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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Purshia mexicana var. stansburiana | Stansbury Cliffrose
ABBREVIATION :
PURMEXS
SYNONYMS :
Cowania mexicana D. Don ssp. stansburiana (Torr.) Jepson [41]
Cowania stansburiana Torr. [93]
Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Welsh var. stansburyana (Torr.) Welsh [33]
Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson [40,96]
SCS PLANT CODE :
PUST
COMMON NAMES :
Stansbury cliffrose
cliffrose
quinine bush
TAXONOMY :
The scientific name of Stansbury cliffrose is Purshia mexicana (D. Don)
Welsh. var. stansburiana (Torr.) Welsh [97]. Mexican cliffrose, P.
mexicana var. mexicana, occurs primarily in Mexico and is discussed very
little in this report.
Stansbury cliffrose hybridizes with antelope bitterbrush (P.
tridentata) [51,87,97], desert bitterbrush (P. glandulosa) [8,42,62),
and rarely with Apache plume (Fallugia paradora) [8]. Hybrid swarms of
P. mexicana var. stansburiana X P. tridentata are common in Utah
[21,85,86,87], and hybrid swarms of P. mexicana var. stansburiana X P.
glandulosa are common in Utah, Nevada, and southern California [21,87].
LIFE FORM :
Tree, Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
J. L. Holifield, August 1987
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
Janet L. Howard, June 1995
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Howard, Janet L. 1995; Holifield, J. L. 1987. Purshia mexicana var.
stansburiana. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Purshia mexicana var. stansburiana | Stansbury Cliffrose
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Stansbury cliffrose is distributed from southwestern Colorado, Utah,
Nevada, and southern California south to northern Mexico [33,93,96,97].
Mexican cliffrose occurs rarely in southern Arizona [41,51].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
STATES :
AZ CA CO NV NM UT MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
AZRU BRCA CARE COLO CORO DEVA
GICL GLCA HOVE MEVE MOCA NAVA
PEFO RABR WUPA
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
3 Southern Pacific Border
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K019 Arizona pine forest
K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
K031 Oak-juniper woodland
K032 Transition between K031 and K037
K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K039 Blackbrush
K040 Saltbush-greasewood
SAF COVER TYPES :
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon-juniper
241 Western live oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
210 Bitterbrush
212 Blackbush
315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue
318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue
322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass
401 Basin big sagebrush
402 Mountain big sagebrush
403 Wyoming big sagebrush
405 Black sagebrush
406 Low sagebrush
408 Other sagebrush types
412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
413 Gambel oak
414 Salt desert shrub
415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
416 True mountain-mahogany
417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany
501 Saltbush-greasewood
503 Arizona chaparral
504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Plant communities with Stansbury cliffrose include pinyon-jupiper
(Pinus-Juniperus spp.) woodland; dry-site, open ponderosa pine (P.
ponderosa var. ponderosa) and Arizona pine (P. ponderosa var. arizonica)
forest; mountain brushland; salt and other desert shrublands; and desert
shrubland-desert grassland ecotones. Plant species commonly associated
with Stansbury cliffrose are listed below.
Pinyon-juniper - Utah juniper (J. osteosperma), alligator juniper (J.
deppeana), California juniper (J. californica), pinyon (P. edulis),
shrub live oak (Quercus turbinella), Apache plume, desert sweet
(Chamaebatiaria millefolium), agarito (Mahonia trifoloilata), banana
yucca (Yucca baccata), Joshua tree (Y. brevifolia), Opuntia spp., New
Mexico needlegrass (Stipa neomexicana), bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus
elymoides), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), fringed sagebrush
(Artemisia frigida), and Louisiana sagewort (A. ludoviciana) [3,4,34,48].
Ponderosa and Arizona pines - antelope bitterbrush, Gambel oak (Q.
gambelii), Oregon-grape (M. repens), blue grama, mountain muhly
(Muhlenbergia montana), and Arizona threeawn (Aristida arizonica)
[14,31,48].
