AllRefer - Species: Foxtail Chess

The PLANTS database provides distributional maps of the typical subspecies of foxtail chess and of red brome. The typical subspecies is native throughout Europe and the British Isles [61,71]. In North America, it occurs widely in coastal and central California and is also recorded from Reno, Nevada, and Portland, Oregon [61,78].

Red brome is native to southern Europe [75]. In North America, it is distributed from central Washington south to Baja California and east to central Idaho, southwestern Texas, and Sonora [61,78]. It is casually adventive in the Northeast [34].

ECOSYSTEMS [33]:

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [12]:

KUCHLER [51] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:

SAF COVER TYPES [31]:

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [69]:

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:

Nevada: Red brome is a dominant annual of blackbrush (Coleogyne ramossisima) communities at 4,000 to 5,000 feet (1,200-1,500 m). In the western Yucca Flat of southern Nevada, red brome is a member of creosotebush (Larrea tridentata)-blackbrush transition communities between 4,000 and 4,300 feet (1,200-1,300 m), and is infrequent in creosotebush associations between 3,000 and 4,000 feet (900-1,200 m). Red brome is abundant within creosotebush-saltbush (Atriplex spp.)-blackbrush communities [10]. Red brome is a prominent member of blackbrush communities within the Mojave Desert [11,19].

Utah: Red brome is common in blackbrush, juniper (Juniperus spp.), creosotebush [59], and sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia) [59,65] communities of Utah. It is most commonly found at base of shrubs in shadscale and white burrobush (Hymenoclea salsola) communities [57].

Classifications describing plant communities in which foxtail chess is a dominant species are as follows:

CA: [16,36,48,62]

IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:

In general, foxtail chess is of little value to livestock and big game. The long awns of red brome are harmful to livestock when seeds are ripe [41]. Under some circumstances, red brome may provide a source of forage. Krausman and others [50] observed light desert mule deer use (< 1% of seasonal diet) of red brome in Arizona. Desert bighorn sheep also use red brome [68].

Desert cottontail prefer red brome. Heaviest use occurs in winter [74].

PALATABILITY:

The palatability of red brome to livestock and wildlife in Utah has been rated as follows [28]:

Elk	Poor
Mule deer	Fair
Antelope	Fair
Upland game bird	Fair
Waterfowl	Poor
Small nongame bird	Fair
Small mammal	Good

NUTRITIONAL VALUE:

The calcium:phosphorous ratio for red brome is 1:2 [35].

Seegmiller and others [68] conducted a nutritional analysis of red brome within the Harlequin Mountains, Arizona. Red brome parts selected for analysis (leaves, flowers, new growth) were those used by desert bighorn sheep. Results (mean %) are presented below:

	Dry Matter	Protein	Lignin	Cellulose	Cell Solubles	Hemicellulose	Ether Extract	Ash
January-February	36.17	11.29	8.63	24.24	40.21	20.12	2.32	13.94
March-April	36.51	5.80	5.06	28.70	34.25	26.64	1.89	7.66
May-June	97.72	3.32	6.58	31.19	24.28	31.16	0.66	10.85
July-August	89.28	4.00	7.45	33.31	23.78	28.47	2.08	11.71

COVER VALUE:
Foxtail chess provides fair cover for small mammals and small nongame birds [28].

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
No entry

OTHER USES AND VALUES:
No entry

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Red brome is common in open canopies of Arizona chaparral subjected to heavy grazing [17]. Betancout [13] attributes red brome expansion in the Upper Sonoran Desert of central and southern Arizona to climate change. Since 1976, increased winter precipitation has promoted the spread of red brome. In relatively dry areas of the Southwest, red brome may displace native species during wetter years [4,15,42]. Relatively drier winters and wetter summers may slow the red brome invasion [13].

The smut Ustilago bullata is common on red brome in Nevada. Infected plants produce fewer viable seeds than uninfected plants [42].

In California chaparral, fall germination of foxtail chess gives the grass a competitive advantage over shrub seedlings, which usually germinate in spring [14]. Foxtail chess competes with California sagebrush (Artemisia californica) seedlings during their 1st growing season. Planting shrubs that are 1 or more years old increases their competitive ability against red brome [29]. Bartolome and others [8] found mulch provided no significant (p > 0.05) benefit to standing crops foxtail chess in areas of California receiving less than 9.8 inches (250 mm) annual precipitation.

Foxtail chess is an annual weed in California cereal crops [26].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

SPECIES: Bromus madritensis | Foxtail Chess

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
REGENERATION PROCESSES
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Foxtail chess is a cool-season [59] exotic annual grass with culms from 4 to 28 inches (10-70 cm) tall. The inflorescence is a panicle, 1 to 4 inches (3-11 cm) tall, with long awns [61]. The typical subspecies is distinguished from red brome by having relatively hairier stems and leaf sheaths, more lax panicles, and wider lemmas [1,39].

