KUCHLER TYPE
KUCHLER TYPE: Mosaic of bluestem prairie and oak-hickory forest



KUCHLER-TYPE-NUMBER : 
K082

PHYSIOGNOMY : 
Mosaic of tallgrass prairie, open deciduous forest with rich herb or
shrub layer, and relatively closed medium tall to tall deciduous forest
[39].  

Kuchler [39] excluded savanna from the mosaic of bluestem (Schizachyrium
and Andropogon spp.) prairie (K074) and oak (Quercus spp.)-hickory
(Carya spp.) forest (K100).  He made a distinction between mosaics and
transitional vegetation; the mosaic (K082) is composed of islands of
"unadulterated" oak-hickory forest with "no blending or merging with the
bluestem prairie" [39].  Kuchler excluded savanna vegetation from the
mosaic because he did not consider savanna a potential vegetation type
in this region [67].  Lemon [40] considered this treatment of the
prairie-forest interface "too non-committal"; it does not consider the
ecotone or tension zone between the two types.  While there are
certainly areas within the region mapped as K082 where mosaics occur,
other areas are savanna, and considered by most authors as part of the
natural potential (and fire-dependent) vegetation in this region [5].
This write-up will discuss those areas of the prairie-forest interface
where isolated oak-hickory forests occur in a prairie matrix and will
include gallery forest information where it is deemed relevant.
Transitional oak savanna vegetation is discussed in the oak-hickory
write-up (K100).


OCCURRENCE : 
The mosaic of bluestem prairie and oak-hickory forest occurs within the
prairie-forest transition zone.  It is mapped as the dominant vegetation
on uplands throughout Illinois, central and southern Iowa, eastern
Kansas and northern Missouri, with smaller areas in northeastern
Oklahoma, southwestern Indiana, central Ohio, and central and
southwestern Kentucky [39].  The prairie-forest transition zone has been
variously described as broad [11], irregular [57], patchy on a large
scale [50], and patchy on a small scale [6].

Prior to European settlement the Prairie Peninsula (a roughly triangular
region of tallgrass prairie extending from the Great Plains into
Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana) was probably covered by a patchwork of
grassland, forest, and savanna; vegetative cover was determined mainly
by fire frequency under a climatic regime capable of supporting any of
these vegetation types [7,52].  Isolated pockets of tallgrass prairie
also existed throughout the northeastern deciduous forest, including a
more extensive area in west-central Ohio [3].  Prior to 1835, uplands in
western Illinois were tallgrass prairie with occasional oak groves.
Prairies graded into xerophytic oak-hickory forest on slopes, with more
mesophytic types such as white oak (Quercus alba)-basswood (Tillia
americana)-sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in lowlands [19].

A study area in north-central Missouri consisting of interspersed
prairie and woodland sites contains transitional areas as well.  Mesic
forest understory vegetation occurs along the lower portions of
drainages and extends partway up the northand east-facing slopes.
Prairie associations occur in the understories of woodlands on the
narrow ridgetops and on high south- and west-facing slopes.

There has not been enough research for complete understanding of the
dynamics of tallgrass prairie and deciduous forest along the southern
edge of the Prairie Peninsula [30].  Grasslands are more frequent
towards the northern and western borders of the Ozark Plateau than in
the interior.  A patchwork of oak-hickory forests, oak savannas, and
prairie occurs to the south and west of the Interior Highlands, with
some areas of adjacent prairie and forest.  The Interior Highlands is a
physiographic region composed of the Oachita and Boston mountains of
northwestern Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma, and the Springfield and
Salem plateaus of the Ozarks of Missouri.  The western boundary of the
Interior Highlands lies along a line from Columbia, Missouri, to Atoka,
Oklahoma [30] and roughly coincides with part of the southern margin of
the Prairie Peninsula described by Transeau [52].  This boundary is
represented in the vegetation by a boundary between tallgrass prairie
and deciduous forest, forming a mosaic of the two types [30].  Here,
post oak (Q. stellata) and blackjack oak (Q. marilandica) are dominant
in upland woods.  In eastern Kansas and western Missouri, woodlands are
confined to valley and ravine slopes [2,16].

