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Location:
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Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan
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Geographic coordinates:
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40 00 N, 60 00 E
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Map references:
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Asia
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Area:
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total: 488,100 sq km
water: 0 sq km
land: 488,100 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly larger than California
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Land boundaries:
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total: 3,736 km
border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km
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Coastline:
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0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
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Maritime claims:
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none (landlocked)
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Climate:
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subtropical desert
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Terrain:
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flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m; note - Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)
highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt
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Land use:
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arable land: 3.47%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 96.39% (1998 est.)
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Irrigated land:
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17,500 sq km (2003 est.)
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Natural hazards:
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NA
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Environment - current issues:
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contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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landlocked; the western and central low-lying, desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau
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