Foxtail chess is drought resistant, with high water-use efficiency [10,20].

RAUNKIAER [66] LIFE FORM:

Therophyte

REGENERATION PROCESSES:

Foxtail chess germinates well under the winter temperature regime of southern California [3]. Sunlight may enhance germination at higher temperatures. Freshly harvested red brome seeds are unable to germinate in the dark at temperatures above 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 °C), but freshly harvested seeds usually germinate in the dark at temperatures between 41 and 59 degrees Fahrenheit (5-15 °C). White light inhibits germination even at low irradiance. Dry storage at 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 °C) removes the inhibitory effects of higher temperatures ( > 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 °C)), widening the seeds' temperature range for germination and eliminating their sensitivity to light [26].

Red brome germinates at a less exact rainfall and temperature requirement than native species [11]. In general, fall rains promote germination and establishment . In blackbrush communities of southern Nevada, Beatley [10] found red brome germination followed heavy rains (> 1 inch (3 cm)) between October and December. However, germination is not limited to fall and may occur following heavy spring rains.

Laude [52] evaluated seedling emergence from freshly harvested and stored red brome seeds, which were were planted in a greenhouse setting and monitored for 28 days. Increased storage time increased percent emergence, with germinants achieving 100% emergence in October, 5 months after mid-June seed collection.

High levels of cadmium and nickel impair emergence of red brome [60].

SITE CHARACTERISTICS:

Foxtail chess prefers disturbed sites in Mediterranean climates [39,61]. Elevational ranges of foxtail chess are described below by state:

California	7,200 feet (2,200 m) [39]
Nevada	3,100 to 5,000 feet (950-1500 m) [42]
southern Nevada	4,000 to 5,000 feet (1,200-1,500 m) [10]
Utah	3,000 to 5,000 feet (910-1,520 m) [59]

Regional: In California, foxtail chess prefers areas receiving less than 9.8 inches (250 mm) annual rainfall [8]. Foxtail chess is a dominant species in California valley grasslands receiving less than 7.5 inches (190 mm) rainfall [38], and is abundant in California valley grasslands receiving less than 12 inches (305 mm) annual precipitation. In areas with annual precipitation greater than 12 inches (305 m), foxtail chess is replaced by soft chess (Bromus mollis) [7,8].

Bowers [18] monitored the relative abundance of northern Mojave Desert annuals over 6 years in relation to precipitation. Red brome density was highest during years receiving 2.4 to 4.2 inches (63-109 mm) precipitation; results are summarized below.

Pre-census precipitation (mm) between 1970-1976:

Year Sept.-Oct. Nov.-Dec. Jan.-Feb. Total Mean red brome/0.25m²

1971 0 37.4 8.1 45.5 0.113

1972 0 41.4 0 41.4 0.132

1973 40.4 29.7 70.9 141.0 0.073

1974 3.8 24.9 35.0 63.7 0.959

1975 25.9 35.3 5.1 66.3 1.012

1976 5.8 4.8 98.0 108.6 6.780

Soils: Red brome commonly occurs in small patches on shallow soils, growing best where there is little competition from other annuals [80]. In southern Nevada, red brome occupies blackbrush communities with coarse-textured soils, showing best growth under shrubs and peripheries of shrub canopies [10]. Upland clay and sandy loam ranges and rolling sandy hills receiving 8 to 12 inches (203-305 mm) precipitation promote good growth in southern Utah 60].

Red brome is often found in areas with relatively high levels of sulfur dioxide pollution [64].

SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:

The presence of foxtail chess is closely related to annual precipitation. Foxtail chess is commonly an early or mid-seral species where annual precipitation is greater than 9.8 inches (250 mm) [38].

Red brome is commonly an early to mid-seral species in California chaparral. It is usually sparse in early succession chaparral systems of northern California but may increase rapidly in areas of low soil fertility and moisture [15]. Peak population numbers require several years for seed dispersal into burns or buildup from on-site producers. Continued disturbance such as grazing and repeated low-severity fires favor red brome over native early-seral chaparral species [47].

Within blackbrush communities of Nevada, red brome persists in high-density stands for many years [10].

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:

In general, red brome initiation and establishment is a direct response to fall rains. Initial growth is relatively slow, followed by a rapid increase in vegetative growth coinciding with warming spring temperatures [8]. Flowering and fruiting generally occur in April and May [10]. Seeds are disseminated in summer [8].

No profound phenological differences are apparent between red brome individuals from the Mediterranean and California regions [43]. However, Wu and Jain [79] have observed phenological variation in seed weight, lemma length, plant height, and tiller production between populations of different environments.