Mountain brushland - mountain snowberry (Symphoricarposa oreophilus),
Utah serviceberry (Amelanchier utahensis), Louisiana sagewort, Sandberg
bluegrass (Poa secunda), and sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus) [13,66].
Desert shrubland - fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), green
ephedra (Ephedra viridis), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), big
galleta (Hilaria rigida) [103], bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria
spicata), and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) [12].
Vegetation typings describing Stansbury cliffrose as a plant community
dominant are:
A preliminary classification of the natural vegetation of Colorado [3]
Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of Arizona south
of the Mogollon Rim and southwestern New Mexico [4]
Vegetation and soils of Pine and Mathews Canyon Watersheds [7] (NV)
A habitat type classification system for ponderosa pine forests of
northern Arizona [31]
Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of northern New
Mexico and northern Arizona [48]
Habitat and community relationships of cliffrose (Cowania mexicana var.
stansburiana) in central Utah [66]
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Purshia mexicana var. stansburiana | Stansbury Cliffrose
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Stansbury cliffrose is an important browse species for mule deer
[12,22,23,57,73], elk [57,63], pronghorn [80], desert bighorn sheep
[73], livestock [17,22,52], game birds, and songbirds [63]. Wild
ungulates and livestock use it heavily in winter; it is the principle
winter browse species on the Kaibab Plateau [39,73,90]. Livestock may
use it only lightly in spring and summer if deciduous browse species are
available [17,90]. Rodents eat Stansbury cliffrose seeds [102].
Elk and other large ungulates use Stansbury cliffrose for bedding cover
[15].
PALATABILITY :
Although somewhat bitter, Stansbury cliffrose is generally palatable to
large ungulates. Mule deer in Utah browse it preferentially [12,80].
Using tame animals, White and Welch [98] found significant (p=0.05) mule
deer preference for Stansbury cliffrose. It ranked third in preference
out of 10 common Utah browse species. Apparently there are ecotypic or
site differences in palatability, however. In another palatability test
using captive mule deer in Utah, Smith [78] reported that Stansbury
cliffrose ranked only fifteenth in preference out of 32 browse species.
Blauer and others [8] noted that Stansbury cliffrose was unpalatable in
southern Arizona.
The palatability of Stansbury cliffrose has been rated as follows
[24,73]:
AZ CA UT
Cattle Good Poor-fair Fair
Sheep ---- Fair-good Good
Horses ---- Poor Poor
Pronghorn ---- ---- Good
Bighorn ---- Good ----
Elk ---- ---- Good
Mule deer Good Good-excel. Good
White-tailed deer Good ---- ----
Small mammals ---- ---- Good
Small nongame birds ---- ---- Fair
Upland game birds ---- ---- Poor
Waterfowl ---- ---- Poor
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
In-vitro digestibility of Stansbury cliffrose for mule deer on New
Mexico pinyon-juniper winter range was 37.6 percent [88]. Average
percent composition of Stansbury cliffrose in Utah was as follows [79]:
protein 8.4
N-free extract 52.6
crude fiber 23.0
ether extract 10.8
COVER VALUE :
The degree to which Stansbury cliffrose provides cover for wildlife
species in Utah has been rated as follows [24]:
Pronghorn Good
Elk Fair
Mule deer Good
Small mammals Good
Small nongame birds Good
Upland game birds Good
Waterfowl Poor
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Stansbury cliffrose is recommended for wildlife [55], roadside,
construction, and mine spoils [35] plantings; and for restoring
pinyon-juniper woodland [26,35], mountain brushland, basin big sagebrush
(Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata)-grassland [35,83], black
sagebrush (A. nova), and black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus)
communities [64]. It can be established on disturbed seedbeds by
broadcast seeding, drill seeding, or transplanting. Fall or winter
seeding is recommended [82,101]. Seeding treatment and planting density
recommendations are available [1,35,77,95,102], as are nursery and
transplanting recommendations for seedlings [1].
Case examples: On degraded pinyon-juniper and basin big sagebrush range
in central Utah, Stansbury cliffrose production on plots seeded with
Stansbury cliffrose and other species was 1.4 pounds per acre vs. 0.4
pound per acre on unseeded plots [18].
