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Introductory

SPECIES: Quercus garryana | Oregon White Oak
ABBREVIATION : QUEGAR SYNONYMS : NO-ENTRY SCS PLANT CODE : QUGA4 QUGAB COMMON NAMES : Oregon white oak Brewer oak Garry oak shin oak Oregon oak white oak post oak TAXONOMY : The currently accepted scientific name of Oregon white oak is Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. [32,52]. Recognized varieties are as follows: Q. g. var. garryana Q. g. var. breweri (Engelm.) Jeps. (Brewer oak) [10,37,52] Q. g. var. semota Jeps. [10,38] Varieties breweri and semota are scrub forms of Oregon white oak. The variety semota is not recognized by some authorities, who claim there are no distinguishing morphological differences between it and the variety breweri [13,51]. The main focus of this paper will be upon Quercus garryana variety garryana. Brewer oak will be discussed where relevant information is available. Following the classification scheme of Tucker [51], the varieties breweri and semota will be treated as synonyms for Brewer oak. Oregon white oak hybridizes with the following species: x Q. dumosa (California scrub oak): Q. X howellii Tucker [32,51] x Q. durata (leather oak): Q. X subconvexa Tucker [32,51] x Q. douglasii (blue oak): Q. X eplingii C. H. Muller [6,32,51] x Q. lobata (valley oak) [51] Brewer oak hybridizes with Q. sadleriana (Sadler oak) [51]. LIFE FORM : Tree, Shrub FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : No special status OTHER STATUS : NO-ENTRY COMPILED BY AND DATE : Janet L. Howard, July 1992 LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : NO-ENTRY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : Howard, Janet L. Quercus garryana. In: Remainder of Citation

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

SPECIES: Quercus garryana | Oregon White Oak
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : Oregon white oak is distributed along the Pacific Coast from southwestern British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, south through western Washington and Oregon to the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada in southern California [4,32,38]. Brewer oak occurs in the higher elevations of the Coastal, Klamath, Cascade, and Transverse Ranges, and the Sierra Nevada [38,51]. ECOSYSTEMS : FRES20 Douglas-fir FRES21 Ponderosa pine FRES22 Western white pine FRES23 Fir - spruce FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce FRES27 Redwood FRES28 Western hardwoods FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub FRES35 Pinyon - juniper FRES42 Annual grasslands STATES : CA OR WA BC ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : CRLA MORA REDW SAJH WHIS YOSE BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 1 Northern Pacific Border 2 Cascade Mountains 3 Southern Pacific Border 4 Sierra Mountains KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest K004 Fir - hemlock forest K005 Mixed conifer forest K006 Redwood forest K009 Pine - cypress forest K010 Ponderosa shrub forest K011 Western ponderosa forest K012 Douglas-fir forest K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland K026 Oregon oakwoods K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026 K029 California mixed evergreen forest K030 California oakwoods K033 Chaparral K034 Montane chaparral K048 California steppe SAF COVER TYPES : 205 Mountain hemlock 211 White fir 213 Grand fir 215 Western white pine 220 Rocky Mountain juniper 221 Red alder 224 Western hemlock 226 Coastal true fir - hemlock 227 Western redcedar - western hemlock 228 Western redcedar 229 Pacific Douglas-fir 230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock 231 Port-Orford-cedar 232 Redwood 233 Oregon white oak 234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone 238 Western juniper 241 Western live oak 243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer 244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir 245 Pacific ponderosa pine 246 California black oak 248 Knobcone pine 249 Canyon live oak 250 Blue oak - Digger pine 255 California coast live oak SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : Oregon white oak occurs in open savannas or in monospecific closed-canopy stands. It is also found in mixed stands with conifers or other broad-leaved trees [13]. The following classifications list Oregon white oak as a dominant species: Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain Province [5] Association types in the North Coast Ranges of California [15] Oak woodland [24] Foothill oak woodlands of the interior valleys of southwestern Oregon [42] Mixed evergreen forest [45] Plant associations within the interior valleys of the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon [46] Vegetation of the bald hills oak woodlands, Redwood National Park, California [48] The Quercus garryana forests of the Willamette Valley, Oregon [50] The redwood forest and associated North Coast forests [55] Brewer oak forms dense, extensive pure stands. The "shin oak" communities of southern California are dominated by this variety [15,30]. The following classifications list Brewer oak as a dominant species: Terrestrial natural communities of California [30] Association types in the North Coast Ranges of California [15]