FIRE ECOLOGY

SPECIES: Bromus madritensis | Foxtail Chess

FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:

Red brome generally shortens fire return intervals [54,55,81]. The increased presence of red brome has promoted fires in areas where fire was previously infrequent due to insufficient fuels [63]. Once established red brome may increase fire frequency by enhancing potential for start and spread [10]. In general, red brome produces an abundant and continuous cover of persistent fine fuels, promoting fast, "hot" fires [20].

Desert: Areas of the Mojave Desert dominated by red brome are more susceptible to fire than areas dominated by native forbs. Dead red brome culms and blades are persistent (commonly 2 years); herbage of most Mojave Desert annual species usually lasts 1 year or less. Red brome produces high amounts of persistent flammable fuels in perennial plant interspaces, promoting ignition and spread [22].

Heat generated by burning red brome is sufficient to ignite and consume dead stems of native Mojave Desert forbs. Flames may also consume small shrubs such as white bursage (Ambrosia dumosa), winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), white burrobush, and Anderson wolfberry (Lycium andersonii). However, flames fueled by red brome are generally insufficient to ignite large shrubs such as creosote bush [20].

Within the Sonoran Desert, dead and dry red brome is easily ignited, supporting fast-moving surface fires [63]. Fire return intervals are also shortened, changing the vegetal composition through increase of non-native components and loss of native plant species [67].

California chaparral: The invasion of red brome has contributed to short fire return intervals and the subsequent degradation of chaparral [81]. Keeley [46] has observed shorter fire intervals (< 10 years) resulting from the increased presence of red brome and other exotic annuals. Greater fire frequency has promoted the degradation of native herb communities and promoted communities of chaparral shrubs with an exotic, annual understory [81]. Dead stems and litter are persistent, promoting spread of fire in shrub communities, especially across areas between shrubs and trees [42,81].

O'Leary and Westman [58] attribute red brome within early postfire coastal sage scrub communities to off-site seed sources.

As a non-native species foxtail chess has no historic fire regime in North America. The following table provides some fire regime intervals for areas where foxtail chess presently occurs. Foxtail chess may alter fire intervals within these communities.

California chaparral	Adenostoma and/or Arctostaphylos spp.	< 35 to < 100
sagebrush steppe	Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata	20-70
coastal sagebrush	Artemisia californica	< 35 to < 100
cheatgrass	Bromus tectorum	< 10
California montane chaparral	Ceanothus and/or Arctostaphylos spp.	50-100
paloverde-cactus shrub	Cercidium microphyllum/Opuntia spp.	< 35 to < 100
mountain-mahogany-Gambel oak scrub	Cercocarpus ledifolius-Quercus gambelii	< 35 to < 100
blackbrush	Coleogyne ramosissima	< 35 to < 100
creosotebush	Larrea tridentata	< 35 to < 100
Ceniza shrub	Larrea tridentata-Leucophyllum frutescens-Prosopis glandulosa	< 35
California oakwoods	Quercus spp.	< 35
oak-juniper woodland (Southwest)	Quercus-Juniperus spp.	< 35 to < 200
blue oak-foothills pine	Quercus douglasii-Pinus sabiana	<35
bur oak	Quercus macrocarpa	< 10
interior live oak	Quercus wislizenii	< 35 [22]

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [72]:
Initial off-site colonizer (off-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer (on-site or off-site seed sources)

FIRE EFFECTS

SPECIES: Bromus madritensis | Foxtail Chess

IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:

Fire kills foxtail chess [32].

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:

No entry

PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:

Red brome establishes from on- or off-site seed sources following fire [58].

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:

Red brome showed dramatic increases in the Sonoran Desert following prescribed burns in a desert scrub of paloverde, buckhorn cholla (Opuntia acanthocarpa), and triangle bursage. Results are summarized below [53]:

Cover (%) within open microhabitat:

Control 1985	Control 1986	Prefire 1985	12 postfire months (1985)	24 postfire months (1985)*	36 postfire months (1986)*
1.02	0.48	3.56	7.22	11.81	12.89

Cover (%) in shrub microhabitat:

Control 1985	Control 1986	Prefire 1985	12 postfire months (1985)	24 postfire months (1985)*	36 postfire months (1986)*
0.68	4.77	7.42	9.17	11.67	26.61

*Coverage data taken from areas burned in 1983

Davis and Hickson [27] evaluated postfire vegetation development within coastal chaparral of California. Past fires in the area studied was either accidental or planned burns. Areas sampled ranged from 1 to 50 years since fire. Overall, red brome showed greater frequency of occurrence within oak plots than in shrub plots. Red brome was an important invader of chamise chaparral in the 3rd and 5th postfire seasons, slowly disappearing with increased brush cover. Before fires, red brome was restricted to trails, firebreaks, and openings [40].

Red brome was a dominant species on western and southern slopes (330 feet (100 m)) the first 2 years after fire in California coastal sage scrub. Postfire annual precipitation was 1 to 5 times greater than mean annual precipitation [46].