Near Manti, Utah, former pinyon-juniper woodland that had converted to a
dense cheatgrass stand was scalped, and scalps were seeded with
Stansbury cliffrose. Stansbury cliffrose survivorship was substantially
improved with wider scalps. Survivorship according to scalp width was
[29]:
Scalp Width
___________________________________________________________
4 in (10 cm) 8 in (20 cm) 16 in (41 cm) 24 in (61 cm)
# of cliffrose
surviving 5 13 19 59
Stansbury cliffrose production after 5 years ranged from 3,188 to 15,659
grams per 100 linear feet, depending upon scalp width. Average number
of plants per 100 linear feet ranged from 25 to 150 [29].
Stansbury cliffrose germination/survivorship in a drill-seeded mixture
in silverscale saltbush (Atriplex argentea)-grassland in northwestern
Colorado was "relatively poor" [30].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Triterpenoids extracted from Stansbury cliffrose have been shown to have
inhibitory effects on HIV and Epstein-Barr virus [44,45].
Native Americans used the inner bark for making clothing and ropes, and
the branches for making arrows [41]. Hopi used Stansbury cliffrose as
an emetic and a wash for wounds.
Stansbury cliffrose is used in ornamental landscaping [1,58].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Stansbury cliffrose is moderately browse tolerant [65]. Plant form
tends to be more branched with moderate browsing than without browsing
[36,39]. Older Stansbury cliffrose plants that grow out of reach of
browsing animals can be a wildlife and livestock management problem [39].
Pruning out-of-reach branches can increase plant branching and
accessibilty to browsers [10]. In a 3-year study of Stansbury cliffrose
response to mule deer browsing on the Kaibab Plateau, Julander [39]
found that plants declined with over 80 percent utilization. Seventy to
eighty percent utilization maintained plants but did not permit growth
or seed production; 70 to 75 percent utilization allowed some growth and
seed production; and plants utilized 45 to 65 percent showed good growth
and seed production. Techniques to estimate percentage utilization of
Stansbury cliffrose are presented and evaluated in Jensen and Urness [38].
Stansbury cliffrose sometimes aids in fixing nitrogen [64,70,71].
Stansbury cliffrose is easily inoculated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria
in the laboratory, but root infection by nitrogen-fixing bacteria does
not always occur naturally [71]. Nelson [60] found that in the field,
the number of nodule clusters on roots differed from plant to plant,
site to site, and year to year.
Poor Stansbury cliffrose seedling establishment in the Great Basin,
especially central and northern Utah where Stansbury cliffrose is at the
edge of its range, has been noted since the late 1940's. Factors cited
as possibly contributing to decline include climate change,
overbrowsing, succession, and poor ability of Stansbury cliffrose
seedlings to compete against cheatgrass seedlings for water [32,66]
Dozing, chaining, or cutting may kill older Stansbury cliffrose,
especially single-stemmed individuals. Young, multistemmed individuals
are more likely to sprout after these treatments [95].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Purshia mexicana var. stansburiana | Stansbury Cliffrose
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Stansbury cliffrose is a drought-resistant native shrub or tree. It
usually grows from 1 to 6 feet (0.3-1.8 m) in height but may reach 25
feet (7.5 m) on favorable sites [93]. Plants in northern populations
are rarely over 12 feet (3.6 m) tall [10]. The simple, evergreen leaves
are small and alternate to clustered. Leaves, flowers, and twigs are
glandular. Twig and branch bark is shreddy. The flowers are bisexual;
rarely, some are staminate. The fruit is an achene with a persisent
style. At one-half inch to 2 inches (1-3.5 cm), the style is several
times longer than the fruit [33,93,97].
Stansbury cliffrose has a taproot and much-branched, widely spreading
lateral roots. Where not restricted by bedrock, the taproot grows
moderately deep. In the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, Cline [19] excavated
roots of a 30-year-old individual that reached 8.8 feet (2.4 m) below
ground. Roots may have nodules with nitrogen-fixing bacteria [60].