VALUE AND USE

SPECIES: Quercus garryana | Oregon White Oak
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : Oregon white oak has no current use except as fuelwood. It is highly prized for this purpose. The heat output of Oregon white oak is rated as high; it produces few sparks and has moderate ease of splitting [29]. IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : Oregon white oak woodlands are important for livestock and wildlife. The oaks are a critical food and nesting source for acorn woodpeckers living in the Oregon white oak cover type [12]. This cover type provides excellent hunting opportuniy for raptors [5]. The acorns are eaten by black-tailed deer, pig, black bear, and various rodents, small nongame birds, and gamebirds [13,23]. Gamebirds consuming the acorns include wood duck, Merriam's wild turkey, pigeon, dove, and valley and mountain quail [13,34]. Acorns are also consumed by sheep and cattle [13,18]. Oregon white oak is browsed by black-tailed deer and all classes of livestock [13,18]. Sprouts are preferred over other growth [44]. Brewer oak is heavily to moderately browsed by black-tailed deer. It is the primary summer diet item of deer in Glenn County, California [44]. PALATABILITY : New shoots are highly palatable to deer and all classes of livestock. The palatablity of mature Oregon white oak browse in California has been given the following rating [44]: deer: good to fair cattle: poor to useless sheep: poor to useless goats: poor to useless horses: useless NUTRITIONAL VALUE : Protein levels of Oregon white oak leaves in California vary from 5.2 percent in November to 11.6 percent in October [9,44]. COVER VALUE : Oregon white oak is the preferred forage and nesting cover of the black-capped chickadee, white-breasted nuthatch, Bewick's wren, bushtit, and orange-crowned, MacGillivray's, and Wilson's warblers [2]. Oregon white oak and Oregon white oak-ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) associations are preferred brood habitats for the Merriam's wild turkey in south-central Washington [35]. VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : Oregon white oak is useful for watershed and wildlife habitat restoration. Its deep, extensive root system helps stabilize steep slopes in watershed areas [13]. It has been used in western Washington for restoration of degraded grassland habitat [3]. Trees are generally established from fall acorn plantings. Collection and cultivation methods have been detailed [14,39]. Brewer oak often produces large masts, but acorns are difficult to collect due to the dense, brushy stands formed by this variety [13]. OTHER USES AND VALUES : Oregon white oak is a highly valued ornamental [13]. Native Americans used Oregon white oak acorns for making acorn meal [13]. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Oregon white oak is in decline throughout its range [7,16,27,49]. This species is regenerating poorly, and many Oregon white oak woodlands are being invaded by conifers [2,6,13,28]. In the Willamette Valley, Oregon, where Oregon white oak has historically shown its best growth, the total cover provided by this tree has been reduced from 50 percent in 1850 to 24 percent in 1955 [26]. Saplings there are stunted and under insect attack [16]. Unless steps are taken to reduce present trends, Oregon white oak will continue to become a less prominent member of the western flora. Increasing Oregon white oak populations necessitates removal of competing conifers by burning (see Fire Management Considerations) or other methods. Invading conifers in the bald hills of Redwood National Park, California, were cut or girdled in order to reclaim Oregon white oak woodland [41]. Damaging agents: The white pocket root and butt rot (Polyporus dryophilus) and the shoestring root rot (Armillaria mellea) are the most damaging fungi infecting Oregon white oak. With the exception of acorn-feeding insects, insect damage is usually not severe in this species. The larvae of the filbert worm (Melissopus latiferreanus) and the filbert weevil (Curculio occidentalis) sometimes destroy a considerable portion of a year's mast before acorns ripen. Oregon white oak is frequently infested with mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens) [13]. Timber production: Conifer seedlings planted under or near Oregon white oak often show poor establishment; the mychorrhizal fungi associated with Oregon white oak are believed to be incompatible with conifers [1]. Conifer seedlings established in Oregon oak woodlands through natural regeneration usually flourish, however, possibly because the coniferassociated mychorrhizal fungi invade the woodlands simultaneuosly with their conifer hosts. Softwood logging in the Willamette Valley has favored Douglas-fir seedling recruitment over seedlings of Oregon white oak [16].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