Eyster-Smith [30] published a reconstruction of the presettlement
distribution of prairie vegetation in the western Interior Highlands.


COMPILED BY AND DATE : 
Janet Sullivan, February 1995


LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : 
NO-ENTRY


AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : 
Sullivan, Janet. 1995. Mosaic of bluestem prairie and oak-hickory
forest. In: Remainder of Citation


Kuchler Type Index
FEIS Home

KUCHLER TYPE DESCRIPTION


PHYSIOGRAPHY : 
The mosaic of bluestem prairie and oak-hickory forest occurs mostly on
hilly or highly dissected terrain [68,69].  Original survey notes for
Kane County, Illinois, noted that the Grand Prairie was bordered by
scattered groves of bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa).  These groves occurred
primarily on hills and other irregular topography [69].  Prior to 1835
in Ogle County, Illinois, uplands to the west of Rock River were
tallgrass prairie with occasional oak groves.  On slopes, prairies
graded into xerophytic oak-hickory forest with more mesophytic forest
types in lowlands [19].  According to Weaver [70], the westernmost
extensions of oak forests (Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, western
Missouri, and Kansas) occurred along creeks and sheltered ravines which
more or less dissect the hilly and rolling portions of the prairie.

The western boundary of the Interior Highlands is nearly level to hilly,
ranging in elevation from 300 to 2,500 feet (90-760 m) [30].


CLIMATE : 
On the Konza Prairie, Kansas, which includes bluestem
prairie-oak-hickory forest mosaic, climate is continental, with hot
summers and cold winters, moderately strong surface winds, and
relatively low humidity.  There are an average of 180 frost-free days
per year, mean annual temperature is 55 degrees Fahrenheit (12.8 deg C),
and mean annual precipitation is 33.4 inches (835 mm).  May and June are
the wettest months, and droughts are frequent [2].

The western boundary of the Interior Highlands has mean annual
precipitation of 32 to 48 inches (800-1,200 mm), mean annual temperature
of 56 to 63 degrees Fahrenheit (14-17 deg C), and a growing season of
approximately 200 days [30].


SOILS : 
Soil colors and textures on prairie sites are very different from
oak-hickory forest sites.  Dark, fine-textured soils predominate under
prairie vegetation, and yellow to red coarse soils occur in forested
areas [16].  In a north-central Missouri prairie-forest tension zone,
soil types are classifed as forest, but have certain prairie
characteristics and are proximate to prairie soils.  Much alternation
between prairie and forest has occurred in this area in the past [42].
A patchwork of prairie, savanna, and open forest occurs on sand deposits
in central Illinois along the Illinois River [8,9].


VEGETATION : 
Where prairie and forest meet, vegetation elements usually intergrade
rather than form distinct edges [17,42].  Weaver [70] described
woodland-prairie contact zones along the Missouri river.  He stated that
bur oak communities were usually but not always bordered by a more or
less continuous community of shrubs [70].  

In north-central Missouri, prairie plants exist in the woodlands of a
study area within the area mapped as bluestem prairie-oak-hickory
mosaic.  Even though forest closure has occurred, groups of prairie
plants still occupy well-drained sites and/or sites with southern
exposures.  Prairie plants on these sites show reduced vigor and scarce
reproduction [42].

No plant species have been identified as unique to the mosaic of
bluestem prairie and oak-hickory forest.  Prairie vegetation is
described in more detail in the bluestem prairie (K074) write-up; its
major components include big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little
bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), switch grass (Panicum virgatum), and
Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans) [39].