This is apparently a moderately long-lived shrub. Brotherson and others
[12] and Price and Brotherson [66] reported that the oldest living
Stansbury cliffrose in a population on the Wasatch Range of Utah was 69
years; 40 to 45 years was the modal age class. Similarly, Cline [19]
found no individuals older than 69 years on a Wasatch Range site in Utah
County.
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Reproduction is by seed and, rarely, sprouting. Stansbury cliffrose is
self-incompatible [8]. Plants first produce seed at about age 5 and
produce a good seed crop about every 2 years. There is often more than
one seed set per season [1,102]. Heavily browsed plants usually do not
produce seed except on branches above browseline [39]. Seed readily
disperses when wind catches the long, plumose style. Animals also
disperse seed [1,58]. Seed requires overwinter stratification (or 1-2
months cold stratification in the laboratory) and germinates in spring
[67,101,102]. Rodents cache Stansbury cliffrose seed, and seedling
clusters resulting from germination of uncomsumed seed are common
[Jensen and Stapley in (1),102]. Soil-stored seed remains viable for 5
[81,94] to 16 years [75]. There is no light requirement for germination
[94], and seeds germinate under a wide range of temperatures [101].
Fifteen to 100 percent germination has been reported in the laboratory
depending upon treatment and, probably, seed source [72,101]. Field
germination probably rarely exceeds 60 percent even under optimal
conditions [101]. Germination rates are usually higher in seed produced
early in the season than in later-maturing seed [1,102], and seed on
current-year growth may fail to mature [39].
Price and Brotherson [66] found that seedling establishment was highest
in years of below-average precipitation in central Utah. Still,
mortality from desiccation is high in germinants. Early growth is
mainly below ground; seedlings have a high root:shoot ratio [19]. Dense
stands of exotic annual grasses may competitively exclude Stansbury
cliffrose seedlings [66].
Variable sprouting ability is reported for Stansbury cliffrose, and it
is uncertain whether the variation is due to genetics, degree of damage
to the root crown, or a combination of both. Stansbury cliffrose is
anecdotally reported as nonsprouting in California [73], nonsprouting to
weakly sprouting in Arizona and New Mexico [74], and sprouting in
western Nevada [Klebenow and Bruner in (61)]. Multistemmed individuals
have a greater tendancy to sprout than single-stemmed individuals [95].
McCulloch [53] reported that on the Kaibab Plateau, plants bulldozed to
the root crown did not sprout, while those sustaining only top-crown
damage sprouted from the root crown.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
True to its name, Stansbury cliffrose occurs on cliffs and other
exposed, dry sites such as mesas and foothills [1,32,56]. Aspect is
usually south or west [35,66]. Limestone is the most common substrate
parent material, but Stansbury cliffrose also occurs on other
sedimentary substrates and also on igenous formations [17,22,31,66].
Soils are acidic to alkaline [10], well-drained [51], and have a coarse
sandy, gravelly, or rocky texture [32,94]. Stansbury cliffrose can
survive on sites receiving less than 12 inches (305 mm) of annual
precipitation [10].
Elevational range by state is:
feet meters state
3,000-8,000 914-2,438 AZ [17,41]
3,630-7,500 1,100-2,500 CA [33]
2,525-8,235 975-2,745 UT [66,97]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Stansbury cliffrose seedlings colonize open, disturbed sites [61]. As
adults, plants are "fairly" shade tolerant [95]. Stansbury cliffrose
occurs in understories of open coniferous forests [14,31,48,] but is
probably shaded out with canopy closure. In desert shrublands,
Stansbury cliffrose may persist for 60 years or more, although
individuals over 69 years of age have not been found [66].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Flowers first appear from early May to late June, with blooming
continuing until first autumn frost. Seeds from the earliest flowers
mature and disperse from mid-July to August in Utah, with later-produced
seed ripening and dispersing through October [1]. Arizona and
California plants flower from April to September [41,59], with seed
ripening and dispersing through October [73].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Purshia mexicana var. stansburiana | Stansbury Cliffrose
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
The sagebrush, salt desert, and creosotebush (Larrea tridentata)
shrublands in which Stansbury cliffrose occurs have historically had low
fuel loads and long periods between fires. Prior to invasion of exotic
cheatgrass, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) communities burned at
30- to 70-year intervals [99,100]. Cheatgrass invasion in big sagebrush
communities of northern Nevada and Utah has increased fuel loads and
shortened fire-free periods to an average of 5.5 years [9]. Effects of
this fire interval change on Stansbury cliffrose are not documented but
have probably been detrimental.
