares in the Flathead region of western Montana use the leaves and twigs for fall forage [2]. The following table indicates the importance of oceanspray to British Columbian ungulates [12].

Ungulate	Importance as Browse
black-tailed deer	moderate
mule deer	moderate
white-tailed deer	low
mountain goat	low
bighorn sheep	low
Roosevelt elk	low
Rocky mountain elk	low
moose	low
caribou	low

 

PALATABILITY:

Oceanspray is usually unpalatable and seldom used as forage by domestic livestock and big game animals, where it is prevalent in stands approaching climax [75,76]. However, fire can increase the palatability of some "normally unpalatable species," such as oceanspray [81]. Elk utilization of the shrub in northern Idaho following a prescribed burn increased from 0.7% to 23.1% the 1st year after burning. Although use dropped to 6.9% the 2nd postburn winter, burned plants were still more heavily utilized than those on adjacent unburned sites [62]. Big game species in northern Idaho preferred browsing new growth, including oceanspray, on burned sites over "current annual growth" of adjacent nonburned sites, especially the 1st growing season after a fire [9]. A northern Idaho study in the Douglas-fir habitat type found livestock utilized oceanspray. In grazed stands the shrub decreased [116]. Green clippings of oceanspray were found stored in shelters of dusky-footed woodrats in Oregon [15] and the shrub is apparently palatable to slugs native to western Washington [17]. This species was found to be unpalatable to moose in British Columbia in a Tiaga forest formation [22].

NUTRITIONAL VALUE:

No entry

COVER VALUE:

Oceanspray provides cover for a variety of species. It is often a common and sometimes abundant climax understory species in Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat types which are widespread throughout the northern Rocky Mountains. Dense shrubby stands characteristic of this association generally provide visual and thermal cover for deer and elk; in addition, these sites supply nesting habitat, cover, and food for a variety of nongame birds and animals [19]. Oceanspray was found on streamside and upslope locations in the central Oregon Coast Range where 18 of 22 known small mammal species and 9 of 13 known amphibian species were captured [73]. The blue grouse on Vancouver Island, British Columbia [34], and the Oregon blue grouse in Wallowa County, Oregon, typically inhabit understory comprised in part by oceanspray. The northern flying squirrel in southwestern Oregon is found in western hemlock transition, and mixed conifer vegetation zones where oceanspray is common in the shrub layer [16]. This shrub is also common in a northern Idaho Pacific treefrog habitat area [96].

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:

Oceanspray readily rehabilitates disturbed sites. It is classified as an "invader" after disturbances such as burning and logging [113]. Because of oceanspray's shade tolerance, fast growth, resistance to trampling, screening capability, aesthetic appearance and disease resistance, old-growth Douglas-fir stands in the Pacific northwest disturbed by root rot were rehabilitated with the shrub [39]. Logged sites with some overstory protection produce high cover of oceanspray [18]. In a northern Idaho postburn area, oceanspray dominated (48% of total ground cover) a site because its size, 10 to 15 ft (3-4.6 m) tall, allowed it to successfully compete for light, moisture and space. Because it is a "poor forage species," researchers predicted it would dominate the site until crowded out by conifers [89]. Naturally regenerated western redcedar is almost always subordinate to associated species, such as oceanspray, that grow more rapidly [1].

OTHER USES AND VALUES:

Bark and leaves of oceanspray are sometimes dried and pulverized for application to burns or sores, and infusions are made from seeds and used to prevent contagious diseases [43]. As the common name arrow-wood implies, the hard wood and long, straight branches of this species were highly prized by indigenous peoples for making arrow shafts [25].

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

Oceanspray's overall hardy nature, including tolerance to wide moisture regimes, sun or shade, and many soil types makes it useful for low-maintenance riparian plantings, reclamation of droughty and rocky or disturbed sites, windbreaks and screens [33]. "Safe" levels of browsing of oceanspray by game animals is between 50 percent and 60 percent [31]. Oceanspray had nearly the same coverage in grazed areas as on undisturbed sites in northern Idaho.

• GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
• REGENERATION PROCESSES
• SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
• SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Oceanspray is a native, deciduous, spreading shrub 3 to 20 feet (1-6 m) tall with slender arching branches [40,67,108]. It can range from bushy individuals only 2.5 feet (0.75 m) tall to arborescent coastal forms which may reach heights of approximately 20 feet (6.1 m). Most plants, however, typically grow from 3 to 10 feet (1-3 m) in height [27,53]. The leaves are ovate to ovate-elliptic or oblong, mostly 1.6 to 2.75 inches (4-7 cm) long, and 0.8 to 2.75 inches (2-7 cm) wide with 15 to 25 shallow lobes to deep teeth with prominent veins [108,67]. Oceanspray is a moderately shade tolerant shrub. Flowers form large drooping branched clusters and often persist on branches well into the autumn [40]. Flowers are borne on large, showy, terminal panicles that may reach up to 12 inches (30 cm) in length [10]. The common name oceanspray is derived from these masses of loose, creamy plumes [25].

