Nail Polish (Photo Credit: Courtney Rhodes / CC BY 2.0)

Nail Polish

Nail polish is a lacquer that can be applied to the human fingernails or toenails to decorate and protect the nail plates. The formulation has been revised repeatedly to enhance its decorative effects and to suppress cracking or flaking. Nail polish consists of an organic polymer with various additives. There are 13 principal nail polish finishes:

Nail Polish (Photo Credit: Lelê Breveglieri / CC BY 2.0)

•     Shimmer
•     Micro-shimmer
•     Micro-glitter
•     Glitter
•     Frost
•     Lustre
•     Creme
•     Prismatic micro-glitter or shimmer
•     Iridescent
•     Opalescent
•     Matte
•     Duo-chrome
•     Jelly or translucent
•     Magnetic
•     Crackled

Nail Polish (Photo Credit: Zitona / CC BY 2.0)

Primer

A cosmetic primer is a cream or lotion applied before another cosmetic to improve coverage and lengthen the amount of time the cosmetic lasts on the face. There are different kinds of cosmetic primers such as foundation primer eyelid primer, lip primer and mascara primer. A foundation primer may work like a moisturizer or it may absorb oil with salicylic acid or aid in creating a less oily more matte appearance.

Eyelid or eye shadow primers are similar but made specifically for use near the eyes. An eyelid primer may help even the color of the lid and upper eye area may reduce oiliness, may add shimmer or inversely may mattify. Eye primers aid in the smooth application of eye shadow prevent it from accumulating in eyelid creases and improve its longevity. Two popular eye shadow primers include Urban Decay Primer Potion and Too Faced Shadow Insurance. Mascara primer is sometimes colorless.

It usually thickens and lengthens the lashes before the application of mascara for a fuller finished look. It may also help keep mascara from smudging or flaking and some claim to improve the health of the lashes. Lip primers are intended to smooth the lips and help improve the application of lipstick or lip gloss although exfoliating the lips is often recommended before applying. They also are intended to increase the longevity of lip color and to prevent lipstick from feathering that is smearing past the lip vermilion and especially from migrating into any fine lines around the lips.

Lipstick

Lipstick (Photo Credit: wencor teo / CC BY 2.0)

Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, waxes and emollients that apply color, texture and protection to the lips. Many colors and types of lipstick exist. As with most other types of makeup lipstick is typically but not exclusively worn by women. The use of lipstick dates back to medieval times. Lipstick contains wax, oils, antioxidants and emollients.

Lipstick (Photo Credit: Arienne McCracken / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Matte lipsticks contain more filling agents like silica but do not have many emollients. Creme lipsticks contain more waxes than oils. Sheer and long lasting lipstick contain a lot of oil while long lasting lipsticks also contain silicone oil which seals the colors to the wearer lips. Glossy lipstick contain more oil to give a shiny finish to the lips. Shimmery lipstick may contain mica, silica and synthetic pearl particles to give them a glittery or shimmering shine.

Lipstick (Photo Credit: pawpaw67 / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Lip Gloss

Lip Gloss (Photo Credit: Sodanie Chea / CC BY 2.0)

Lip gloss is a product used primarily to give lips a glossy lustre and sometimes to add a subtle color. It is distributed as a liquid or a soft solid. The product is available in ranges of opacity from translucent to solid and can have various frosted, glittered, glossy and metallic finishes.

Lip gloss is often used when a person wants to have some color on their lips but does not want an intense solid lip color effect as lipstick would create. It is often used by preteen and young teenage girls who want to wear some makeup but are too young to wear more intense and different lipstick colors.

Lip Gloss (Photo Credit: Maria Morri / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Lip Liner

Lip liner also known as lip pencil is a cosmetic product. It is intended to fill uneven areas on the outer edges of the lips after applying lipstick therefore giving a smooth shape. It is also used to outline the lips keeping lipstick inside the lip area and preventing it from bleeding therefore creating a bigger contrast and making the lips stand out more.

The product is usually sold in a retractable tube or pencil form. Lip liner is usually available in the same range of colors as lipsticks e.g. reds, pinks, browns, plums, etc. Lip liner also comes in invisible for giving the illusion of smooth lips without adding or affecting color.

Lip Liner (Photo Credit: Jen / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Lip Balm

Lip Balm (Photo Credit: Francesca Cesa Bianchi, Milano / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Lip balm or lip salve is a wax-like substance applied topically to the lips of the mouth to moisturize and relieve chapped or dry lips, angular cheilitis, stomatitis or cold sores. Lip balm often contains beeswax or carnauba wax, camphor, cetyl alcohol, lanolin, paraffin, and petrolatum, among other ingredients. Some varieties contain dyes, flavor, fragrance, phenol.

Lip Balm (Photo Credit: chedderfish / CC BY-SA 2.0)

The primary purpose of lip balm is to provide an occlusive layer on the lip surface to seal moisture in lips and protect them from external exposure. Dry air, cold temperatures and wind all have a drying effect on skin by drawing moisture away from the body. Lips are particularly vulnerable because the skin is so thin and thus they are often the first to present signs of dryness. Occlusive materials like waxes and petroleum jelly prevent moisture loss and maintain lip comfort while flavorants, colorants, sunscreens and various medicaments can provide additional specific benefits. Lip balm can be applied where a finger is used to apply it to the lips or in a lipstick-style tube from which it can be applied directly.

Lip Balm (Photo Credit: Mike Mozart / CC BY 2.0)

Concealer

Concealer (Photo Credit: ookikioo / CC BY 2.0)

A concealer or color corrector is a type of cosmetic that is used to mask dark circles, age spots, large pores and other small blemishes visible on the skin. It is similar to foundation but thicker and used to hide different pigments by blending the imperfection into the surrounding skin tone. It is normally applied after primer after foundation and used on the face. Both concealer and foundation are typically used to make skin appear more uniform in color.

Concealer (Photo Credit: Kevina Wilson-Bonds / CC BY 2.0)

Concealer is available in a variety of shades from lightest to deepest. When picking a concealer people tend to choose one or two shades lighter than their skin tone to better hide their blemishes and dark circles under the eye. Some colors are intended to look like a natural skin tone while others are meant to contrast with a particular type of blemish. Concealers with yellow undertones are used to hide dark circles. Green and blue can counteract red patches on the skin such as those caused by pimples, broken veins or rosacea. A purple-tinted concealer can make sallow complexions look brighter. Colored concealers such as these are usually applied sparingly beneath a concealer or foundation that matches the wearer’s skin tone.

Concealer (Photo Credit: earthlydelights / CC BY 2.0)

Foundation

Foundation (Photo Credit: hello_bonnie / CC BY 2.0)

Foundation is a skin coloured cosmetic applied to the face to create an even uniform colour to the complexion to cover flaws and sometimes to change the natural skin tone. Foundation applied to the body is generally referred to as body painting.
Coverage refers to the opacity of the makeup or how much it will conceal on the skin.

• Sheer is the most transparent and contains the least amount of pigment. It will not hide discolorations on the skin but it can minimize the contrast between the discoloration and the rest of the skin tone. Although pigment technology has evolved dramatically since 2004 the traditional protocol for sheer foundations called for pigment to comprise 8-13% of the finished formula.
• Light can cover unevenness and slight blotchiness but is not opaque enough to cover freckles. It contains 13-18% pigment.
• Medium coverage can when set with a tinted powder, cover freckles, discolorations, blotchiness and red marks left by pimples. It contains 18-23% pigment.
• Full coverage is very opaque and used to cover birthmarks, vitiligo, hyperpigmentation and scars. It is sometimes referred to as corrective or camouflage make-up. In general it contains up to 35% pigment though professional brands designed for use on stage can contain up to 50% pigment. An example is Colortration.

Foundation (Photo Credit: Jen / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Face Powder

Face Powder (Photo Credit: Maria Morri / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Face powder is a cosmetic powder applied to the face to set a foundation after application. It can also be reapplied throughout the day to minimize shininess caused by oily skin. There is translucent sheer powder and there is pigmented powder. Certain types of pigmented facial powders are meant be worn alone with no base foundation. Powder tones the face and gives an even appearance. Besides toning the face some powders with sunscreen can also reduce skin damage from sunlight and environmental stress.

It comes packaged either as a compact or as loose powder. It can be applied with a sponge, brush or powder puff. Uniform distribution over the face is achieved more easily when a loose powder is applied. Because of the wide variation among human skin tones there is a corresponding variety of colors of face powder. There are also several types of powder. A common powder used in beauty products is talc which is absorbent and provides toning to the skin.