The composition of oak-hickory forests is discussed in detail in the
oak-hickory write-up (K100).  Kuchler [39] listed white oak, black oak
(Quercus velutina), northern red oak (Q. rubra), bitternut hickory
(Carya cordiformis), and shagbark hickory (C. ovata) as dominants.
Other components in alphabetical order by scientific name include
pignut hickory (C. glabra), white ash (Fraxinus americana), black walnut
(Juglans nigra), black cherry (Prunus serotina), chinkapin oak (Q.
muehlenbergii), basswood, and American elm (Ulmus americana).  In the
northern region other components include northern pin oak (Q.
ellipsoidalis) and shingle oak (Q. imbricaria).  In the southern region
other components include black hickory (C. texana), mockernut hickory
(C. tomentosa), southern red oak (Q. falcata), overcup oak (Q. lyrata),
blackjack oak, Shumard oak (Q. shumardii), and post oak [39].

On the Ozark Plateau in southwest Missouri a mosaic of oak-hickory
forest and glade (grassland with very few trees) occurred in a steep
hilly region.  Dominant glade vegetation included big bluestem, little
bluestem, and switch grass with a few post oak, eastern redcedar
(Juniperus virginiana), ash (Fraxinus spp.), and smoke tree (Cotinus
obovatus).  Old eastern redcedar grow along the ecotone between
oak-hickory forest and the glades [33].

Riparian woods in Iowa consist of cottonwoods and poplars (Populus
spp.), willows (Salix spp.), and bur oak; on upland sites white oak and
shagbark hickory are common dominants.  Both of these types contact
prairie vegetation [24].

Gallery forest within the Konza Prairie, Kansas, is dominated by bur oak,
chinkapin oak, and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) [2].


WILDLIFE : 
Grasslands are generally considered relatively depauperate in avian
species; conversely, open woodlands are noted for bird species richness.
According to Risser and others [68], there is no clearly distinct
grassland avifauna.  Many grassland species are also found in adjacent
savannas and woodlands or are primarily associated with aquatic
habitats.  For example, two species characteristic of eastern portions
of tallgrass prairie, bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) and brown-headed
cowbird (Molothrus ater), are more frequently associated with meadows or
ecotonal areas [68].

Wintering birds on the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas, were
observed in significantly higher numbers in the gallery forest than in
the prairie.  The red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) was
the most abundant species during 1982 and 1984 in the gallery forest;
black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus) was most abundant in 1983.
American tree sparrow (Spizella arborea) was the most abundant species
in the prairie during all three winters.  In all, 30 species of birds
were observed wintering in the gallery forest, and 24 species were
observed wintering in the prairie.  Fifteen bird species were observed
in both prairie and gallery forest, but at different relative
frequencies [32].

Further discussion on wildlife is in the bluestem prairie write-up
(K074) and the oak-hickory write-up (K100).


ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS : 
Factors Controlling Distribution:  The extent of grasslands is largely
determined by low soil moisture and fire [2,53].  Presettlement
oak-hickory forests were largely confined to sites that experienced fire
less frequently than the surrounding prairie.  Oak groves bordering the
Grand Prairie of Illinois occur primarily on hills and other areas of
irregular topography that provide protection from fires [69].  Both
prairie and forest are destabilized by changes in fire frequency or
intensity [46].  Further discussion on the relationship of fire and fire
frequency to mosaic vegetation is in FIRE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT.

Most upland oak species are adapted to periodic fire, periodic drought,
and poor soils.  Most are at least moderately intolerant of shade [2].

White [58] speculated that at the western limits of the range of sugar
maple in the central states, relatively stable populations of sugar
maple are restricted to ravines, north slopes, and rough topography;
less stable populations that expand and contract with short-term
fluctuations in moisture conditions occur on less protected sites.
Oak-hickory forests occur on sites that experience periodic fire, but
apparently were excluded from sites that experienced annual fire during
the presettlement period [3].

Succession:  Prairie cover occasionally comes into direct contact with
forest cover, especially in the early development of woodlands along
streams.  Usually, however, grassland is replaced by shrubs that extend
outward from the edge of the woodland; shrubs may be replaced by trees
without fire.  Prairie vegetation is shaded out under a closed shrub
canopy [70].  Forest closure eventually displaces prairie species, but
successional rates vary in dissected terrain [15,42].

