Introductory
SPECIES: Carex rossii | Ross' Sedge 



ABBREVIATION : 
CARROS

SYNONYMS : 
   Carex brevipes Boott


SCS PLANT CODE : 
   CARO5


COMMON NAMES : 
   Ross' sedge


TAXONOMY : 
The currently accepted scientific name of Ross' sedge is Carex rossii
Boott [13,19,30,40]. 


LIFE FORM : 
Graminoid

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : 
See OTHER STATUS

OTHER STATUS : 
The Nature Conservancy ranks Ross' sedge as globally secure (G5) but
critically imperiled (S1) in the state of Washington [45].

There are several occurrences of Ross' sedge in ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) forests of the Black Hills, South Dakota, where it is at the
edge of its natural range.  It appears to be secure in South Dakota at
this time but is uncommon and may be localized or declining [20].


COMPILED BY AND DATE : 
Amy B. Cope.  August 1992


LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : 
NO-ENTRY


AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : 
Cope, Amy B. 1992. Carex rossii. In: Remainder of Citation

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Carex rossii | Ross' Sedge 



GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : 
Ross' sedge is a cordilleran species which occurs from Manitoba to
Alaska south to California, Arizona, and New Mexico, and east to
Minnesota [13,16,24,30].  East of the Rocky Mountains its occurrence is
irregular [19].  Ross' sedge occurs in isolated stands in South Dakota
and Michigan [19,24].


ECOSYSTEMS : 
   FRES20  Douglas-fir
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES23  Fir - spruce
   FRES26  Lodgepole pine
   FRES28  Western hardwoods
   FRES29  Sagebrush
   FRES35  Pinyon - juniper
   FRES36  Mountain grasslands
   FRES38  Plains grasslands


STATES : 
     AK  AZ  CA  CO  ID  MI  MN  MT  NE  NV
     NM  OR  SD  UT  WA  WY  AB  BC  MB  SK
     YT


ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : 
     BIHO  BRCA  CRLA  DEVA  DEPO  GLAC
     GRCA  GRTE  LAVO  LABE  MORA  OLYM
     ROMO  TICA  YELL  ZION


BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 
    1  Northern Pacific Border
    2  Cascade Mountains
    3  Southern Pacific Border
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    6  Upper Basin and Range
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   15  Black Hills Uplift
   16  Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands


KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : 
   K008  Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
   K011  Western ponderosa forest
   K012  Douglas-fir forest
   K014  Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K016  Eastern ponderosa forest
   K017  Black Hills pine forest
   K022  Great Basin pine forest
   K023  Juniper - pinyon woodland
   K029  California mixed evergreen forest
   K034  Montane chaparral
   K037  Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
   K038  Great Basin sagebrush
   K050  Fescue - wheatgrass
   K051  Wheatgrass - bluegrass
   K055  Sagebrush steppe
   K056  Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
   K063  Foothills prairie
   K066  Wheatgrass - needlegrass
   K098  Northern floodplain forest


SAF COVER TYPES : 
   206  Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   213  Grand fir
   217  Aspen
   218  Lodgepole pine
   219  Limber pine
   220  Rocky Mountain juniper
   229  Pacific Douglas-fir
   237  Interior ponderosa pine
   238  Western juniper
   239  Pinyon - juniper
   243  Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
   244  Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
   245  Pacific ponderosa pine
   246  California black oak
   247  Jeffrey pine
   248  Knobcone pine
   249  Canyon live oak
   250  Blue oak - Digger pine
   255  California coast live oak
   256  California mixed subalpine


SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : 
NO-ENTRY


HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : 
Ross' sedge is dominant or codominant in xerophytic grasslands, open
timber stands, and exposed hillsides of montane and subalpine zones
[15,24,31].  It also occurs in forest understory but usually is not
dominant there [17,28].
 
Ross' sedge is listed as a plant associate in the following published
classifications:

Forest habitat types of Medecine Bow National Forest in Wyoming [1].
Forest and shrubland community types of Silver Lake in Oregon [8].
General vegetation community type of Blue Mountains in eastern
  Washington and southeast Oregon [14].
Forest habitat types of Roosevelt National Forest in Colorado [17].
General vegetation community types of coastal British Columbia [21].
Forest habitat types of northern Utah (Uintah Mountains) [27].
Lodgepole pine community types of Colorado [28].
Aspen community types of southern Utah and Nevada [29].
Forest habitats of eastern Idaho and western Wyoming [33].
Grand fir/blue huckleberry habitat types of central Idaho [34].
Grand fir/mountain maple habitat types of central Idaho [32].
Forest vegetation habitat of the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges of
  California [38].
Lodgepole pine community types and plant associations of the western
  United States [41].

VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Carex rossii | Ross' Sedge 



WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : 
NO-ENTRY


IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : 
Pocket gophers are most common in communities with productive herbaceous
understories, which include Ross' sedge, for grazing and cover [42].
Ross' sedge provides forage for livestock and wildlife [15].


PALATABILITY : 
Ross' sedge palatability varies depending on site and animal.  Cattle
graze it sparsely on pinyon-juniper sites; sheep graze it rather heavily
in aspen parks [24].  Generally, palatability to elk, mule deer, and
moose is moderate to high, and it is highly preferred by bighorn sheep
[15].

In the spring, Ross' sedge is highly palatable to black bears.  In the
summer, palatibility for black bears, elk, and sheep is moderate; and
low for deer and cattle.  In the fall Ross' sedge palatability is low
for black bears; in the winter palatability is low for deer and elk
[34].



NUTRITIONAL VALUE : 
The food value of Ross' sedge is poor for mule deer, white-tailed deer,
and pronghorn, but fair for elk and small mammals [9].  Ross' sedge has
a good to fair forage value for sheep in the Rocky Mountains and
Colorado Basin [15].

In early spring, grasses such as Thurber needlegrass (Stipa
thurberiana), squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa
secunda Presl.), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), and junegrass
(Koeleria cristata) exceed Ross' sedge in protein, phosphorus, calcium,
crude fat, and apparent digestibility.  Crude fiber is high in March for
Ross' sedge.  As the growing season progresses through summer and into
the fall, Ross' sedge increases to surpass the grasses in protein,
calcium, crude fat, and apparent digestibility.  Ross' sedge was highest
in moisture from late July to October.  The calcium-phosphorous ratio is
good during this time (0.5:1) and dry matter disapperance (DMD) was 40
percent in the summer and fall [18].

One year after logging, Ross' sedge increased in crude protein and
continued to increase for 3 more years [7].


COVER VALUE : 
In Wyoming, cover value of Ross' sedge is poor for pronghorn, elk, mule
deer, white-tailed deer, upland game birds, and waterfowl.  For small
mammals and small nongame birds the cover value is fair [9].


VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : 
Ross' sedge sprouts readily on disturbed sites.  It survived fuel oil
spills in southeastern British Columbia [15], and despite heavy density
losses, Ross' sedge recovered well from log skidding disturbances.  On
disturbed sites that are seeded with grass, Ross' sedge is outcompeted
and less prevalent than on sites that are not seeded [12,26].

Ross' sedge's extensive root system and ability to grow on unstable or
loose material give it good soil-building and erosion-control
capabilities [15].

At campsites, Ross' sedge is not significantly affected by trampling
[6].


OTHER USES AND VALUES : 
NO-ENTRY


MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
Ross' sedge is a persistent, winter-hardy plant that is drought and
browse tolerant [15].  It is one of the most difficult understories to
remove.  One year after removal with a grub hoe, it had reestablished an
extensive root system [3].  Logging practices that disturb soils beyond
a depth of 2 inches (5 cm) destroy the rhizomes of sedges.  On steep
slopes, logging with horses or cable minimize disturbance [12].

Ross' sedge seed is not commercially available.  Splitting and
transplanting the clumps may be effective for establishment.  More
research is needed in this area [15].

Cutting in lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine habitats of which Ross'
sedge is the understory dominant should be restricted to light or
moderate shelterwood.  Partial cutting and minimizing disturbance will
prevent Ross' sedge from increasing, preserve the site, and maintain
diversity [17].

There are no significant pests or diseases of Ross' sedge [15].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Carex rossii | Ross' Sedge 



GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : 
Ross' sedge is a native, long-lived perennial graminoid [15].  The stems
are reddish at the base and occur in bunches, forming medium-sized
clumps [24].  The stems are 2 to 12 inches (5-30 cm) tall, often
equaling or exceeding the leaves.  The leaves are thin, flat, and
narrow.  Its fruit is an achene [16].


RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : 
   Hemicryptophyte
   Geophyte


REGENERATION PROCESSES : 
Ross' sedge reproduces by rhizome growth and by seed production [9,14].
It is wind pollinated.  Seeds buried less than 1.5 inches (4 cm) deep
are capable of germination, but germination was best following heat
treatment.  Seed may remain dormant for long periods of time prior to
germination [37].