SPECIES: Quercus garryana | Oregon White Oak
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : Oregon white oak is a drought-resistant, flood-tolerant, native, monoecious, deciduous tree ranging from 25 to 90 feet (7.6-27 m) high, and 24 to 40 inches (60-100 cm) in d.b.h. Acorns are from 0.8 to 1.0 inch (0.6-2.5 cm) long. Typically, the trunk supports stout, spreading branches and a rounded crown. The bark is thin and scaly. The root system consists of a deep taproot and a well-developed lateral system, making trees windfirm even in wet areas. Oregon white oaks may live to 500 years of age [4,20,44,54]. Brewer oak grows from 3 to 16 feet (1-5 m) in height [30]. RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : Phanerophyte REGENERATION PROCESSES : Sexual: Oregon white oak is wind pollinated. Acorns develop in 1 year. Masts may be heavy but are irregular. The age of sexual maturity, the age of maximum production, and the average number of acorns produced have not been reported. Acorns are disseminated by gravity or animals. Migrating band-tailed pigeons may disseminate acorns over great distances [13]. Acorn predation is high; often the entire mast is consumed [4]. Some acorns are buried by seed-caching scrub jays, magpies, and various rodents. The viability of fresh acorns has been tested at 75 percent [39]. Fresh acorns germinate immediately under warm, moist conditions. Germination is hypogeal, with initial growth concentrated on development of a taproot. Shoot development is relatively slow; seedlings take 10 years or more to attain 3.3 feet (1 m) in height [13,48]. Seedling survival is low in sod or heavy duff [4]. It is speculated that exotic annual grasses outcompete Oregon oak seedlings for water and light, but experimental results to date are inconclusive [7]. Many seedlings are killed by browsing livestock, deer, or rodents. Pocket gopher frequently destroy young roots [13]. Vegetative: Oregon white oak sprouts from the trunk and root crown following cutting or burning. Some sprouts that arise after burning resemble rhizomes in appearance and growth habit. They originate from the root crown and extend several meters before emerging from the humus [41]. Sprouts grow rapidly; 3-year-old sprouts in Humbolt and Trinity Counties, California, averaged 9.2 feet (2.8 m) in height [36]. The sprouting ability of Oregon white oak declines with age. Mature oaks may be weak sprouters or fail to sprout altogether [25]. SITE CHARACTERISTICS : Soils and topography: Oregon white oak can grow on a wide variety of sites but is usually outcompeted on better sites. It typically occurs on poor, exposed or droughty locations such as inland valleys and foothills or rocky ridges. It also occurs on poorly drained areas with a shallow water table or with standing water for part of the year. Soil texture is characteristically clay, but the oak grows in gravelly or sandy loam as well. Soil pH ranges from 4.8 to 5.9. Slopes may be steep but are typically gentle (less than 30 percent) [13]. Elevation: Oregon white oak grows from sea level to 5,000 feet (1,524 m) in elevation [13,37]. Brewer oak grows from 3,000 to 7,500 feet (914-2,286 m) in elevation [13,30]. Climate: Oregon white oak grows in diverse climates, ranging from the cool, humid conditions near the coast to the hot, dry environment of inland valleys and foothill woodlands. The species can endure temperature extremes from -30 to 166 degrees Fahrenheit (-34 to 47 deg C). Average annual precipitation ranges from 103.5 inches (262 cm) at Cougar, Washington to 10.6 inches (30 cm) in the Tehachapi Mountains of California [13]. Plant associates: Overstory associates not listed under DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE include grand fir (Abies grandis), Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), California bay (Umbellularia californica), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), river birch (Betula occidentalis), and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) [11,13,50]. Shrub associates include over 50 species. Some of these are manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.), buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus), English ivy (Hedera helix), poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), California huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), and tall Oregon-grape (Mahonia aquifolium) [13]. Ground cover associates are numerous. They include bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), springgold (Crocidium multicaule), California toothwort (Dentaria californica), blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus), threadleaf phacelia (Phacelia linearis), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) [13]. SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : Oregon white oak is somewhat shade tolerant. It can reproduce adequately under its own shade but is intolerant of overtopping by conifers [13]. Oregon white oakwoods are fire climax and are seral to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir, or redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests in the absence of fire [16,27,28,49]. On xeric sites unfavorable to conifers, Oregon white oak is considered a climax species [20]. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : The following seasonal development was reported for Oregon white oak in the Willamette Valley, Oregon [13]: catkins emerge: March - June leaves emerge: March - June stems lengthen: March - June acorns ripen: August - November acorns dispersed: September - November