In the lowlands of the Missouri River, bur oak and chinkapin oak are
mid-seral species.  They are succeeded by northern red oak and shagbark
hickory, which may, in turn, be replaced by basswood and eastern
hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) [2].

KUCHLER TYPE VALUE AND USE
KUCHLER TYPE: Mosaic of bluestem prairie and oak-hickory forest



FORESTRY VALUES : 
Oak-hickory forests are highly valued for wood products.  See the
oak-hickory write-up (K100) for further information.


RANGE VALUES : 
Bluestem prairie is highly valued for range and pasture.  Bluestem
prairie sites are also heavily cultivated.  See the bluestem prairie
write-up (K074) for further information.


WILDLIFE VALUES : 
Structure and vegetation richness in the bluestem prairie-oak-hickory
mosaic is greater than in either type alone.  This variety may increase
the number of wildlife species in the mosaic.  Edge is important to a
number of wildlife species.  In many studies, wildlife numbers were
found to increase with increases in edge [63].  However, habitat quality
is related to patch size.  In recent years grassland bird populations
have been declining over much of North America, especially in the
midwestern corn belt [64].  Narrow grassy edges between row crops are
depauperate in nesting bird species compared to larger grassy plots or
grassy plots within forage crops [65].  Grassland birds in Illinois are
strongly influenced by patch size.  Small fragments less than 25 acres
(10 ha) are particularly impoverished [66].


OTHER VALUES : 
NO-ENTRY


MANAGEMENT CONCERNS : 
Most of the original prairie-forest contact zone vegetation has been
lost due to clearing, grazing, and fire suppression.  Many savanna
stands have converted to closed forest, and much prairie has been
converted to cropland or developed for human habitation [42].

Reconstruction of historic vegetation patterns in Kansas from Land
Office Survey records indicated a dramatic expansion of gallery forests
from 1859 to 1939, and they continued to expand through 1978.  Increases
in woody vegetation were attributed to decreased fire severity and
frequency since European settlement [2,3].

Attempts to reestablish presettlement vegetation depend on availability
of local seed sources.  On the Grand Prairie, Illinois, a survey located
numerous characteristic prairie species in the woodland understory, but
only on narrow, well-drained ridgetops and on south- and west-facing
slopes.  These species could serve as a natural seed source, but only
for nearby plots.  Plots farther away would have to be artificially
seeded [42].

KUCHLER TYPE FIRE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
KUCHLER TYPE: Mosaic of bluestem prairie and oak-hickory forest



FUELS, FLAMMABILITY, AND FIRE OCCURRENCE : 
Fuels and Fuel Accumulation Rates:  In the prairie-hardwood transition
areas fires tended to occur at intervals coinciding with the length of
mid- to late-seral stages.  Fuel accumulation was sufficient to support
fire severe enough to top-kill hardwoods.  In Illinois, available fuel
increased along a gradient from sand prairie through a prairie-forest
transition to closed forest.  

Severe fire converts closed forests to open woodlands with less fuel and
less severe fire.  Periodic fire that reduces fuel loads would probably
maintain open forests [8,9].

Presettlement Fire Frequency:  In southern Illinois, presettlement
vegetation on what is now the Sand Prairie-Scrub Oak Nature Preserve was
a patchwork of prairies, savannas, and forests of various densities.
The fire frequency of individual habitats within the preserve varied
from nearly annual fire in the grasslands to fire exclusion for
centuries in some forests [10].  Mean fire intervals estimated for
gallery forest sites on the Konza Prairie, Kansas, averaged 19 years
(ranging from 23-40 years) [2].

On the Prairie Peninsula, presettlement fire frequency may have been
enhanced by aboriginal cultural practices, and fire severity reduced by
bison and elk grazing [2].  Frequency of fires in historic times was
also controlled by topographic relief and the distribution of
firebreaks; sites with rough topography experienced fewer fires than
smooth or rolling landscapes [7].