Intervals between fire in the other two desert shrubland types where
Stansbury cliffrose occurs are very long and have not been quantified.
Vegetation is usually sparse. Both saltbush (Atriplex spp.) and
creosotebush communities have been characterized as "essentially
nonflammable" [37] due to the open, infrequent distribution of dominant
shrubs and paucity of herbaceous associates [28]. Rare fires may
provide bare, disturbed seedbeds where Stansbury cliffrose can establish
from seed transported on-site.
Fire plays a more visible role in the other plant communities in which
Stansbury cliffrose occurs. Open, dry-site ponderosa and Arizona pine
types within Stansbury cliffrose's distribution historically had periods
between low-severity surface fires averaging 1 to 13 years [2].
Frequent, low-severity fires probably maintained Stansbury cliffrose as
a low, bushy understory plant.
The mountain shrub and Arizona chaparral types are dominated by
sprouting shrubs and typically experienced fire every 3 to 60 years.
When these communities do not burn within 15 to 20 years, succeeding
fires are severe and likely to consume much of the existing vegetation
[16,47,47,100]. Relatively long-return interval (40+ years), intense
fires, which kill a larger proportion of sprouting shrubs than do
shorter-interval fires [42], may have provided opportunities for
Stansbury cliffrose seedling establishment by reducing competition and
providing a bare, disturbed seedbed.
Fire autecology: The majority of the literature indicates that
Stansbury cliffrose is usually killed by fire [11,25,35,68,73,74,89,95].
Some sources cite a variable or weak ability to sprout after fire
[61,74,100].
Since Stansbury cliffrose is a colonizer [61], it probably establishes
from wind- and animal-dispersed seed on fire-disturbed seedbeds, but
documentation of postfire seedling establishment is lacking.
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Purshia mexicana var. stansburiana | Stansbury Cliffrose
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
There are conflicting reports on fire's effect on Stansbury cliffrose.
One source [100] classifies Stansbury cliffrose as a strong sprouter
after fire; others [25,50] classify it as strictly nonsprouting. Other
reports conclude that fire effects are variable: Fire may kill or
severely damaging plants [35,68,73,95]. Western Nevada populations have
been described as "quite sensistive" to burning [89]. When mortality
occurs, it is most likely in single-stemmed and/or old individuals
[35,95]. Late-season fire also increases risk of mortality [100].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Stansbury cliffrose appears to be a weak sprouter that is generally
killed by severe fire. Some populations, however, are very sensitive to
fire and the majority of individuals may not sprout after even
low-severity fire [11,25,74]. Sprouting ability may be genetically
fixed, with the proportion of individuals able to sprout varying between
populations [107].
Field managers report that Stansbury cliffrose is usually killed by
prescribed fire [104,105]. Mortality is greatest in large, decadent
plants [104]. Cool fires promote some resprouting, especially if green
foliage remains. Spring burning with high fuel moisture and soil
moisture conditions increase the likelihood of sprouting. Top-killed
Stansbury cliffrose may take 5 years or more to sprout [105].
Thirteen to fifteen years after a crown fire in pinyon-juniper in Grand
Canyon National Park, Stansbury cliffrose was observed in unburned
areas, but few plants were present in burned areas. Densitities of
Stansbury cliffrose greater than 2 feet (0.6 m) in height averaged 5
plants per acre (burned) and 44 plants per acre (unburned). For
Stansbury cliffrose less than 2 feet tall, densities averaged 8 plants
per acre (burned) and 314 per acre (unburned) [54].