Face Powder (Photo Credit: Jen / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Rouge

Rouge (Photo Credit: zaimoku_woodpile / CC BY 2.0)

Rouge is a cosmetic typically used by women to redden the cheeks so as to provide a more youthful appearance and to emphasize the cheekbones. In modern times rouge generally consists of a red-coloured talcum-based powder that is applied with a brush to the cheek.

Rouge (Photo Credit: ookikioo / CC BY 2.0)

The colouring is usually either the substance of safflor or a solution of carmine in ammonium hydroxide and rosewater perfumed with rose oil. A cream-based variant of rouge is schnouda, a colourless mixture of Alloxan with cold cream which also colours the skin red.

Rouge (Photo Credit: ookikioo / CC BY 2.0)

Sunless Tanning

Sunless Tanning (Photo Credit: skeleton hands / CC BY 2.0)

Sunless tanning also known as UV-free tanning, self tanning, spray tanning, or fake tanning refers to the application of chemicals to the skin to produce an effect similar in appearance to a suntan. The popularity of sunless tanning has risen since the 1960s after health authorities confirmed links between UV exposure and the incidence of skin cancer.

Sunless Tanning (Photo Credit: crizeel ong / CC BY 2.0)

Mascara

Mascara (Photo Credit: ookikioo / CC BY 2.0)

Mascara is a cosmetic commonly used to enhance the eyes. It may darken, thicken, lengthen and define the eyelashes. Normally in one of three forms liquid, cake or cream the modern mascara product has various formulas. However most contain the same basic components of pigments, oils, waxes and preservatives. The use of mascara helps to mimic neoteny, namely large eyes. Mascara pulls away the eyelash from the rim of the eye creating a doe-like illusion of larger more open eyes. Wide eyes are culturally equated with youth and may be subconsciously associated with innocence. Innocence and youth can prompt protective instincts as well as feelings of attraction.

Mascara (Photo Credit: Maria Morri / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Eye Liner

Eye Liner (Photo Credit: ookikioo / CC BY 2.0)

Eyeliner is a cosmetic used to define the eyes. It is applied around the contours of the eye to create a variety of aesthetic effects. Depending on its texture eyeliner can be softly smudged or clearly defined. There are five main types of eyeliner available on the market each produces a different effect.

• Liquid eyeliner is an opaque liquid that usually comes in a small bottle and is applied with a tiny brush or felt applicator. It creates a sharp precise line. Because liquid eyeliner gives a much heavier appearance it is often only applied to the upper lash line.
• Powder-based eye pencil is eyeliner in a wood pencil. It is generally available in dark matter shades.
• Wax-based eye pencils are softer pencils and contain waxes that ease application. They come in a wide variety of intense colours as well as paler shades such as white or beige. Wax-based eyeliners can also come in a cone or a compact with brush applicator.
• Kohl eyeliner is a soft powder available in dark matte shades. It is most often used in black to outline the eyes. It comes in pencil, pressed powder or loose powder form. This type of eyeliner is more likely to smudge.
• Gel eye liner which is a softer gel liner that can be easily applied with an eyeliner brush. It can be precisely applied and is much softer than Kohl.

Eye Liner (Photo Credit: ookikioo / CC BY 2.0)

Setting Spray

Setting spray is a cosmetic product designed to preserve applied make-up long periods of time. Usually sold in small spray bottles. Setting spray is applied by spritzing mist over the face keeping the make-up application moist for several hours.

The cosmetics industry has accepted setting sprays as a complement to powders in keeping the skin from drying for longer periods of time. However there are product reviewers who have wondered if a setting spray is effective when not wearing foundation even though it has proven effective with minimal makeup.

Eyelash Extensions

Eyelash Extensions (Photo Credit: Mike Mozart / CC BY 2.0)

An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grows at the edge of the eyelid. Eyelashes protect the eye from debris and perform some of the same function as whiskers do on a cat or a mouse in the sense that they are sensitive to being touched, thus providing a warning that an object is near the eye. Eyelash Extensions is a practice that enhances the length, thickness and fullness to natural eyelashes.

Eyelash Extensions (Photo Credit: Mike Mozart / CC BY 2.0)

The extensions may consist of silk, mink, or synthetic hair. Long eyelashes are considered a sign of beauty in many cultures. Accordingly, some women seek to enhance their eyelash length artificially, using eyelash extensions. Permanent eyelash tints and eyelash extensions have also become popular procedures, even in fairly basic salons. It is also possible to get eyelash transplants, which are similar in nature to hair transplantation often done on the head. Since the hair is transplanted from the hair on the head, the new eyelashes will continue to grow like head hair and will need to be trimmed regularly.

Eyelash Extensions (Photo Credit: ookikioo / CC BY 2.0)

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Omega SA (Photo Credit: Norio NAKAYAMA / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Omega SA

Omega Swatch LCD shows the time. Various models in different colors of the LCD are available which include back lighting for reading in the dark. Omega SASA is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. Britain’s Royal Flying Corps chose Omega watches in 1917 as its official timekeepers for its combat units as did the American army in 1918. Omega watches were the choice of NASA and the first watch on the Moon in 1969. Omega has been the official timekeeping device of the Olympic Games since 1932. James Bond has worn it in films since 1995 other famous Omega wearers past and present include John F. Kennedy, Prince William and Buzz Aldrin. Omega is owned by the Swatch Group.

Omega SA (Photo Credit: Time Maven / Public Domain)

For men

• Constellation
• Omega Seamaster: includes the Planet Ocean, Ploprof, Aqua Terra, Bullhead, and Seamaster Bond Styles
• Omega Speedmaster: includes the famous Omega Speedmaster Professional Moon watch
• De Ville
• Dynamic (*Discontinued Circa 1997)
• Specialities: includes their skeleton Seamaster and Central Tourbillon DeVille.
• Geneve

For women

• Constellation
• Seamaster
• Speedmaster
• De Ville
• Specialities

Omega SA (Photo Credit: Time Maven / Public Domain)

Titan Company

Titan watches account for more than 60% share of the total Indian market and are also sold in about 32 countries through marketing subsidiaries based in London, Aden, Dubai and Singapore. Titan offers various brands including Steel, Regalia, Raga, Nebula, Sonata, Fastrack, Zoop, Orion, Purple, Obaku, Automatic, Tycoon, Bandhan, Octane and the HTSE series.

Titan has claimed to have manufactured the world’s slimmest wrist watch branded as Titan Edge with a total thickness of 3.5 mm and a movement of 1.15 mm. In July 2011 Titan launched the HTSE collection of watches which run on light. According to Titan these watches can be charged with as low as 200 lux of light which makes them chargeable with light even from a candle. On 16 November 2011 Titan Industries acquired Swiss watch maker Favre-Leuba for Euro 2 million.

Titan (Photo Credit: sabihclicks / CC BY 2.0)

Timex Group USA

Timex Group USA (Photo Credit: Andrew J.Kurbiko / CC BY-SA 4.0)

Timex Group USA, Inc. is a subsidiary of the Dutch company Timex Group B.V. and its US headquarters is based in Middlebury, Connecticut. The company is the current successor to the Waterbury Clock Company founded in 1854 in nearby Waterbury, Connecticut. Ingersoll introduced the Ingersoll Yankee a dollar pocket watch supplied by Waterbury Clock Company. These watches gained such great popularity that they became known as the watch that made the dollar famous.

Timex Group USA (Photo Credit: Mark Turnauckas / CC BY 2.0)

Citizen Holdings

Citizen Holdings (Photo Credit: Jasmin.Doglod / Public Domain)

Citizen Holdings Co., Ltd is the core company of a Japanese global corporate group based in Tokyo, Japan. The company was originally founded as Shokosha Watch Research Institute in 1918 and is currently known as the manufacturer of Cincom precision lathe machine tools as well as Citizen watches. The trade name originated from a pocket watch Citizen sold in 1924. It is one of the world’s largest producers of watches.

Citizen also produces the Independent Watches line featuring a more modern contemporary design than the traditional Citizen label. Depending on the market these watches may be labelled Secret, Lighthouse brands among others. Citizen also manufactures watches for collectorsfor example a watch bearing the colors and logo of the Blue Angels. This watch is part of the Skyhawk A-T line which utilizes Eco-Drive as its primary power source and features Atomic Timekeeping.

Citizen Holdings (Photo Credit: Guillaume PILLET / CC BY 2.0)

Swatch

Swatch Logo (Photo Credit: Public Domain)

Swatch SA design, manufacture, distribute and service wristwatches sold under the ‘Swatch’ and ‘Flik Flak’ brands.
There are five families under the swatch brand:

• Swatch Originals:

The Originals are plastic cased watches. They are available in various sizes, shapes and designs. The originals consist of various sub-families as well.

• Swatch Irony:

The Irony family contains all the metal-cased watches produced by Swatch.