Postsettlement Fire Frequency:  Following settlement, fire frequency and
severity decreased because of road construction, settlement (towns tend
to act as prairie firebreaks), cattle grazing, active suppression of
wildfire, and recommendations against prescribed fire [2,3].  Gallery
forests in Kansas and elsewhere have experienced decreased fire
incidence and have increased in extent since European settlement [2].


FIRE EFFECTS ON SITE : 
NO-ENTRY


FIRE EFFECTS ON VEGETATION : 
Prairie-forest transition plants are highly adapted to fire.  The trees
have thick bark and sprout from the root crown after fire injury or
top-kill [53].  Oaks are relatively resistant to fire; on some sites,
even frequent fire does not eliminate oaks [23].  Bur oak, for example,
sprouts from the root crown following fire damage.  If bur oak sprouts
are not burned for 12 to 15 years, they grow large enough to survive
most surface fires [53].  In gallery forests prescribed burned in 2
successive years, sapling and shrub cover was reduced but large diameter
trees suffered little or no damage [2,3].  Herbs, mostly grasses, have
growing points beneath the soil surfaces and are protected from fire
[38].

Lorimer [41] rated upland oaks in order of decreasing bark thickness:
bur oak, black oak, white oak, and northern red oak.  The relatively
thin bark of northern red oak may explain why bur oak and white oak are
maintained in gallery forests whereas frequent fire reduces northern red
oak to shrubby clumps originating from sprouts [24].

At Howe's Prairie, Indiana, tree basal areas decreased with prescribed
fire, largely as a result of top-kill.  The proportion of trees killed
was positively correlated with fireline intensity and negatively
correlated with tree diameter at breast height [21].

A single spring headfire was conducted in a bur oak-white oak-shagbark
hickory stand in Wisconsin.  The vast majority of seedlings sprouted
after top-kill.  Damage was inversely related to stem diameter.  Oaks
were slightly less susceptible to fire damage than black cherry and
hickorys [34].

Most ecologists believe that fire was important in maintaining the
complex patterns of vegetation types in the prairie-forest interface
[29].  The regional effect of fire on vegetation was influenced by a
variety of factors, including precipitation patterns before and after a
fire, prefire vegetative composition, topography, and season of burning
[26].  According to Hulbert [35], fire is necessary to keep woody plants
from replacing tallgrass prairie, but fire alone does not make prairie.
It is the combination of fire, climate, substrate, and topography that
accounts for prairie [14,35].

Fire, perhaps more than any other factor, maintained grasslands and the
parklike aspect of the Ozarks [13].  Harty [62] suggested that the low
density and basal area of presettlement forests in the Shawnee Hills,
Illinois, were similar to those of present day forests that have been
disturbed by light cutting and fire.  Bryant and others [18] stated that
the particular role of fire in this ecosystem is not clear since each
fire has a different impact on vegetation.  Tallgrass prairie in moist
situations is quickly converted to woody vegetation without fire
[38,15].  Woodlands have increased in extent in the central Great
Plains, and in many areas succession to shade-tolerant hardwoods has
occurred or is occurring [2,3].

The influence of fire on the maintenance of bluestem prairie-oak-hickory
mosaic is not well understood.  Cole and others [22] suggested that in a
region where some vegetation types are more fire-adapted than others,
fire-created mosaics are self-perpetuating.  A severe fire may open up
an area occupied by less fire-adapted vegetation to invasion by
fire-adapted species.  The fire-adapted species may be more fire prone
and therefore self-maintaining.  Once severe fire eliminates forests,
frequent high temperature fires in grasslands prevent reinvasion by
woody species.  The mosaic of forest and grassland could therefore only
be perpetuated where firebreaks prevent spread of fire into forest, or
where forest floor fuels are sufficiently moist to slow down or prevent
fire spread into the forest [22].

Fire regime is closely related to the extent of gallery forests; their
limited extent prior to European settlement has been attributed at least
in part to frequent grass fires that prevented establishment of woody
vegetation [2,3].

Open forests occur on slopes of glacial moraines that were historically
subjected to occasional fires at longer intervals than prairie;
vegetation of these types is relatively shade-intolerant and moderately
fire resistant.  Closed forest occurs in stream valleys and protected
areas adjacent to waterways and contains vegetation that is more
mesophytic and more shade tolerant, but less fire resistant [7].