In Death Valley National Monument, Stansbury cliffrose density following
a lightning-ignited fire in creosotebush ranged from five to eight
plants per square meter. Frequency was 20 percent [49].
Prescribed fire used before the 1960's to remove blackbrush (Colegyne
ramosissima) from Nevada rangelands generally removed the blackbrush,
which was replaced by Stansbury cliffrose, Nevada ephedra, and several
other desert shrubs [Jensen and others in (5)].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Since Stansbury cliffrose's sprouting ability is apparently variable,
fire probably should not be used on this species unless postfire
sprouting ability of the population under consideration has been
confirmed. Fire used on sprouting Stansbury cliffrose should be low
severity surface fire since the dormant buds of Stansbury cliffrose root
crowns are apparently killed by severe, and possibly moderate-severity,
fire. Prescribed fires may burn around Stansbury cliffrose growing on
rocky outcrops [106].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Purshia mexicana var. stansburiana | Stansbury Cliffrose
REFERENCES :
1. Alexander, Robert R.; Jorgensen, Kent; Plummer, A. P. 1974. Cowania
mexicana var. stansburiana (Torr.) Jepsen: cliffrose. In: Schopmeyer, C.
S., technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United States.
Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service: 353-355. [6853]
2. Baisan, Christopher H.; Swetnam, Thomas W. 1990. Fire history on a
desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 20: 1559-1569. [14986]
3. Baker, William L. 1984. A preliminary classification of the natural
vegetation of Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist. 44(4): 647-676. [380]
4. Bassett, R.; Larson, M.; Moir, W. 1987. Forest and woodland habitat
types (plant associations) of Arizona south of the Mogollon Rim and
southwestern New Mexico. 2nd Edition. Albuquerque, NM: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region. [Pages unknown].
[20308]
5. Bates, Patricia A. 1983. Prescribed burning blackbrush for deer habitat
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[4458]
6. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
7. Blackburn, Wilbert H.; Tueller, Paul T.; Eckert, Richard E., Jr. 1969.
Vegetation and soils of the Pine and Mathews Canyon watersheds. Reno,
NV: University of Nevada, Agricultural Experiment Station. 109 p. In
cooperation with: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land
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8. Blauer, A. Clyde; Plummer, A. Perry; McArthur, E. Durant; [and others].
1975. Characteristics and hybridization of important Intermountain
shrubs. I. Rose family. Res. Pap. INT-169. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment
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9. Boltz, Mike; Jones, Chuck; Green, Galen; Johansen, Jim. 1987. Jarbridge
Resource Area: normal year fire rehab plan; greenstripping plan;
sagebrush management plan. Boise, ID: U.S. Department of the Interior,
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[25030]
11. Britton, Carlton M.; Wright, Henry A. 1983. Brush management with fire.
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February 16; Albuquerque, NM. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management:
61-68. [521]
12. Brotherson, J. D.; Price, K. P.; O'Rourke, L. 1987. Age in relationship
to stem circumference and stem diameter in cliffrose (Cowania mexicana
var. stansburiana) in central Utah. Great Basin Naturalist. 47(2):
334-338. [527]
13. Brown, David E. 1982. Great Basin montane scrubland. In: Brown, David
E., ed. Biotic communities of the American Southwest--United States and
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14. Brown, David E. 1982. Madrean evergreen woodland. In: Brown, David E.,
ed. Biotic communities of the American Southwest--United States and
Mexico. Desert Plants. 4(1-4): 59-65. [8886]
15. Brown, Richard L. 1989. Effect of timber management practices on elk.
In: Tecle, Aregai; Covington, W. Wallace; Hamre, R. H., technical
coordinators. Multiresource management of ponderosa pine forests:
Proceedings of the symposium; 1989 November 14-16; Flagstaff, AZ. Gen.
Tech. Rep. RM-185. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station:
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16. Brown, Thomas C.; Boster, Ron S. 1974. Effects of chaparral-to-grass
conversion on wildfire suppression costs. Res. Pap. RM-119. Fort
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Index
Related categories for Species: Purshia mexicana var. stansburiana
| Stansbury Cliffrose
|
 |