Oceanspray is host to some saprophytic species. In southwestern British Columbia, oceanspray was found to be a primary host for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae [10] and pine broomrape (Orobanche pinorum), an obligate root parasite, that receives its entire complement of water and nutrition from its host [46].  

RAUNKIAER [91] LIFE FORM:

Phanerophyte

REGENERATION PROCESSES:

Oceanspray produces small, hairy, 1-seeded fruit [66], and preburn regeneration of this species is primarily by wind dispersal of the light seed [114]. Postburn regeneration occurs primarily by root crown sprouts, but may also occur by soil-stored seed [13,103,111,114,82].

An eastern Washington and eastern Oregon study found that production of oceanspray was greatest for heavily clipped (75 to 100%) plants compared with moderately and slightly clipped plants. Much of the new growth was in the form of long, unbranched water sprouts or suckers, originating at various places along the sides of old stems and branches. Clipping, however, suppressed flower production [37]. According to the Wind River Nursery, oceanspray propagates by follicle seed type collected during the summer and stratified on a warm/cool cycle. Stratification of seed in either sand or peat at 41 degrees Fahrenheit (5 ^oC) for 18 weeks appears to be optimum for breaking the dormant condition [101] in an artificial setting. The seeds are then planted in nursery beds in the fall [45].

Although information indicates that postburn seedling establishment is rare [114,82], a northern Idaho study determined oceanspray to be an important early seral shrub species that relies on seedbanks of the forest floor for postburn regeneration. The greatest regenerated seedling covers were found in areas of severe burns and originated from seed in duff and soil seedbanks [77]. Oceanspray in the Oregon Coast Range germinated well (>70%) in both clearcuts and young, unthinned conifer stands; however, survival occurred only in the young stands [105].  

SITE CHARACTERISTICS:

Widely distributed throughout the Pacific Northwest, oceanspray occupies a variety of sites ranging from moist, coastal bluffs and mountains to the dry, coniferous forest types of the Intermountain region [101,52]. Oceanspray occurs mostly in dry environmental zones, from sea level to 5500 feet (1676 m) elevation [66], and exists primarily at the hot, dry end of the moisture gradient in the Pacific Northwest forest complexes [36,87,41,66,108,48,40]. Soils are usually shallow and stony [52,35,51] and have a relatively high pH of 5.8 to 6.8 [80]. This species has an apparent affinity for southern slopes which are usually warmer and drier [80,35,51]; however, rehabilitation of western Oregon clearcuts by oceanspray occurred only on the northern slopes [113].

A grand fir (Abies grandis)/oceanspray association in southwestern Washington is common on exposed, south-facing slopes on either ridgetops or on adjacent steep slopes. Sites having this association remain snow-free much of the year and experience extreme summer drought [107]. The Douglas-fir/oceanspray association in the Oregon Coastal Range most often occurs on relatively steep, south or west facing slopes between 2000-3000 feet (600-900 m) elevation. Soils are generally thin and rocky or deep, heavy clay. The overall environment is hot and dry and the growing season is long with a substantial drought developing by mid-summer. Snowpacks are not generally deep or persistent [48]. A western hemlock-Douglas-fir/oceanspray association is found in some of the hottest and driest sites in the forested western Cascade Mountains. Sites are "always" upper slopes and fairly steep, where drainage and solar input are "excessive." Bare ground and surface rock and gravel are also typical and soils are shallow and stony [44]. Oceanspray has a higher probability of occurring following timber harvest in grand fir or western redcedar (Thuja plicata) than in the western hemlock habitat type [54].

Sites in which oceanspray is commonly found include the following:

Location	Annual Precip.	Elevation	Reference
western WA	57 in (1440 mm)	722 ft (220 m)	[69]
central OR	9.3 in (236 mm)	2400 ft (732 m)	[29]
west-central OR	na	1601 ft (488 m)	[112]
southern OR	41 in (1041 mm)	2543 ft (775 m)	[106]
western CA	20 in (510 mm)	na	[41]
northern ID	36 in (915 mm)	4400 ft (1341 m)	[20]

SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:

Oceanspray occurs in many successional stages. In Glacier Park's cedar-hemlock forests, oceanspray is restricted to climax communities [42], and it is a late successional species in northern Idaho's hemlock habitat types [115]. Following the Sundance fire in northern Idaho, oceanspray was a secondary cover species of the 1st decade's seral vegetation [102]. After shrubfield burns, this shrub regenerates readily from seeds and underground parts, and after approximately 10 years, most of the herbaceous species decline as dense shrub cover develops [100]. Oceanspray is found in approximately 5-fold higher density in immature stands (less than 150 years old) than in old growth stands (greater than 150 years old) in mesic, coniferous forest in northwestern Montana [7]. The individual plants rarely live for more than 30 years [5].