• Swatch Skin:

The Skin family contains two sub families: Original Skin and Skin Chronograph. The Original Skin was introduced on 6 October 1997 as a thinner version of the original Swatch watch. It is ultra thin standing at 3.9 mm hence the name Swatch Skin. The Swatch Skin later went on to enter the Guinness World Book of Records as the world’s thinnest plastic watch. The Swatch Chronograph is simply the Swatch Skin with a chronograph function adding two additional buttons on the side of the watch.

• Swatch Beat:

The Beat family launched in 1998 is incorporated across the three existing families. Beat is a decimal time concept introduced in 1998 and marketed by Swatch as an alternative decimal measure of time.

• Swatch Bijoux:

The Bijoux line is the jewelry line that Swatch released in the new millennium. It partnered with Swarovski to encrust the Bijoux line of watches.

• Swatch Touch:

The Touch line launched in 2011 derives its name from the touchscreen technology used. In contrast to other Swatch families a digital LCD shows the time. Various models in different colors of the LCD are available which include back lighting for reading in the dark.

Swatch (Photo Credit: Khalid Mahmood / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Casio

Casio (Photo Credit: MIKI Yoshihito / CC BY 2.0)

The Casio Computer Company, Limited is a multinational electronics manufacturing company headquartered in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. Its products include calculators, mobile phones, cameras, musical instruments and watches. It was founded in 1946 and in 1957 released the world’s first entirely electric compact calculator.

Casio (Photo Credit: Alpesh Solanki / CC BY 2.0)

Notable ranges:

• G-Shock
• Oceanus
• Casio Sport
• Edifice
• Baby-G
• Classic
• Wave Ceptor

Casio (Photo Credit: J.P.C. / CC BY-SA 2.0)

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Common Nightingale (Photo Credit: Ron Knight / CC BY 2.0)

Common Nightingale

The common nightingale or simply nightingale also known as rufous nightingale is a small passerine bird best known for its powerful and beautiful song. Its song is particularly noticeable at night because few other birds are singing. This is why its name includes night in several languages.

Common Nightingale (Photo Credit: hhhalberto / CC BY 2.0)

Nightingales sing even more loudly in urban or near-urban environments in order to overcome the background noise. The most characteristic feature of the song is a loud whistling crescendo absent from the song of thrush nightingale. It has a frog-like alarm call. The common nightingale has also been used as a symbol of poets or their poetry.

Common Nightingale (Photo Credit: Brian Gratwicke / CC BY 2.0)

Veery

Veery (Photo Credit: Melissa McMasters / CC BY 2.0)

The veery is a small North American thrush species. This species measures 16–19.5 cm in length. Its mass is 26-39 g exceptionally up to 54 g. This bird has a breezy, downward-spiralling, flute-like song often given from a low and concealed perch. The most common call is a harsh descending vee-er which gave the bird its name.

Veery (Photo Credit: Carly Lesser & Art Drauglis / CC BY-SA 2.0)

They forage on the forest floor flipping leaves to uncover insects they may fly up to catch insects in flight. They mainly eat insects and berries. They make a cup nest on the ground or near the base of a shrub. This bird has been displaced in some parts of its range by the related wood thrush. Veeries are occasional hosts for the eggs of brown-headed cowbirds.

Veery (Photo Credit: Peter Wilton / CC BY 2.0)

Malabar Whistling Thrush

Malabar Whistling Thrush (Photo Credit: Antony Grossy / CC BY 2.0)

The Malabar whistling thrush is a whistling thrush in the family Muscicapidae. They are also known locally by the name of whistling schoolboy for the whistling calls that they make at dawn that have a very human quality. The species is a resident in the Western Ghats and associated hills of peninsular India including central India and parts of the Eastern Ghats.

Malabar Whistling Thrush (Photo Credit: shrikant rao / CC BY 2.0)

The birds breed from March to December and begins with the Monsoons. The base of the nest appeared to be cemented to the rock with mud. Mean nest height was 14.8 cm and depth 7.4 cm. The mean outer width and inner width were 21.5 cm and 13.1 cm respectively. Mean height from the ground was 125.8 cm. Most nest sites were about 6 m from water with 60% rock cover. The nests were mostly fully concealed and nesting success was directly related to it.

Malabar Whistling Thrush (Photo Credit: Sandeep Gangadharan / CC BY 2.0)

Rose-Breasted Grosbeak

Rose-Breasted Grosbeak (Photo Credit: Chris Sorge / CC BY-SA 2.0)

The rose-breasted grosbeak is a large insect-eating songbird in the cardinal family. It is primarily a foliage gleaner. It breeds in cool-temperate North America migrating to tropical America in winter. Adult birds are 18–22 cm long, span 29–33 cm across the wings and weigh 35–65 g. The adult male in breeding plumage has a black head, wings, back and tail and a bright rose-red patch on its breast the wings have two white patches and rose-red linings.

Rose-Breasted Grosbeak (Photo Credit: Waldo Jaquith / CC BY-SA 2.0)

The adult female has dark grey-brown upper parts – darker on wings and tail, a white supercilium, a buff stripe along the top of the head and black-streaked white underparts which except in the center of the belly have a buff tinge. The wing linings are yellowish and on the upper wing there are two white patches like in the summer male. The rose-breasted grosbeak forages in shrubs or trees for insects, seeds and berries also catching insects in flight and occasionally eating nectar. Its maximum lifespan in the wild is 7.3 years.

Rose-Breasted Grosbeak (Photo Credit: Trisha Shears / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Mockingbird

Mockingbird (Photo Credit: andymw91 / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Mockingbirds are a group of New World passerine birds from the Mimidae family. They are best known for the habit of some species mimicking the songs of other birds and the sounds of insects and amphibians often loudly and in rapid succession. There are about 17 species in three genera.

Mockingbird (Photo Credit: Ron Knight / CC BY 2.0)

These do not appear to form a monophyletic lineage Mimus and Nesomimus are quite closely related their closest living relatives appear to be some thrashers such as the sage thrasher. Melanotis is more distinct it seems to represent a very ancient basal lineage of Mimidae. The only mockingbird commonly found in North America is the northern mockingbird. The Greek word polyglottos means multiple languages.

Mockingbird (Photo Credit: JKehoe_Photos / CC BY 2.0)

Cockatiel

Cockatiel (Photo Credit: Yann Droneaud / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Cockatiels are generally regarded as good pets or companion parrots having a sweet demeanour though this is by no means guaranteed. Some birds are quite gregarious and sociable while others can be shy retreating to the back of the cage when an unfamiliar figure appears.

Cockatiel (Photo Credit: Christoph Anton Mitterer / CC BY-SA 2.0)

If handled often and if they have a patient owner cockatiels will become tame very quickly compared to some of the other parrot species cockatiels in their natural-habitats of Australia eat mainly grass seeds, captive cockatiels feed on either dry, sprouted and soaked seeds.

Cockatiel (Photo Credit: Ashley Davidson / CC BY 2.0)

Yellow Canary

Yellow Canary (Photo Credit: alsen / Public Domain)

The yellow canary is a small passerine bird in the finch family. It is a resident breeder in much of the western and central regions of southern Africa and has been introduced to Ascension and St Helena islands. The yellow canary is typically 13 cm in length. The adult male colour ranges from almost uniform yellow in the northwest of its range to streaked olive backed birds in the southeast. The underparts rump and tail sides are yellow.

Yellow Canary (Photo Credit: juanmagarran / Public Domain)

The female has grey-brown upper parts, black wings with yellow flight feathers and a pale supercilium. The underparts are white with brown streaking. The juvenile resembles the female but has heavier streaking. Its habitat is karoo and coastal or mountain valley scrub. It builds a compact cup nest in a scrub. The yellow canary is a common and gregarious seed eater. Its call is chissick or cheree and the song is a warbled zee-zeree-chereeo.

Yellow Canary (Photo Credit: bzwei / Public Domain)

Asian Koel

Asian Koel (Photo Credit: Hafiz Issadeen / CC BY 2.0)

The Asian koel is a member of the cuckoo order of birds the Cuculiformes. It is found in South Asia, China and Southeast Asia. It forms a super species with the closely related black-billed and Pacific koels which are sometimes treated as subspecies. The Asian koel is a brood parasite that lays its eggs in the nests of crows and other hosts who raise its young.

Asian Koel (Photo Credit: Challiyil Eswaramangalath Pavithran Vipin / CC BY-SA 2.0)

They are unusual among the cuckoos in being largely frugivorous as adults. The name koel is echoic in origin with several language variants. The bird is a widely used symbol in Indian poetry. The Asian koel is a large, long-tailed, cuckoo measuring 39–46 cm and weighing 190–327 g. These birds were once very popular in India as cage birds. Feeding even on boiled rice these hardy birds lived in captivity for as long as 14 years.