Fall burns: Red brome and California buckwheat were dominant species 5 years after a September wildfire in a 7-year-old rockrose (Cistus spp.) field, originally planted from nursery grown seedlings. The wildfire occurred on a 30 to 35 degree north facing slope at 2,700 feet (820 m). [56].

Hansen [37] observed postfire coverage of red brome after fall prescribed burns in the Tulare Basin of California. Seasonal precipitation directly influenced red brome postfire response. One-year postfire cover of red brome was equal to or greater than control plot coverage when precipitation was below average and the majority of precipitation occurred in the fall (September-November). In contrast, red brome presence was greatly reduced in the 1st and 2nd postfire growing season if greater than normal precipitation occurred in fall and spring. Repeated burning had the greatest negative effect on red brome numbers, resulting in large decreases even in wet years.

Spring burns: Cave [24] monitored 1- and 2-year postfire vegetation response in the Sonoran Desert after a 12 June 1981 controlled burn and a 26 April 1980 wildfire. Sites were at 1,500 feet (450 m) on a paloverde (Cercidium microphyllum)-cactus (Opuntia spp.)-triangle bursage association. Red brome density was reduced by 96 to 98% in the 1st postfire year compared to unburned and prefire controlled burn sites, respectively. Biomass was reduced by 70 and 65%, with cover showing 86 and 80% reductions. Precipitation prior to and during the 1982 growing season was less than precipitation in 1981.

Red brome dominated blackbrush areas 1 year after a "hot" spring wildfire [9].

FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

O'Leary and Westman [58] suggest off-site seed as a source of red brome within early postfire coastal sage scrub communities.

Stipa spp. have successfully competed with red brome within perennial grasslands of Camp Pendleton, California, subjected to annual burning [5].

Shrublands: Within the Mojave Desert of Arizona, red brome prefers disturbed sites, especially areas where shrubs have been removed by fire. Red brome readily invades blackbrush communities susceptible to fire. Once established red brome increases fire frequency by enhancing the potential for start and spread [10]. Red brome shows vigorous vegetative growth in blackbrush communities where shrubs have been removed by fire. Red brome is prominent the first 2 to 3 postfire years in blackbrush communities, after which perennial grasses and shrubs dominate [9].

Wildfires in California chaparral occur during hot dry summer months. Prescribed burning usually occurs during winter months, resulting in low-intensity burns. Red brome is a dominant species following winter fires. Temperatures of low-intensity winter fires are not high enough to kill red brome seeds [32].

Desert: Fire spread is extensive and rapid when red brome is codominant with Schismus spp. in native perennial interspaces of the Mojave Desert. Data for experimental fires conducted in August of 1995 are presented below. Fine fuels are presented in kg/ha, dominant annuals are those with > 25% relative cover [20].

Site	Beneath canopy fuel	Interspace fuel	Dominant annuals, beneath canopy	Dominant annuals, interspace	Interspace fire spread (m/minute)	Area burned (% of 2.25 ha)
Central Mojave	300	25	Bromus-Schismus	Schismus	0	0
Southern Mojave	700	200	Bromus	Bromus-Schismus	12	50 (continuous)
Western Mojave	800	100	Bromus-Schismus	Schismus	1	50 (patchy)

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Bromus madritensis Index

INTRODUCTORY

ABBREVIATION:

SYNONYMS:

NRCS PLANT CODE [76]:
BRMA3
BRRU2

COMMON NAMES:

TAXONOMY:

LIFE FORM:

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:

OTHER STATUS:

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

ECOSYSTEMS [33]:

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [12]:

KUCHLER [51] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:

SAF COVER TYPES [31]:

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [69]:

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:

VALUE AND USE

IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:

PALATABILITY:

NUTRITIONAL VALUE:

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

RAUNKIAER [66] LIFE FORM:

REGENERATION PROCESSES:

SITE CHARACTERISTICS:

SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:

FIRE ECOLOGY

FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:

FIRE EFFECTS

IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:

PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:

FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

Bromus madritensis: References

Related categories for SPECIES: Bromus madritensis | Foxtail Chess


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Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. Information Courtesy: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Fire Effects Information System

INTRODUCTORY

NRCS PLANT CODE [76]: BRMA3 BRRU2 COMMON NAMES:

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

ECOSYSTEMS [33]:

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [12]:

KUCHLER [51] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:

SAF COVER TYPES [31]:

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [69]:

VALUE AND USE

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

RAUNKIAER [66] LIFE FORM:

FIRE ECOLOGY

FIRE EFFECTS

Bromus madritensis: References

Related categories for SPECIES: Bromus madritensis | Foxtail Chess

NRCS PLANT CODE [76]:
BRMA3
BRRU2

COMMON NAMES: