WILDLIFE DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Bufo boreas | Western Toad 



GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : 
The range of western toad extends from western British Columbia and
southern Alaska south through Washington, Oregon, and Idaho to northern
Baja California, Mexico; east to Montana, western and central Wyoming,
Nevada, the mountains and higher plateaus of Utah, and western Colorado
[15].  Occurrences of the boreal toad from Yukon Territory, the
Northwest Territories, and northwestern and north-central British
Columbia have been reported [36].  Southern records of boreal toads in
New Mexico have been published [35].

The ranges of subspecies are as follows [13,15]:

boreal toad: western British Colombia and southern Alaska south from
Washington, Oregon, Idaho, western Montana and western Wyoming to northern
California, Nevada, western Colorado, and western Utah.

California toad: extreme western Nevada through the Central Valley of
California and coastal California south to Baja California Norte.


ECOSYSTEMS : 
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows


STATES : 


    
AK
    
CA
    
CO
    
ID
	
MT
    
NV
    
NM
    
OR
    
UT
    
WA
    
WY






    
BC






    
MEXICO
    




BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 
    1  Northern Pacific Border
    2  Cascade Mountains
    3  Southern Pacific Border
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    6  Upper Basin and Range
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   10  Wyoming Basin
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau


KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : 
   K001  Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
   K002  Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
   K003  Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K005  Mixed conifer forest
   K006  Redwood forest
   K007  Red fir forest
   K011  Western ponderosa forest
   K012  Douglas-fir forest
   K014  Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K018  Pine - Douglas-fir forest
   K023  Juniper - pinyon woodland
   K025  Alder - ash forest
   K029  California mixed evergreen forest
   K030  California oakwoods
   K038  Great Basin sagebrush
   K041  Creosotebush


SAF COVER TYPES : 
   207  Red fir
   211  White fir
   215  Western white pine
   217  Aspen
   222  Black cottonwood - willow
   229  Pacific Douglas-fir
   230  Douglas-fir - western hemlock
   239  Pinyon - juniper
   241  Western live oak
   243  Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
   246  California black oak
   247  Jeffrey pine
   250  Blue oak - Digger pine


SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : 
NO-ENTRY


PLANT COMMUNITIES : 
The boreal toad is found in the Rocky Mountains in aspen (Populus spp.)
groves and riparian forests [8].  In Colorado, the largest populations
are typically found in areas characterized by willows (Salix spp.), bog
birch (Betula glandulosa), and shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa)
[41].  In the Pacific Northwest, the western toad occurs in mountain
meadows and less commonly in Douglas-fir forests (Pseudotsuga menziesii) [8].

In California, optimum habitat for the western toad includes wet or dry
mountain meadows or riparian deciduous forest with available open water
for breeding.  Suitable habitat includes blue oak (Quercus douglasii)
savanna, gray pine-oak forest (Pinus sabiniana-Quercus spp.), mixed
conifer forest, and alpine meadows.  Marginal habitats include annual
grasslands, chaparral, ponderosa pine forests, California black oak
woodlands, Jeffrey pine forests, and red fir forests [20].

In the Sierra Nevada, the western toad occurs in mid-elevation pine
forests (including Jeffrey pine [Pinus jeffreyi] at higher elevations
and ponderosa pine [Pinus ponderosa] at lower elevations), California
black oak woodlands [Quercus kelloggii], giant sequoia groves
(Sequoiadendron giganteum), montane fir forest (which includes white fir
[Abies concolor], red fir [A. magnifica], and western white pine [P.
monticola]), and redwood forest (Sequoia sempervirens).  It is also
found in riparian areas within sagebrush-pinyon communities (Artemisia
spp.-Pinus spp.), oak-pine woodland and savanna (including coast live
oak [Q. agrifolia], interior live oak [Q. wislizenii], and canyon live
oak [Q. chrysolepis]), and California coastal forest and scrub [8].

Western toads have been collected from sedge meadows near a pond
occurring in a creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) community, and from
aspen (Populus spp.)-willow groves within big sagebrush
(Artemisia tridentata)-grassland [15].


REFERENCES : 
NO-ENTRY

Related categories for Wildlife Species: Bufo boreas | Western Toad