According to the following data, the highest percent coverage of oceanspray occurs approximately 20 years after a disturbance and then declines. Oceanspray was found in five Douglas-fir/salal (Gaultheria shallon) stands in the Cascade Mountain foothills of Washington [69]. The percentage of ground cover of this species is as follows:

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:

Oceanspray is usually among the first shrubs to initiate leaves in mid-April on brushfield sites in northern Idaho. Stem elongation begins in mid-May and continues until the end of June [83]. Perfect flower buds appear early in spring, but full flowering does not occur until June or July and may continue in some areas into August [52]. In the northern Rocky Mountains, the flowering period occurs during the middle or latter part of July, with fruit ripening in late August and seed being dispersed from then until the end of November. Change in leaf color usually occurs near the end of September in northern Idaho [83].

• FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
• POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:

Oceanspray is only moderately resistant to fire [103,114], but is well adapted to disturbance by fire [82]. Although readily top-killed, this species is generally quite resistant to fire mortality [13,18,99,103,116]. Oceanspray survives fire by regenerating from soil-stored seed or sprouting from surviving root crowns [13,103,114,111,82]. The most common postfire regeneration strategy of oceanspray is vegetative regeneration. Generalized information indicates that postburn seedling establishment is rare [114,82], but seedling cover may be greater on high severity burns [77,78].

Fire regimes for plant communities in which oceanspray occurs are summarized below. For further information regarding fire regimes and fire ecology of communities where oceanspray is found, see the "Fire Ecology and Adaptations" section of the FEIS species summary for the plant community or ecosystem dominants.

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [103]:

Tall shrub, adventitious bud/root crown
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Initial on-site colonizer (on-site, initial community)

• IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
• PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:

Oceanspray is easily top-killed by fire, but is adept at sprouting from surviving root crowns [13,18,23,114,102,28,31,62,57] and can also regenerate from soil-stored seed [13]. Full recovery from a fire disturbance can be expected in 5 to 10 years [114,111]. Cover may be enhanced by disturbance [18,13,114,82].

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:

No entry

PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:

Oceanspray is well adapted to fire and is often "unharmed" or its cover is enhanced [114,82,23]. Factors influencing postburn regeneration include moisture stress and light competition [28]. Although oceanspray reproduces poorly from seed after a fire disturbance [114,82], it usually responds to a low-severity burn by root crown and rhizome sprouting. Coverage reduction, which is a function of the percent root crown and rhizome kill, is dependent on depth of heating of mineral soil [28,23]. The best recovery can be expected when burned with moist soils [114,82], which increases probability of root crown survival.

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:

After a northern Idaho prescribed burn, oceanspray was one of the most prolific sprouters, producing as many as 120 sprouts per plant [62]. A northeastern Washington prescribed burn in a ponderosa pine/ninebark habitat type reduced the cover of oceanspray, but the shrub resprouted vigorously the following year and within 10 years had fully regained its former size and luxuriance [111]. After a prescribed burn in northern Idaho, significant increases in density were found for oceanspray in Douglas-fir/pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens) stands one year after the disturbance; however, burned-grazed areas showed reduced oceanspray coverage [116].

Documented 1st year fire response of oceanspray after the burning of seral brushfields occurring within Grand fir/pachistima (Pachistima myrisinites) habitat types in northern Idaho indicates that, regardless of burning season, oceanspray can sprout prolifically and typically reaches heights of approximately 24 inches (60 cm) by the end of the 1st postburn growing season. Plants burned in spring initiated sprouts within 4 to 8 weeks; plants burned in fall did not sprout until the next spring. Unlike many associated shrubs which sprouted most prolifically following spring burns, oceanspray exhibited greater shoot production following fall burning [65].

FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

Burning and grazing may interact to increase the density of oceanspray; however, the combination does not appear to influence the percent cover of oceanspray one year after a burn. The following data demonstrate the effects of burning and grazing on the number of oceanspray per hectare and the percent cover of the shrub in northern Idaho one year after fire disturbance [116].

Holodiscus discolor: References

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