In Missouri the effects of fire suppression (initiated in 1936) had
become apparent by the late 1960's.  Many areas had experienced
increases in eastern redcedar and cool-season exotic grasses; thousands
of acres of glades and prairies were affected [20].


FIRE EFFECTS ON RESOURCE MANAGEMENT : 
NO-ENTRY


FIRE USE CONSIDERATIONS : 
At Howe's Prairie, Indiana, (a complex of oak woods and prairie
communities), prescribed fires in oak woods and mesic woods dominated by
red maple (Acer rubrum) produced lower aboveground temperatures and
higher belowground temperatures than fires in wet or mesic prairies
[21].  Creeping fires in oak woods often only burned litter, sometimes
producing no high temperatures above 8 inches (20 cm) when burning
downhill [22].


FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
The use of fire in central deciduous forest has declined with
abandonment of open range practices and intensification and
specialization in land use [54].  Fire is applied in hardwood and mixed
forests as a wildlife management tool [59] and to modify understory
composition or size class structure [55,31].  Recently, fire has been
reintroduced to restore and maintain prairie-forest transition zone
characteristics [45,46].

Anderson and Brown [8,9] examined the role of fire in maintaining the
mosaic of prairie, savanna, and open forest on sand deposits along the
Illinois River in central Illinois.  Here, fire maintained sand praires,
savannas, and open forests, but destabilized closed oak forest [8,9].
In southern Illinois fire is used by the Illinois Department of
Conservation to maintain a mosaic of grassland, savanna, and closed
forest [8].  The sand prairie in this area has been burned at 4-year
intervals since 1976.  Initially, substantial differences occurred in
insect populations, but by the third postfire growing season most of the
differences disappeared [10].

On the Shawnee National Forest in Illinois, restoration and maintenance
of a complex mosaic of woodlands, forests, and barrens is being carried
out with landscape-scale prescribed fire and other techniques.  Where
conditions allow, large areas of grasslands are ignited and allowed to
burn.  Fire spread into adjacent forest and open woodland is regulated
by local topography and local weather and fuel conditions [51].

In many prairie preserves fire management has included burning
grasslands and preventing fire spread into adjacent woodlots.  This
approach maintains a mosaic of grassland and forest, although it may not
resemble the presettlement bluestem prairie-oak-hickory forest mosaic.
Presettlement vegetation included transitional areas of various widths
in which trees were farther apart and understory vegetation had a strong
prairie influence [47].

Abrams [2] suggested that long-term annual burning may prevent
succession from bur oak to hackberry; it will probably result, at least
temporarily, in oak savanna.  Annual fire, however, may remove all tree
reproduction and establish prairie as existing oaks die.

Season of burning affects results, but most woody plant species are
reduced by most fires [4].  Fall burning appears to be more effective
than spring burning in reducing woody species in Iowa [35].


REHABILITATION OF SITES FOLLOWING WILDFIRE : 
NO-ENTRY

References for species: [275]

1. Abrams, Marc D. 1986. Historical development of gallery forests in northeast Kansas. Vegetatio. 65: 29-37. [3255]

2. Abrams, Marc D. 1986. Ecological role of fire in gallery forests in eastern Kansas. In: Koonce, Andrea L., ed. Prescribed burning in the Midwest: state-of-the-art: Proceedings of a symposium; 1986 March 3-6; Stevens Point, WI. Stevens Point, WI: University of Wisconsin, College of Natural Resources, Fire Science Center: 73-80. [16271]

3. Abrams, Marc D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests. BioScience. 42(5): 346-353. [19215]

4. Adams, Dwight E.; Anderson, Roger C.; Collins, Scott L. 1982. Differential response of woody and herbaceous species to summer and winter burning in an Oklahoma grassland. The Southwestern Naturalist. 27: 55-61. [6282]

