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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Spiraea douglasii | Douglas' Spirea
ABBREVIATION :
SPIDOU
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
SPDO
SPDOD
SPDOM
COMMON NAMES :
Douglas' spirea
hardhack
pink spirea
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of Douglas' spirea is Spiraea
douglasii Hook. [20,35]. There are two recognized varieties:
S. d. var. douglasii (Douglas' spirea) [21,25]
S. d. var. menziesii (Hook.) Presl (Menzies' spirea) [21,25,35]
Douglas' spirea may hybridize with white spiraea (S. betulifolia) to
form pyramid spirea (S. x pyramidata Greene) [33,35].
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Lora L. Esser, May 1995
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Esser, Lora L. 1995. Spiraea douglasii. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Spiraea douglasii | Douglas' Spirea
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Douglas' spirea occurs from Alaska south to northern California and east
to western Montana [21,29,35]. Pyramid spirea occurs from British
Columbia south to Oregon and east to western Montana [35].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
STATES :
AK CA ID MT OR WA BC
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
CODA CRLA FOCL MORA MOSA NOCA
OLYM
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest
K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir-hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
K025 Alder-ash forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
SAF COVER TYPES :
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir
207 Red fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
215 Western white pine
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood-willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock-Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir-hemlock
227 Western redcedar-western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
237 Interior ponderosa pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
203 Riparian woodland
422 Riparian
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Douglas' spirea occurs mainly in riparian habitats such as swamps, mud
flats, shrub carrs, marshes, bogs, and along streams [8,17,18,23,44].
In British Columbia Douglas' spirea is found in rush (Juncus spp.)-sedge
(Carex spp.)-quillwort (Isoetes spp.) and shrub carr community types
[8,18]. Common associates include Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum),
Sitka willow (Salix sitchensis), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), salal
(Gaultheria shallon), sweet gale (Myrica gale), and bog rush (Juncus
effusus) [2,28].
In Washington a Douglas' spirea-bog blueberry (Vaccinium
uliginosum)/sedge community type is described. Common associates
include swordleaf rush (Juncus ensifolius), blister sedge (Carex
vesicaria), Sitka sedge (C. sitchensis), slough sedge (C. obnupta),
common willowweed (Epilobium glandulosum), and kneeling angelica
(Angelica genuflexa) [19]. Douglas' spirea is also a member of a field
horsetail (Equisetum arvense)-skunkcabbage (Veratrum californicum) swamp
association. Associates include Sitka alder (Alnus viridis ssp.
sinuata), black twinberry (Lonicera involucrata), and red-osier dogwood
(Cornus sericea) [16].
Associates of Douglas' spirea in Washington and Oregon forest commuities
include dwarf huckleberry (Vaccinium caespitosum), blue wildrye (Elymus
glaucus), deer fern (Blechnum spicant), bracken fern (Pteridium
aquilinum), western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), widefruit sedge
(Carex eurycarpa), Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii), and bristly black currant
(Ribes lacustre) [12,29,30].
In California Douglas' spirea occurs in sphagnum bog, north coast
riparian scrub, and freshwater marsh communities [23,44]. Common
associates include bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), Pacific wax-myrtle
(Myrica californica), Hooker willow (Salix hookeriana), Hinds willow (S.
hindsiana), sedge (Carex spp.), bear sedge (C. arcta), round-leaved
sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), and coast Labrador tea (Ledum glandulosum
var. columbiana) [23,44].
In eastern Idaho and western Montana, Douglas' spirea is dominant in
herbaceous wetland communities [41,42]. In Montana a Douglas' spirea
community type has been described [4,17]. Douglas' spirea is dominant
in a thinleaf alder community type [4]. Common associates in Montana
include Booth willow (Salix boothii), Geyer willow (S. geyeriana),
Wood's rose, western polemonium (Polemonium occidentale), beaked sedge
(Carex rostrata), inflated sedge (C. vesicaria), reed canarygrass
(Phalaris arundinacea), and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera)
[4,17].
The following publications list Douglas' spirea as a community dominant:
Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in
northwestern Montana [4]
Riparian dominance types of Montana [17]
Plant association and management guide: Willamette National Forest [19]
Riparian zone associations: Deschutes, Ochoco, Fremont, and Winema
National Forests [29]
Classification of aquatic and semiaquatic wetland natural areas in Idaho
and western Montana [41]
Management of riparian vegetation in the northcoast region of
California's coastal zone [44]
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Spiraea douglasii | Douglas' Spirea
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Douglas' spirea has limited value as livestock forage because of
typically dense stands, high water tables, and scarcity of palatable
grasses [4,17]. It is sometimes eaten by livestock in the summer and
fall [4,17].
In western Washington and Oregon Douglas' spirea is browsed by
black-tailed deer [5,8].
PALATABILITY :
In Oregon Douglas' spirea has a low palatability rating [29].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
In Washington a breeding population of long-billed marsh wrens was found
nesting in a Douglas' spirea emergent shrub community type [52]. In
British Columbia Douglas' spirea is a component of the western
hemlock-Sitka spruce habitat type which is important grizzly bear
habitat [2]. In Oregon quaking aspen-lodgepole pine/Douglas'
spirea/widefruit sedge and lodgepole pine/Douglas' spirea/widefruit
sedge habitat types are utilized by livestock for bedding and shade.