Asian Koel (Photo Credit: Hafiz Issadeen / CC BY 2.0)

Orange-Winged Amazon

Orange-Winged Amazon (Photo Credit: DickDaniels / CC BY-SA 3.0)

The orange-winged amazon also known locally as orange-winged parrot and loro guaro is a large amazon parrot. It is a resident breeding bird in tropical South America from Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago south to Peru, Bolivia and central Brazil. Its habitat is forest and semi-open country. Although common it is persecuted as an agricultural pest and by capture for the pet trade. It is also hunted as a food source.

Orange-Winged Amazon (Photo Credit: Caleb Putnam / CC BY 2.0)

The orange-winged amazon is a mainly green parrot about 33 cm long and weighing about 340 g. It has blue and yellow feathers on its head which varies in extent between individuals. The upper mandible is partly horn colored and partly dark-gray. It has orange feathers in the wings and tail which can be seen when in flight. The male and female are identical in external appearance. The orange-winged amazons are noisy birds and makes loud, high-pitched screams. It eats fruit and seeds including the fruit of palm trees and sometimes cocoa. It roosts communally in palm and other trees and large numbers can be seen at the roost sites at dawn and dusk.

Orange-Winged Amazon (Photo Credit: Dave Lonsdale / CC BY 2.0)

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Maltese (Photo Credit: SheltieBoy / CC BY 2.0)

Maltese

The Maltese is a small breed of dog in the Toy Group. Characteristics include slightly rounded skulls with a finger-wide dome, a black button nose and brown eyes.

Maltese (Photo Credit: Sannse / CC BY-SA 3.0)

The body is compact with the length equaling the height. The drop ears with long hair and surrounded by darker skin pigmentation, gives Maltese their expressive look. The coat is long and silky and lacks an undercoat. The most common cut for the Maltese is called the puppy cut which involves trimming or shaving the entire body to one short length dult Maltese range from roughly 3 to 10 lb.

Maltese (Photo Credit: 2emme0 / Public Domain)

Havanese

Havanese (Photo Credit: Andrea Arden / CC BY 2.0)

The Havanese a breed of Bichon type is the national dog of Cuba. Sometimes referred to as Havana Silk Dogs. The Havanese is small in size and sturdy in structure with a tail carried over its back and ears that drop and fold. The coat is abundant, long and silky and comes in all colors.

Havanese (Photo Credit: IlonaRieck / CC BY-SA 3.0)

The Havanese is considered an ideal family pet and a true companion dog. They are highly adaptable to almost any environment. Because of their strong social needs. Havanese will not thrive in an environment where they are isolated for several hours each day. Most are 10 to 16 pounds and 8.5 to 11.5 inches with the ideal being 9 to 10.5 inches at the withers.

Havanese (Photo Credit: Scheepers100 / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Bichon Frise

Bichon Frise (Photo Credit: Heike Andres / CC BY-SA 3.0)

A Bichon Frise is a small breed of dog of the Bichon type. The Bichon Frise is a member of the Non-Sporting Group of dog breeds in the US and a member of the Toy Dog group in the UK. The Bichon Frise is a small dog that weighs approximately 5-10 kg and stands 23–30 cm at the withers but slightly larger dogs are not uncommon.

Bichon Frise (Photo Credit: N&G / Public Domain)

The tail is groomed to be long and curly and is carried over the back. It has a black nose and dark round eyes its white hair consists of a curly dense coat with little shedding although many of the breed do tend to have less curly hair than others. A small amount of buff cream or apricot color may be seen around its ears, snout, paws or body but normally these colors do not exceed 10% of its body. Coat colors are solid white, apricot or grey.

Bichon Frise (Photo Credit: Arielote / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Coton de Tulear

Coton de Tulear (Photo Credit: Uschi Goess / CC BY-SA 3.0)

The Coton de Tulear is a breed of small dog named for the city of Tulear in Madagascar and for its cotton-like coat. Multiple registries with differing standards describe the Coton de Tulear but it generally has very soft hair comparable to a cotton ball, a prominent black nose, large expressive eyes, and somewhat short legs. The Coton de Tulear’s tail should curl over its back like some other dog breeds.

Coton de Tulear (Photo Credit: Pets Adviser / CC BY 2.0)

The Coton de Tulear has a medium-to-long, fluffy, cotton-like coat that is considered hair rather than fur. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard gives the Coton’s weight as 4 to 6 kg for males and 3.5 to 5 kg for females. The Coton’s height is 25 to 30 cm tall for males and 22 to 27 cm for females.

Coton de Tulear (Photo Credit: Jean / CC BY 2.0)

Chinese Crested Dog

Chinese Crested Dog (Photo Credit: Pets Adviser / CC BY 2.0)

The Chinese crested dog is a hairless breed of dog. Like most hairless dog breeds the Chinese crested comes in two varieties with and without fur which are born in the same litter the Powder Puff and the Hairless. This breed is considered small 10–13 lb.

Chinese Crested Dog (Photo Credit: Томасина / CC BY-SA 4.0)

The Hairless and Powderpuff varieties of Chinese crested Dogs appear to be two different breeds but hairlessness is an incomplete dominant trait within a single breed. The Hairless has soft, human like skin, as well as tufts of fur on its paws and tail and long flowing hair on its head.The Powderpuff is not affected by many of the congenital diseases found in other toy breeds.

Chinese Crested Dog (Photo Credit: F.W Lemmeke / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Lhasa Apso

Lhasa Apso (Photo Credit: Rosana Prada / CC BY 2.0)

The Lhasa Apso is a non-sporting dog breed originating in Tibet. Male Lhasa Apso’s should ideally be 10.75 inches at the withers and weigh about 14 to 18 pounds. The females are slightly smaller and weigh between 12 to 14 pounds. The breed standard requires dark brown eyes and a black nose although liver-colored lhasa’s have a brown nose. The texture of the coat is heavy, straight, hard, neither woolly nor silky and very dense. They come in a wide variety of colors including black, white, red and gold with various shadings. Lhasas can be with or without dark tips at the ends of ears and beard. The tail should be carried well over the dog’s back.

Lhasa Apso (Photo Credit: Bev Sykes / CC BY 2.0)

Tibetan Terrier

Tibetan Terrier (Photo Credit: Antranias / Public Domain)

The Tibetan Terrier is a medium-size breed of dog originated in Tibet. Tibetan Terriers were kept as good luck charms, mascots, watchdogs and companions Known as the Holy Dogs of Tibet. They were never sold but only given as gifts by monks to promote good fortune. The Tibetan Terrier is a powerful medium-sized dog of square proportions with a shaggy coat.

Tibetan Terrier (Photo Credit: Томасина / CC BY-SA 4.0)

They vary widely in height and weight ranging from 14-16 in and is 18-30 lb with 20-24 lb preferred for either sex. All weights are acceptable if in proportion to the size. The head is moderate with a strong muzzle of medium length and a skull neither rounded nor flat. The eyes are large, dark and set fairly far apart. The V-shaped drop ears are well feathered and should be set high on the sides of the skull. Although the preferred colour for the nose is black in show dogs they are also sometimes brown. The body is well muscled and compact. The length of the back should be equal to the height at the withers giving the breed its typical square look. The tail is set high well feathered and carried in a curl over the back. One of the more unusual features of the Tibetan Terrier is the broad flat feet with hair between the toes. They are ideal for climbing mountains and act as natural snow shoes. The hair of Tibetans has a long growth cycle. As a result their coat grows quite long and pet animals will require occasional trimming. Tibetan Terriers are available in any combination of solid, parti – color, tricolor, brindle or piebald as long as the nose leather is black and the eyes and eye rims are dark.

Tibetan Terrier (Photo Credit: Mr407SW / Public Domain)

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (Photo Credit: Joonas J. / CC BY-SA 3.0)

The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small spaniel classed as a toy dog by The Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club. The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is one of the largest toy breeds. It is small for a spaniel with fully grown adults comparable in size to adolescents of other larger spaniel breeds. Breed standards state that height of a Cavalier should be between 12 to 13 inches with a proportionate weight between 10 to 18 pounds. The tail is usually not docked and the Cavalier should have a silky coat of moderate length.

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (Photo Credit: SylwiaAptacy / Public Domain)

There are several major differences between the two breeds with the primary difference being the size. While the Cavalier weighs on average between 10 to 18 pounds, the King Charles is smaller at 9 to 12 pounds. In addition their facial features while similar are different the Cavalier’s ears are set higher and its skull is flat while the King Charles’s is domed. Finally the muzzle length of the Cavalier tends to be longer than that of its King Charles cousin. The breed has four recognized colours.