5. Anderson, Roger C. 1982. An evolutionary model summarizing the roles of fire, climate, & grazing animals in the origin & maintenance of grasslands: an end paper. In: Estes, J.; Tyrl, R.; Brunken, J., eds. Grasses and grasslands: systematics and ecology. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press: 297-308. [21327]

6. Anderson, Roger C. 1983. THe eastern prairie-forest transition--an overview. In: Brewer, Richard, ed. Proceedings, 8th North American prairie conference; 1982 August 1-4; Kalamazoo, MI. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, Department of Biology: 86-92. [24373]

7. Anderson, Roger C. 1990. The historic role of fire in the North American grassland. In: Collins, Scott L.; Wallace, Linda L., eds. Fire in North American tallgrass prairies. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press: 8-18. [14192]

8. Anderson, Roger C.; Brown, Lauren E. 1983. Comparative effects of fire on trees in a midwestern savannah and an adjacent forest. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 110(1): 87-90. [3442]

9. Anderson, Roger C.; Brown, Lauren E. 1986. Stability and instability in plant communities following fire. American Journal of Botany. 73(3): 364-368. [3443]

10. Anderson, Roger C.; Leahy, Theresa; Dhillion, Shivcharn S. 1989. Numbers and biomass of selected insect groups on burned and unburned sand prairie. The American Midland Naturalist. 122: 151-162. [7912]

11. Anderson, Roger C.; Schwegman, John E. 1991. Twenty years of vegetational change on a southern Illinois barren. Natural Areas Journal. 11(2): 100-107. [16256]

12. Bacone, John A.; Post, Thomas W. 1986. Effects of prescribed burning on woody & herbaceous vegetation in black oak sand savannas at Hoosier Prairie Nature Preserve, Lake Co., Indiana. In: Koonce, Andrea L., ed. Prescribed burning in the Midwest: state-of-the-art: Proceedings of a symposium; 1986 March 3-6; Stevens Point, WI. Stevens Point, WI: University of Wisconsin, College of Natural Resources, Fire Science Center: 86-90. [16273]

13. Beilmann, August P.; Brenner, Louis G. 1951. The recent intrusion of forests in the Ozarks. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens. 38: 261-281. [24439]

14. Bell, Elbert L.; Hulbert, Lloyd C. 1974. Effect of soil on occurrence of cross timbers and prairie in southern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 77(4): 203-209. [24441]

15. Bragg, Thomas B.; Hulbert, Lloyd C. 1976. Woody plant invasion of unburned Kansas bluestem prairie. Journal of Range Management. 29(1): 19-24. [10383]

16. Braun, E. Lucy. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. Philadelphia, PA: Blakiston Books. [pages unknown]. [19812]

17. Bray, J. Roger. 1960. The composition of savanna vegetation in Wisconsin. Ecology. 41(4): 721-732. [24440]

18. Bryant, William S.; McComb, William C.; Fralish, James S. 1993. Oak-hickory forests (western mesophytic/oak-hickory forests). In: Martin, William H.; Boyce, Stephen G.; Echternacht, Arthur C., eds. Biodiversity of the southeastern United States: Upland terrestrial communities. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc: 143-201. [21938]

19. Bullington, Robert A. 1970. Competition between forest and prairie vegetation in twenty years of secondary succession on abandoned land in Ogle County, Illinois. In: Schramm, Peter, ed. Proceedings of a symposium on prairie and prairie restoration; 1968 September 14-15; Galesburg, IL. Special Publication No. 3. Galesburg, IL: Knox College, Biological Field Station: 20-23. [2774]

20. Clubine, Steve; Davis, Maurice. 1993. Missouri grasslands and fire. Rangelands. 15(2): 74-77. [21191]

21. Cole, Kenneth L.; Benjamin, Pamela K.; Klick, Kenneth F. 1990. The effects of prescribed burning on oak woods and prairies in the Indiana Dunes. Restoration & Management Notes. 8(1): 37-38. [13552]

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Related categories for Kuchler Type: Mosaic of bluestem prairie and oak-hickory forest