These two habitat types are also important to deer, elk, and raptors
[29].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Carlson [6] recommends Douglas' spirea for riparian revegetation
programs in the Pacific Northwest. In a black cottonwood (Populus
trichocarpa) riparian community, Douglas' spirea seedlings were planted
in the fall of 1980 and had a 27 percent survival rate. In 1988 percent
cover of Douglas' spirea had increased [6]. In Oregon Douglas' spirea
was propagated as in situ hardwood cuttings (collected and planted
on-site the same day) in a Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) community
[48].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
In Oregon Douglas' spirea is sensitive to trampling and soil compaction
[4,32]. The riparian lodgepole pine/Douglas' spirea/forb association
has been overgrazed in Oregon. Douglas' spirea may be eliminated with
continued overuse [29].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Spiraea douglasii | Douglas' Spirea
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Douglas' spirea is a rhizomatous, deciduous shrub with erect, spreading
stems 3 to 6 feet (1-1.8 m) tall [17,35,40]. Leaves are 1 to 4 inches
(3-10 cm) long [20,35]. Seeds are 0.08 inch (2 mm) long [40].
Douglas'spirea forms adventitious roots after burial [1].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Douglas' spirea is a rhizomatous shrub that often forms dense colonies
[1,4,32]. It will sprout from the stem base and root crown following
disturbance [4,29]. In Washington following the May 18, 1980 volcanic
eruption of Mount St. Helens, Douglas' spirea showed extensive rhizome
development in the tephra (volcanic aerial ejecta) and contained one to
five adventitious roots per centimeter of stem 1 year after burial.
Maximum adventitious root length of Douglas' spirea was 3.6 inches (9
cm) [1].
Douglas' spirea produces small seeds that are probably dispersed via
animals and strong winds [40].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Douglas' spirea occurs in riparian areas including wet meadows,
floodplains, terraces, bogs, swamps, and along streams, rivers, lakes,
springs, and ponds [4,12,17,23,24].
Douglas' spirea grows best on moist to semiwet soils with good drainage
[20,28,29,32,35]. It grows best on loam and sandy loam soils, but
occurs on silty clay, clay loam, and gravelly substrates as well
[17,19,23,29,42]. Douglas' spirea is tolerant of permanently
water-logged soils (peat) and widely fluctuating water tables [23,28].
Elevations for Douglas' spirea are as follows:
feet meters
California 4,620-6,435 1,400-1,950 [20,46]
Montana 3,760-6,700 1,147-2,044 [4,35]
Oregon 2,200-5,800 660-1,740 [29]
Washington 2,500-5,000 750-1,500 [19]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Douglas' spirea occurs mostly in seral communities [2,4,7,27,37]. It is
generally shade intolerant [28], but horticultural specimens have been
described as shade tolerant [11,20]. In British Columbia Douglas'
spirea is a pioneer species in disclimax communities maintained by
avalanches [2]. In southwestern British Columbia and northwestern
Washington, Douglas' spirea is a pioneer species on clearcut sites
[27,37]. In northwestern Montana a Douglas' spirea community type may
be seral to an as yet undefined thinleaf alder/Douglas' spirea habitat
type [4].
Douglas' spirea often forms dense impenetrable thickets in riparian
areas [4]. In Washington Douglas' spirea usually occurs in mosaics with
other hydric and mesic non-forest species in riparian forest openings
[19].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
In California Douglas' spirea flowers from June to September [40].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Spiraea douglasii | Douglas' Spirea
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Douglas' spirea is moderately resistant to fire [32] and sprouts readily
from the stem base and rhizomes after fire [4,17,29,32]. In
presettlement times, wildfires were "probably common" in Douglas' spirea
communities of riparian areas in Montana and Oregon; soils were usually
dry by mid-summer, allowing fires from adjacent uplands to encroach upon
the stand [17,29]. Fires were probably infrequent in the thinleaf
alder-Douglas' spirea association in Oregon [29].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Spiraea douglasii | Douglas' Spirea
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Douglas' spirea is probably topkilled by most fires and killed by
severe fires.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
The literature contains few reports describing Douglas' spirea after
fire. Because of its sprouting ability, it probably survives most
fires. In central British Columbia Douglas' spirea was present with
shinyleaf spirea (Spiraea betulifolia var. lucida) in seral Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmannii)-fir (Abies spp.) stands. Relative density of
the Spiraea spp. in plots 4 to 22 years after fire was 4 percent; in
plots 37 to 75 years after fire, it was 9 percent [13]. In British
Columbia McMinn [38] studied a site in a western hemlock/Sitka spruce
forest burned in 1861 and again in 1931. By 1948 Douglas' spirea had
formed dense thickets with salmonberry and thimbleberry.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Spiraea douglasii | Douglas' Spirea
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Index
Related categories for Species: Spiraea douglasii
| Douglas' Spirea
|
 |