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (Photo Credit: Public Domain)

Phalene

Phalene (Photo Credit: Johan Larsson / CC BY 2.0)

The Phalene is a toy dog breed also known as the Continental Toy Spaniel. Phalene is the drop-eared variety of the Papillon dog. Both varieties can occur in the same litter. The Phalene is an intelligent dog. They learn new tricks easily. They are sociable with the family but reserved around new people. They need to be socialized to get along well with other pets or they can be distrustful and exhibit aggressive tendencies toward other dogs and people.

Phalenes are playful and affectionate. They are lap dogs and companion dogs. They have enough energy to keep up with active families but can also be calm enough to live in an apartment. Due to their rather high energy level they demand regular exercise routine as other companion breeds. Papillon’s are known as good watchdogs and they will alert their owner to changes in their environment. They can be noisy like many other toy dogs. The Papillon can withstand heat but is more sensitive to cold temperatures because of their single-coated fur and should not be left outside unattended in cold weather.

Phalene (Photo Credit: Pleple2000 / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Papillon

Papillon (Photo Credit: Porg112 / Public Domain)

The Papillon also called the Continental Toy Spaniel is a breed of dog of the Spaniel type. One of the oldest of the toy spaniels it derives its name from its characteristic butterfly like look of the long and fringed hair on the ears.

Papillon (Photo Credit: Andrea Arden / CC BY 2.0)

A Papillon with dropped ears is called a Phalene. The small head is slightly rounded between the ears with a well defined stop. The muzzle is somewhat short thin tapering to the nose. The dark medium-sized round eyes have thin black rims often extending at the junction of the eyelids towards the ears. The large ears can either be erect or dropped with rounded tips. The teeth meet in a scissors bite. The long tail is set high carried over the body and covered with long fine hair. Dewclaws are sometimes removed. The straight, long, fine, single coat has extra frill on the chest, ears, back of the legs and the tail. Coat color is white with patches of any color. A mask of a color other than white covers both ears and eyes from back to front.

Papillon (Photo Credit: SergVG / Public Domain)

Papillon’s can live up to 17 years. A 2002 Papillon Club of America survey puts the average age of their members deceased Papillon’s at 11.45 years.

Papillon (Photo Credit: Raymond Wambsgans / CC BY-SA 2.0)

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Antarctic Fur Seal (Photo Credit: Liam Quinn / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Antarctic fur seal

The Antarctic fur seal is one of eight seals in the genus Arctocephalus and one of nine fur seals in the subfamily Arctocephalinae. This fur seal is a fairly large animal and has a short and broad snout compared with others in the family.

Antarctic Fur Seal (Photo Credit: David Stanley / CC BY 2.0)

Adult males are dark brown in colour. Females and juveniles tend to be grey with a lighter undersides. The usual food supply is krill of which each Antarctic fur seal eats about a ton in a year. Due to the enormous and growing populations of these seals their food is a significant proportion of South Georgia’s krill stocks.

Antarctic Fur Seal (Photo Credit: Liam Quinn / CC BY-SA 2.0)

American mink

American Mink (Photo Credit: USFWS Mountain-Prairie / CC BY 2.0)

The American mink is a semi aquatic species of mustelid native to North America though human intervention has expanded its range to many parts of Europe and South America. The American mink’s winter fur is denser, longer, softer and more close-fitting than that of the European mink. The summer fur is generally shorter, sparser and duller than the winter fur. The American mink is a carnivorous animal which feeds on rodents, fish, crustaceans, amphibians and birds.

American minks are primarily used in manufacturing ladies fur coats, jackets and capes. Pelts which are not able to be converted into these items are made into trimming for cloth and fur coats. Mink scarves and stoles are also manufactured. Jackets and capes are mostly made from small to medium-sized specimens usually females and young males while trimming scarves and stoles are made from adult males. The most valuable peltries come from eastern Canada which although the smallest are the silkiest and darkest.

American Mink (Photo Credit: tsaiproject / CC BY 2.0)

Red fox

Red Fox (Photo Credit: Rodney Campbell / CC BY 2.0)

The red fox has an elongated body and relatively short limbs. The tail which is longer than half the body length is fluffy and reaches the ground when in a standing position. Their pupils are oval and vertically oriented. Nictitating membranes are present but move only when the eyes are closed. The forepaws have five digits while the hind feet have only four and lack dewclaws. They are very agile being capable of jumping over 2-metre high fences and swim well. Vixens normally have four pairs of teats though vixens with seven, nine or ten teats are not uncommon.

The testes of males are smaller than those of Arctic foxes. Their skulls are fairly narrow and elongated with small brain cases. Their canine teeth are relatively long. The winter fur is dense, soft, silky and relatively long. There are three main colour morphs such as red, silver/black and cross Red foxes are among the most important fur bearing animals harvested by the fur trade. Their pelts are used for trimmings, scarfs, muffs, jackets and coats. They are principally used as trimming for both cloth coats and fur garments including evening wraps. The pelts of silver-morph foxes are popular as capes while cross foxes are mostly used for scarfs and rarely for trimming.

Red Fox (Photo Credit: skedonk / CC BY 2.0)

Rabbit

Rabbit (Photo Credit: petur r / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha found in several parts of the world. The male is called a buck and the female is a doe. A young rabbit is a kitten or kit. Rabbits are herbivores that feed by grazing on grass, forbs and leafy weeds. In consequence their diet contains large amounts of cellulose which is hard to digest.

Domestic rabbits can be kept as pets in a back yard hutch or indoors in a cage or house trained to have free roam. Rabbit is sold in UK butchers and markets and some supermarkets sell frozen rabbit meat. When used for food rabbits are both hunted and bred for meat. Snares or guns are usually employed when catching wild rabbits for food. In many regions rabbits are also bred for meat a practice called cuniculture.

Rabbit (Photo Credit: Sergei Scurfield / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Beaver

Beaver (Photo Credit: Marie Hale / CC BY 2.0)

The beaver is a primarily nocturnal large semi-aquatic rodent. Beavers are known for building dams, canals and lodges. They are the second-largest rodent in the world. Their colonies create one or more dams to provide still deep water to protect against predators and to float food and building material.

The North American beaver population was once more than 60 million but as of 1988 was 6-12 million. This population decline is the result of extensive hunting for fur for glands used as medicine and perfume and because the beavers harvesting of trees and flooding of waterways may interfere with other land uses.

Beaver (Photo Credit: finchlake2000 / CC BY 2.0)

Raccoon

Raccoon (Photo Credit: Neil McIntosh / CC BY 2.0)

The raccoon sometimes spelled racoon also known as the common raccoon,  North American raccoon, northern raccoon and colloquially as coon  is a medium-sized mammal native to North America. Theraccoon is the largest of the procyonid family having a body length of 40 to 70 cm and a body weight of 3.5 to 9 kg. Its grayish coat mostly consists of dense underfur which insulates against cold weather. Two of the raccoon’s most distinctive features are its extremely dexterous front paws and its facial mask.

Raccoons are noted for their intelligence with studies showing that they are able to remember the solution to tasks for up to three years. The diet of the omnivorous raccoon which is usually nocturnal consists of about 40% invertebrates, 33% plant foods and 27% vertebrates. After a gestation period of about 65 days two to five young known as “kits” are born in spring. The kits are subsequently raised by their mother until dispersal in late fall. Although captive raccoons have been known to live over 20 years their life expectancy in the wild is only 1.8 to 3.1 years. In many areas hunting and vehicular injury are the two most common causes of death.

Raccoon (Photo Credit: David~O / CC BY 2.0)

Chinchilla

Chinchilla (Photo Credit: Arne Heggestad / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Chinchillas are crepuscular rodents slightly larger and more robust than ground squirrels. Most chinchillas currently used by the fur industry for clothing and other accessories are farm-raised. Chinchilla fur is considered one of the most valuable furs in the world.

Chinchilla (Photo Credit: Karen / CC BY 2.0)

The severe population decline has been caused by chinchilla hunting by humans. Their fur is popular in the fur trade due to its extremely soft feel which is caused by the sprouting of 60 hairs from each hair follicle. The color is usually very even which makes it ideal for small garments or the lining of large garments though some large garments can be made entirely from the fur.

Chinchilla (Photo Credit: Kjersti Holmang / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Muskrat

Muskrat (Photo Credit: photochem_PA / CC BY 2.0)

An adult muskrat is about 40–70 cm long half of that is the tail and weighs from 0.6–2 kg. That is about four times the weight of the brown rat. Muskrats are covered with short thick fur which is medium to dark brown or black in color with the belly a bit lighter as the age increases it turns a partly gray in color. The fur has two layers which helps protect them from the cold water. Native Americans have long considered the muskrat to be a very important animal.