FIRE ECOLOGY

SPECIES: Quercus garryana | Oregon White Oak
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : Fire ecology: Historically, Oregon white oak was subjected to a fire regime of low-severity surface fires occurring every few years. A study in the Oregon white oak woodlands of Humbolt Redwoods State Park, California, revealed a history of fire every 7.5 to 13.3 years during the presettlement era [47]. Frequent fire resulted in the open savannas typical of presettlement times in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, and the bald hills of California [49]. Dead woody fuels were scant, but flashy fuels (grasses) were abundant and dry early in summer. The fire spread rate was moderated by the gentle topography typical of this cover type. Fire seldom spread into adjacent coniferous forests [5]. Plant adaptations: Oregon white oak has adapted to low- to moderate-severity fire by sprouting from the bole, root crown, and roots [25,36,48]. Sprouts of this species grow far more rapidly than do seedlings. Young trees not subjected to periodic top-kill by fire followed by sprouting often do not attain sexual maturity before they succumb to herbivory [48]. Initial establishment of seedlings is somewhat dependent on fire also. Although this species does not require a bare mineral seedbed, seedling recruitment is greatly enhanced when the litter layer has been removed by fire [4]. POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : Tree with adventitious-bud rootcrown/ soboliferous species root sucker Ground residual colonizer (onsite, initial community) Secondary colonizer - offsite seed

FIRE EFFECTS

SPECIES: Quercus garryana | Oregon White Oak
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : Crown fire generally kills this species. Moderate-severity surface fire rarely kills large trees, but smaller oaks may be killed or suffer severe cambium damage [13]. Low-severity surface fire rarely harms mature trees, but seedlings and saplings are commonly top-killed. Animal-buried acorns are usually not affected by fire [41,49]. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : NO-ENTRY PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : Most researchers report vigorous sprouting of top-killed Oregon white oak [17,36,41,43,53], although at least one researcher [25] has classified this species as a weak sprouter. Sugihara and Reed [48] report more vigorous sprouting in 40-year-old than in 70-year-old oaks. Studies conducted on young, even-aged stands show good postfire recovery of these trees. Oregon white oak top-killed by fall prescribed burning in Shasta and Tehema Counties, California, exhibited vigorous sprouting during the first postfire growing season [53]. In Humbolt and Trinity Counties, California, three-year-old sprouts had grown above the browse line [36]. In the absence of further fire, these sprout clumps form dense, even-aged stands. Most Oregon white oak woodlands of today are of this type due to fire supression. When subjected to further fire, however, weaker meristematic tissue is killed, and individual root crowns produce fewer sprouts per clump with each fire. Continued periodic fire ultimately results in an open savanna with widely scattered, large oaks [27]. Fire research on Brewer oak is extremely limited. One study followed the postfire recovery of this variety for 3 years after the Three Creeks Burn in Humbolt County, California. This "intense" wildfire top-killed most oak shrubs. At the end of postfire year 1, sprouts varied in height from 4.4 to 11.2 feet (1.3-3.4 m), with an average of 18 sprouts per clump. At postfire year 3, many of the weaker sprouts had died, and sprouts were reduced to an average of 10 sprouts per clump. Sprout height at postfire year 3 was not recorded [43]. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : NO-ENTRY FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Fire appears to be the dominant controlling factor involved in converting invading coniferous forests back to Oregon white oak woodland. If a conifer forest is the objective, managers can simply allow young invading conifers to grow. In order to halt conifer establishment and facilitate oak regeneration, a minimum frequency of prescribed burning every 5 years is recommended. Ideally, prescribed fire should be set annually. When existing conifers are 10 feet (3 m) or more in height, oak woodlands can be restored by removing conifers by cutting or girdling. A program of prescribed burning is then necessary for long-term maintenance [48].

REFERENCES

SPECIES: Quercus garryana | Oregon White Oak
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Proceedings of the symposium on oak woodlands and hardwood rangeland management; 1990 October 31 - November 2; Davis, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-126. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 25-30. [17356] 8. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434] 9. Bissell, Harold D.; Strong, Helen. 1955. The crude protein variations in the browse diet of California deer. California Fish and Game. 41(2): 145-155. [10524] 10. Bolsinger, Charles L. 1989. Shrubs of California's chaparral, timberland, and woodland: area, ownership, and stand characteristics. Res. Bull. PNW-RB-160. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Experiment Station. 50 p. [7426] 11. 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[1384] 32. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 375 p. [2952] 33. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No. 14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496] 34. Mackey, Dennis L. 1984. Roosting habitat of Merriam's turkeys in south-central Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management. 48(4): 1377-1382. [15159] 35. Mackey, Dennis L. 1986. Brood habitat of Merriam's turkeys in south-central Washington. Northwest Science. 60(2): 108-112. [5771] 36. McDonald, Philip M.; Minore, Don; Atzet, Tom. 1983. Southwestern Oregon--northern California hardwoods. In: Burns, Russel M., compiler. 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Index

Related categories for Species: Quercus garryana | Oregon White Oak

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