Some predict winter snowfall levels by observing the size and timing of muskrat lodge construction. Muskrats have sometimes been a food resource for humans. Muskrat fur is warm becoming prime at the beginning of December in northern North America. The muskrat is considered a pest as its burrowing damages the dikes and levees on which these low-lying countries depend for protection from flooding. Muskrats also eat corn and other farm and garden crops growing near water bodies. Royal Canadian Mounted Police winter hats are made from muskrat fur.

Muskrat (Photo Credit: Greg Goebel / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Marten

Marten fur which is soft somewhat resembling that of foxes is about one and one-half inches long. The color varies from pale gray to orange-brown and dark brown.

Marten (Photo Credit: Rushen / CC BY 2.0)

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Polar Bear (Photo Credit: Michael Maher / CC BY 2.0)

Polar Bear

The polar bear is a carnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle encompassing the Arctic Ocean its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. The polar bear is a marine mammal because it spends many months of the year at sea. However it is the only living marine mammal with powerful large limbs and feet that allow them to cover miles on foot and run on land.

Polar Bear (Photo Credit: robynm / Public Domain)

Polar bears rarely live beyond 25 years. Polar bears injured in fights or accidents may either die from their injuries or become unable to hunt effectively leading to starvation. The polar bear may swim underwater for three minutes to approach seals on land.

Polar Bear (Photo Credit: skeeze / Public Domain)

American Black Bear

American Black Bear (Photo Credit: Marie Hale / CC BY 2.0)

The American black bear is a medium-sized bear native to North America. It is the continent’s smallest and most widely distributed bear species. Black bears are omnivores with their diets varying greatly depending on season and location. They typically live in largely forested areas but do leave forests in search of food. Sometimes they become attracted to human communities because of the immediate availability of food. The American black bear is the world’s most common bear species. American black bears often mark trees using their teeth and claws as a form of communication with other bears a behavior common to many species of bears.The fur is soft with dense under fur and long, coarse, thick guard hairs.

American Black Bear (Photo Credit: Mark Betram / Public Domain)

Up to 85% of the black bear’s diet consists of vegetation though they tend to dig less than brown bears eating far fewer roots, bulbs, corms and tubers than the latter species.The flesh of the bear is savoury but rather luscious and tastes not unlike pork. It was once so common an article of food in New-York as to have given the name of Bear Market to one of the principal markets of the city. The most favoured cuts of the black bear’s meat are concentrated in the legs and loins. Meat from the neck, front legs and shoulders is usually ground into minced meat or used for stews and casseroles. Black bear fat was once valued as a cosmetic article which promoted hair growth and gloss.

American Black Bear (Photo Credit: Jean / CC BY 2.0)

Asian Black Bear

Asian Black Bear (Photo Credit: Joydeep / CC BY-SA 3.0)

The Asian black bear is also known as moon bear and white-chested bear. It is a medium-sized bear species and largely adapted to arboreal life. It is found in the Himalayas in the northern parts of the Indian Subcontinent. Though largely herbivorous Asian black bears can be very aggressive toward humans who frequently trap or kill them for traditional medicine.

Their skins are always poor and mangy and generally so greasy that they are very difficult to keep until you can make them over to the dresser. Asian black bears yield fur, meat and fat of greater quality than those of brown bears. Bear bone glue is used as a tonic and bear fat is also used as a traditional medicine and a tonic. Black bear meat is also edible. Due to their many uses black bears are worth about 20–30 million dong each in Vietnam.

Asian Black Bear (Photo Credit: Kyle Taylor / CC BY 2.0)

Brown Bear

Brown Bear (Photo Credit: Wikipedia / CC BY-SA 3.0)

The brown bear is a large bear distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America and is the largest land-based predator on earth. There are several recognized subspecies within the brown bear species. The brown bear is recognized as a national and state animal in several European countries. It is the most widely distributed of all bears.

Brown bears have long thick fur with a moderately long mane at the back of the neck. In India brown bears can be reddish with silver tips while in China brown bears are bicolored with a yellow-brown or whitish cape across the shoulders. North American grizzlies can be dark brown to cream or yellowish brown. Black hairs usually have white tips. The winter fur is very thick and long especially in northern subspecies and can reach 11 to 12 centimetres at the withers. The winter hairs are thin yet rough to the touch. The summer fur is much shorter and sparser and its length and density varies geographically.

Brown Bear (Photo Credit: Magnus Johansson / CC BY-SA 2.0)

The mating season is from mid-May to early July. They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones as well as fungi such as mushrooms. Among all bears,  brown bears are uniquely equipped to dig for tough foods such as roots and shoots. They use their long strong claws to dig out earth to reach the roots and their powerful jaws to bite through them.

Brown Bear (Photo Credit: Spencer Wright / CC BY 2.0)

Giant Panda

Giant Panda (Photo Credit: Nigel Swales / CC BY-SA 2.0)

The giant panda also known as panda bear or simply panda, is a bear native to south central China. It is easily recognized by the large distinctive black patches around its eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. Giant pandas in the wild will occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers or even meat in the form of birds, rodents or carrion. In captivity they may receive honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges or bananas along with specially prepared food. The giant panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central China.

Giant Panda (Photo Credit: gill_penney / CC BY 2.0)

Sloth Bear

Sloth Bear (Photo Credit: Lara604 / CC BY 2.0)

The sloth bear also known as the Stickney bear or labiated bear is a nocturnal insectivorous species of bears found wild within the Indian Subcontinent. Brown and black bears sloth bears have lankier builds, long, shaggy coats that form a mane around the face, long, sickle-shaped claws and a specially adapted lower lip and palate used for sucking insects.

Sloth Bear (Photo Credit: Paul Lewis / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Sloth bears breed during spring and early summer and give birth near the beginning of winter. They feed on termites, honeybee colonies and fruits. Sloth bears sometimes attack humans who encroach on their territories. Historically humans have drastically reduced their habitat and diminished their population by hunting them for food and products such as their bacula and claws. These bears have been used as performing pets due to their tameable nature.

Sloth Bear (Photo Credit: the_great_nanners / CC BY 2.0)

Sun Bear

Sun Bear (Photo Credit: PublicDomainPictures / Public Domain)

The sun bear is a bear found in tropical forest habitats of Southeast Asia. The Malayan sun bear is also known as the honey bear which refers to its voracious appetite for honeycombs and honey. The sun bear’s fur is usually jet-black, short and sleek with some under-wool some individual sun bears are reddish or gray.

Sun Bear (Photo Credit: Marie Hale / CC BY 2.0)

There are two whirls on the shoulders from where the hair radiates in all directions. There is a crest on the sides of the neck and a whorl in the centre of the breast patch. The skin is naked on the upper lip. The tongue is long and protrusible. The ears are small and round broad at the base and capable of very little movement. The front legs are somewhat bowed with the paws turned inwards and the claws are cream. The sun bear is the smallest of the bears. Adults are about 120-150 cm long and weigh 27-80 kg. Males are 10-20% larger than females. Bees, beehives and honey are important food items of sun bears.

Sun Bear (Photo Credit: Bambi_D / Public Domain)

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Angora (Photo Credit: Norvy / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Angora Wool

Angora wool or Angora fiber refers to the down coat produced by the Angora rabbit. There are many types of Angora rabbits – English, French, German and Giant.

Angora is prized for its softness thin fibers of around 12-16 micrometers for quality fiber and what knitters refer to as a halo. The fiber felts very easily. Angora fiber comes in white, black and various shades of brown.

Angora (Photo Credit: Valeriadiroma / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Silk

Silk (Photo Credit: Gerd A.T. Müller / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Silk is a natural protein fiber some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons made by the larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity. Degummed fibers from B. mori are 5-10 μm in diameter.

The shimmering appearance for which silk is prized comes from the fibers’ triangular prism-like cross-sectional structure which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles. Silk is also the strongest natural fiber known. The length of the silk fiber depends on how it has been prepared. Since the cocoon is made of one strand if the cocoon is unwound carefully the fibers can be very long.

Silk (Photo Credit: Wikipedia / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Wool

Wool (Photo Credit: Cgoodwin / CC BY 3.0)

Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals of the Caprinae family principally sheep but the hair of certain species of other mammals such as goats, alpacas and rabbits may also be called wool.

Wool has two qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur it has scales which overlap like shingles on a roof and it is crimped in some fleeces the wool fibers have more than 20 bends per inch. Wool varies in diameter from below 17 micrometers to over 35 micrometers. The finer the wool the softer it will be while coarser grades are more durable and less prone to pilling.

Wool (Photo Credit: Pschemp / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Alpaca Fiber

Alpaca fiber is that of an alpaca. It is warmer than sheep’s wool and lighter in weight. It is soft, fine, glossy and luxurious. The thickness of quality fiber is between 12-29 micrometers. Most alpaca fiber is white but it also comes in various shades of brown and black.

Alpaca Fibre (Photo Credit: Damast / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Bison Coat

Bison is the soft undercoat of the American Bison. The coat of the bison contains two different types of fiber. The main coat is made up of coarse fibers called guard hairs and the downy undercoat. This undercoat is shed annually and consists of fine soft fibers which are very warm and protect the animal from harsh winter conditions.

Bison (Photo Credit: Dennis Jarvis / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Cashmere Wool

Cashmere wool is wool obtained from the Cashmere goat. Cashmere is characterized by its luxuriously soft fibers with high napability and loft. In order for a natural goat fiber to be considered Cashmere it must be under 18.5 micrometers in diameter and be at least 3.175 centimeters long. It is noted as providing a natural light-weight insulation without bulk. Fibers are highly adaptable and are easily constructed into fine or thick yarns and light to heavy-weight fabrics.

Cashmere Wool Of Sheep (Photo Credit: Redtigerxyz / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Mohair Fabric

Mohair is a silk-like fabric or yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat. It is both durable and resilient. It is notable for its high luster and sheen and is often used in fiber blends to add these qualities to a textile. Mohair also takes dye exceptionally well.

Mohair Fabric (Photo Credit: inger maaike / CC BY 2.0)

Qiviut Wool

Qiviut is the fine under wool of the muskox. Qiviut fibers are long, fine and relatively smooth. It is approximately eight times warmer than sheep’s wool and does not felt or shrink.

Qiviut Wool (Photo Credit: Folknits / Public Domain)

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Fisher Fur Skin (Photo Credit: Kürschner / Public Domain)

Fisher

Fisher fur varies from grayish brown to nearly black. The fur measures about two and one-half inches in length. It is used mainly for muffs and neck, shoulder pieces.

Fisher Fur (Photo Credit: Mickey Bohnacker, Presse-Fotograf, Frankfurt / Public Domain)

Faux

Faux fur or fake fur is a material made of synthetic fibers designed to resemble fur normally as part of a piece of clothing.

Faux (Photo Credit: JMacPherson / CC BY 2.0)

Golden jackal

Golden jackals are considered fur bearers albeit ones of low quality due to their sparse, coarse and monotonously coloured fur.  As jackal hairs have very little fur fibre their skins have a flat appearance. Despite their geographical variations jackal skins are not graded according to a fur standard and are typically used in the manufacture of cheap collars, women’s coats and fur coats.

Golden Jackal Fur Skin (Photo Credit: Mickey Bohnacker, Presse-Fotograf, Frankfurt / Public Domain)

Mink

Wild Mink Skins (Photo Credit: Kuerschner / Public Domain)

Mink fur is durable. The hairs are rather short but very thick and soft. The guard hairs do not break readily nor has the under fur a tendency to become matted. Sunlight gradually fades its original dark brown color a warmer tone making it less attractive.

Silk Mink Fur Skin (Photo Credit: Kuerschner / Public Domain)

Nutria

Nutria (Photo Credit: Kürschner / Public Domain)

Nutria or coypu fur is traditionally sheared, dyed and plucked. Its light weight makes it suitable for linings as well as coats, accessories and trims. Sometimes is now used without shearing or plucking with the most valuable furs being in the richer browns. It is sometimes promoted as a ‘guilt-free’ fur as it is considered a pest in the southern United States.

Nutria Fur Bag And Fur Skin (Photo Credit: p.gynt / Public Domain)

Rabbit

Rabbit Fur Skin (Photo Credit: Kürschner / Public Domain)

The coat is also at its thickest at this time of year. The highest quality pelts are suitable for clothing and typically constitute less than half of all pelts collected. The hair of the Angora rabbit is preferred due to its length caused by an unusually long growth phase in the hair cycle the consequence of a recessive gene.

Rabbit Fur Skin (Photo Credit: Kurschner / Public Domain)

Raccoon

Racoon Fur Skin (Photo Credit: Mickey Bohnacker, Presse-Fotograf, Frankfurt / Public Domain)

Raccoon fur is mottled gray in color and about two and one-half inches long on animals from northern United States. In the southern United States the fur is shorter.War to protect the faces of soldiers from frost bite.

Racoon Fur Skin (Photo Credit: Mickey Bohnacker, Presse-Fotograf, Frankfurt / Public Domain)

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Google Hangouts (Photo Credit: Google / Public Domain)

Google Hangouts

Google Hangouts is a communication platform developed by Google which includes instant messaging, video chat, SMS and VOIP features. It replaces three messaging products that Google had implemented concurrently within its services, including Google Talk, Google+ Messenger and Hangouts a video chat system present within Google+. Google has also stated that Hangouts is designed to be the future of its telephony product Google Voice and integrated some of the capabilities of Google Voice into Hangouts.

In current versions of Android Hangouts is the default application for text messaging. Chat histories are saved online allowing them to be synced between devices. Hangouts is integrated with text messages sending and receiving functions which is the default SMS app on the Nexus 5. For other Android phones users can choose to open the SMS function when they download the new version of Hangouts via Google Play. Hangouts includes the ability to make free voice calls to other Hangouts users and charges users to call landline and mobile phones internationally except for calls to the United States and Canada which are free of charge.

Google Hangouts (Photo Credit: Shal Farley / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Gmail

Gmail is a free advertising-supported email service provided by Google. As of 2015 storage of up to 15 GB is free and paid plans are available for up to 30 TB for personal use experimental features of Gmail such as bookmarking of important email messages or custom keyboard shortcuts. Google updated the Gmail inbox with tabs which allow the application to categorize the user’s emails. The five tabs are: Primary, Social, Promotions, Updates and Forums. Google commenced its new social networking tool Google Buzz which integrated with Gmail allowing users to share links and media as well as status updates.

Gmail allows users to send emails to people who have Google+ accounts even if they don’t have each other’s email addresses. Google released a plugin that provides integrated telephone service within Gmail’s Google Chat interface allows people to make free calls from their Gmail account to U.S. and Canada. Gmail account users can also call other countries on a fee basis. Google Voice multi-way videoconferencing is now integrated with Google Hangouts. Gmail incorporates a search bar for searching. Gmail has native applications for Apple’s iOS devices and for Google’s Android devices. The Gmail interface currently supports 72 languages, which include most of the US English features. Google has developed several subsidiary applications for Gmail.

Gmail (Photo Credit: Bhupinder Nayyar / CC BY 2.0)

Google Drive

Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service created by Google. It allows users to store files in the cloud, share files and edit documents, spreadsheets and presentations with collaborators. Google Drive was launched on April 24, 2012 and had 240 million monthly active users as of October 2014.The Google Drive viewer on the web allows one to view the following file formats:

• Native formats (Docs, Sheets, Slides, Forms, Drawings)
• Image files (.JPEG, .PNG, .GIF, .TIFF, .BMP, .WEBP)
• Video files (WebM, .MPEG4, .3GPP, .MOV, .AVI, .MPEGPS, .WMV, .FLV, .OGG)
• Audio formats (MP3, MPEG, WAV, .ogg)
• Text files (.TXT)
• Markup/Code (.CSS, .HTML, .PHP, .C, .CPP, .H, .HPP, .JS)
• Microsoft Word (.DOC and .DOCX)
• Microsoft Excel (.XLS and .XLSX)
• Microsoft PowerPoint (.PPT and .PPTX)
• Adobe Portable Document Format (.PDF)
• Apple Pages (.PAGES)
• Adobe Illustrator (.AI)
• Adobe Photoshop (.PSD)
• Autodesk AutoCad (.DXF)
• Scalable Vector Graphics (.SVG)
• PostScript (.EPS, .PS)
• Fonts (.TTF)
• XML Paper Specification (.XPS)
• Archive file types (.ZIP, .RAR, tar, gzip)
• .MTS files
• Raw Image formats

Google Drive for Work is a premium version of Google Apps for Work. Users can upload files as large as 5 TB. For companies with less than 5 users the storage limit is fixed to 1 TB per user. Google Drive for Education includes unlimited storage and support for individual files up to 5TB in size.

Google Drive (Photo Credit: Vanderelbe.de / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Google Docs, Sheets, Slides and Forms

Google Docs, Sheets, Slides and Forms are a free web-based word processor, a spreadsheet program, a presentation program and survey program respectively all part of a software office suite offered by Google within its Google Drive service. The suite allows users to create and edit documents online while collaborating with other users in real-time. The three apps are available as web applications as Chrome apps that work offline and as mobile apps for Android and iOS. The apps are compatible with Microsoft Office file formats. The suite also consists of Google Forms, Google Drawings and Google Tables. While Forms and Tables are only available as web applications, Drawings is also available as a Chrome app. The suite is tightly integrated with Google Drive. All files created with the apps are by default saved to Google Drive.
Files in the following formats can be viewed and converted to Docs, Sheets or Slides formats:

• For documents: .doc (if newer than Microsoft Office 95), .docx, .docm .dot, .dotx, .dotm, .html, plain text (.txt), .rtf, .odt
• For spreadsheets: .xls (if newer than Microsoft Office 95), .xlsx, .xlsm, .xlt, .xltx, .xltm .ods, .csv, .tsv, .txt, .tab
• For presentations: .ppt (if newer than Microsoft Office 95), .pptx, .pptm, .pps, .ppsx, .ppsm, .pot, .potx, .potm
• For drawings: .wmf
• For OCR: .jpg, .gif, .png, .pdf

Google Docs, Sheets, Slides and Forms (Photo Credit: webmove / CC BY 2.0)

Google Sites

Google Sites is a structured wiki and Web page-creation tool offered by Google as part of the Google Apps for Work productivity suite. The goal of Google Sites is for anyone to be able to create a team-oriented site where multiple people can collaborate and share files.

• 100 MB of storage and 10 GB of storage for Google Apps users
• No open use of Cascading Style Sheets or JavaScript. JavaScript can be used within the confines of an embedded gadget or the HTML box. Inline CSS can be used within the webpage content area.
• Limited e-store capabilities have to use the Google i-store gadget to add a shopping cart iframe a third-party e-store provider such as Amazon or use a Google Buy Now button.
• A site can also be displayed on a custom domain but one must own the domain and have access to change the CNAME records.
• Limited use of HTML coding. HTML is checked and modified when saved Javascript is made safe with Caja. CSS cannot be incorporated in the theme templates however inline CSS can be used within the webpage content area.
• No longer serves .html/.htm Web pages like Google Pages did. All static HTML Web pages previously hosted on Google Pages can be migrated to Google Sites but users later attempting to access them as well as Portable Document Format (PDF) or other migrated files must download those files in order to view them.
• Sites that hosted in Google Sites are not available to residents of the Republic of Crimea.

Google Sites (Photo Credit: United States Department of the Treasury / Public Domain)

Google Calendar

Google Calendar (Photo Credit: Julie Walraven / CC BY 2.0)

Google Calendar is a time-management web application and mobile app for created by Google. Users are required to have a Google Account in order to use the app. Users can “quick add” calendar events by typing standard English phrases such as “Dinner with Michael 7 p.m. tomorrow”.

Users can also set the number of days to show in their custom view mode. Events are stored online consequently the calendar can be viewed from any location that has Internet access. Google Calendar allows multiple calendars to be created and shown in the same view. Currently Google Calendar can use Google Sync to synchronize with many mobile devices.

Google Calendar (Photo Credit: Anthony yuan / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Google+

• Google+ is a social network and social layer for google services that is owned and operated by Google Inc.
• User profile: Google+ User profile is a public visible account of a user that is attached to many Google properties. It includes basic social networking elements like a profile photo about section, background photo, previous work and school history, interests, places lived and an area to post status updates.
• Circles: Circles enable users to organize people into groups or lists for sharing across various Google products and services.
• Stream: In the Stream users see updates from those in their Circles.
• Hangouts: These are free video conferencing calls with up to 10 people, done through the Google+ website or mobile app.
• +1 Button: Google+ has a “+1 button” to allow people to recommend sites and parts of sites similar in use to Facebook’s Like button.
• Google+ Pages: Google+ Pages allows businesses to connect with fans.
• Google+ Badges: Badges are sidebar widgets which embed “Add to Circles” buttons and drop-down lists into off-site websites and blogs similar to Facebook’s Like Box widgets.
•  Google+ Views: which is displayed on every user’s profile page.
• Google+ Communities: allow users to create ongoing conversations about particular topics.
• Locations: It allows the account holder to share their location with a person, circle or circles.
• Events: Google+ Events allows users to add events, invite people and then share photos and media in real-time from the event.
• What’s Hot: “What’s hot” Stream, introduced on October 27, 2011, is a stream showing what Google+ users have commented, shared and interacted with the most.
• Google Local: Google Places was replaced by Google+ Local,Google+ Creative Kit is an online photo editor.

Google+ (Photo Credit: Widjaya Ivan / CC BY 2.0)

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Fungi (Photo Credit: John Tann / CC BY 2.0)

Fungi

The majority of phytopathogenic fungi belong to the Ascomycetes and the Basidiomycetes. The fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually via the production of spores and other structures. Spores may be spread long distances by air or water or they may be soil borne. Many soil inhabiting fungi are capable of living saprotrophically carrying out the part of their life cycle in the soil. These are known as facultative saprotrophs.

Fungi (Photo Credit: Pollinator / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Fungal diseases may be controlled through the use of fungicides and other agriculture practices however new races of fungi often evolve that are resistant to various fungicides. Biotrophic fungal pathogens colonize living plant tissue and obtain nutrients from living host cells. Necrotrophic fungal pathogens infect and kill host tissue and extract nutrients from the dead host cells. See Powdery Mildew and Rice Blast.

Fungi (Photo Credit: Dawn Ellner / CC BY 2.0)

Bacteria

Bacteria (Photo Credit: NIAID / CC BY 2.0)

Most bacteria that are associated with plants are actually saprotrophic and do no harm to the plant itself. However a small number around 100 known species are able to cause disease. Bacterial diseases are much more prevalent in sub-tropical and tropical regions of the world. Most plant pathogenic bacteria are rod-shaped.

Bacteria (Photo Credit: jacinta lluch valero / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Five main types of bacterial pathogenicity factors are known uses of Cell wall-degrading enzymes, Toxins, Effector proteins, Phytohormones and Exopolysaccharides. Exopolysaccharides are produced by bacteria and block xylem vessels often leading to the death of the plant. Bacteria control the production of pathogenicity factors via quorum sensing.

Bacteria (Photo Credit: Scot Nelson / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Phytoplasmas And Spiroplasmas

Phytoplasm (Photo Credit: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources / CC BY 3.0)

Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma are a genre of bacteria that lack cell walls and are related to the mycoplasmas which are human pathogens. Together they are referred to as the mollicutes. They also tend to have smaller genomes than most other bacteria. They are normally transmitted by sap-sucking insects being transferred into the plants phloem where it reproduces.

Spiroplasm (Photo Credit: Public Domain)

Viruses, Viroids and Virus-like Organisms

Virus (Photo Credit: Thomas Splettstoesser / CC BY-SA 3.0)

There are many types of plant virus and some are even asymptomatic. Under normal circumstances plant viruses cause only a loss of crop yield. Therefore it is not economically viable to try to control them the exception being when they infect perennial species such as fruit trees.

Virus (Photo Credit: NIAID / CC BY 2.0)

Most plant viruses have small single-stranded RNA genomes. However some plant viruses also have double stranded RNA or single or double stranded DNA genomes. These genomes may encode only three or four proteins a replicase, a coat protein, a movement protein in order to allow cell to cell movement through plasmodesmata and sometimes a protein that allows transmission by a vector. Plant viruses can have several more proteins and employ many different molecular translation methods.

Virus (Photo Credit: NIAID / CC BY 2.0)

Nematodes

Nematode (Photo Credit: University of Delaware Carvel REC / CC BY 2.0)

Nematodes are small multicellular wormlike animals. Many live freely in the soil but there are some species that parasitize plant roots. They are a problem in tropical and subtropical regions of the world where they may infect crops. Potato cyst nematodes are widely distributed in Europe and North and South America and cause $300 million worth of damage in Europe every year. Root knot nematodes have quite a large host range whereas cyst nematodes tend to be able to infect only a few species. Nematodes are able to cause radical changes in root cells in order to facilitate their lifestyle.

Nematode (Photo Credit: Scot Nelson / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Protozoa and Algae

Protozoa (Photo Credit: Picturepest / CC BY 2.0)

There are a few examples of plant diseases caused by protozoa. They are transmitted as zoospores that are very durable and may be able to survive in a resting state in the soil for many years. They have also been shown to transmit plant viruses. When the motile zoospores come into contact with a root hair they produce a plasmodium and invade the roots. Some colourless parasitic algae also cause plant diseases.

Protozoa (Photo Credit: Thierry Arnet / CC BY-SA 3.0)

Parasitic Plants

Parasitic plants such as mistletoe and dodder are included in the study of phytopathology. Dodder for example is used as a conduit either for the transmission of viruses or virus-like agents from a host plant to a plant that is not typically a host or for an agent that is not graft-transmissible.

Parasitic Plants (Photo Credit: Khalid Mahmood / CC BY-SA 4.0)

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