SITE CHARACTERISTICS : 
Ross' sedge occurs at dry, well-drained sites.  Typical climates are
boreal, temperate, cool, semiarid, mesothermal, and xerophytic [15,31].
Ross' sedge is most commonly associated with xeric grasslands, aspen
parkland, open woods, and disturbed or exposed sites of montane and
subalpine regions [15,24,31].

Soil types are shallow, dry to moderately dry, coarse or fine textured,
ranging from sandy loam to clay loam [15,17,21,43].  They may be
unstable or compact, mildly saline, nitrogen moderate, with a pH range
of 6.0 to 6.7 [15,17,21].  Ross' sedge occurs sporadically on stony or
rocky soils [21].  Slopes generally range from 0 to 35 percent [17].
Precipitation is variable.  Ross' sedge prefers a southern aspect, but
it will grow on other aspects [34].

Ross' sedge grows at a variety of elevations but is a strong competitor
at lower elevations [44].  Below are some elevations at which Ross'
sedge occurs [9,15,30,37,43]:

                          feet              meters
California                 0-12,400              0-3,760
Colorado               5,500-12,000          1,670-3,640
Montana                4,300- 9,500          1,300-2,880
Oregon                 4,225- 4,620          1,280-1,400
Utah                   6,000-12,000          1,820-3,640
Washington             3,000- 5,800            910-1,760
Wyoming                4,800- 9,800          1,455-2,960

In forest habitats, Ross' sedge is sparse but dominant [17].  These
habitats are usually low in timber productivity, potential for
improvement, and water productivity [1,17,27].

In addition to those previously listed under Distribution and
Occurrence, Ross' sedge associates include:  mountain maple (Acer
spicatum), blue huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare), snowbrush (Ceanothus
velutinus), brittlebrush (Purshia tridenta), sagebrush (Artemisia spp.),
gland cinquefoil (Potentilla glandulosa), elk sedge (Carex geyeri),
bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), pinegrass (Calmagrostis rubescens),
Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), and squirreltail (Elymus elymoides)
[12,17,34,44].


SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : 
Obligate Initial Community Species

Ross' sedge is most common in early seral communities and unstable
situations [31,34].  It is an aggressive pioneer of hostile sites and is
partially shade tolerant [15].  Ross' sedge is often replaced by larger
shrubs and trees as succession progresses [31,34,44].

In a study by Zamora [44], Ross' sedge was dominant for 3 years
following clearcut and broadcast burning.  By year 8, it was codominate
with shrubs but was still dominant at lower elevations and less-shaded
sites; by year 12 it was subdominant; and by year 23 it was rare.

Ross' sedge occurs but is not very common in climax habitats [27,29].


SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : 
Growth begins in spring.  Flowering occurs between May and June [9].
Seeds are possibly produced in early July.  Seedlings emerge in late
fall or early winter [18].

FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Carex rossii | Ross' Sedge 



FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : 
Ross' sedge survives fire through buried seed with long-term viability
[33].  These seeds germinate after heat treatment [5].

Ross' sedge's rhizomes survive low- to moderate-severity fires [5,43].


POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : 
   Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
   Ground residual colonizer (onsite, initial community)
   Secondary colonizer - onsite seed
   Secondary colonizer - offsite seed

FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Carex rossii | Ross' Sedge 



IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : 
Fire top-kills Ross' sedge.


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : 
NO-ENTRY


PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : 
Ross' sedge is resistant to fire.  It regenerates through rhizomes and
seed germination [2,43].  Recovery is rapid to moderate, taking 2 to 10
years to return to preburn frequency [43].

Ross' sedge increases after fires that heat the soil but do not
completely consume duff [5].  After the Sundance Fire of northern Idaho,
Ross' sedge was one of the most widely distributed plants [36].  Ross'
sedge occurred on burned and grass-seeded plots but was more prevalent
on unseeded burn plots [23].  Ross' sedge increased for 4 years
following the fire [43].  Season of fire does not appear to have a major
effect on plant recovery [23,43].

At some sites, Ross' sedge may be part of the prefire vegetation but may
exist as "residual seed in the ground awaiting fire to create the proper
germination conditions" [2].


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : 
NO-ENTRY


FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
Development of Ross' sedge cover is best at lower elevations (below
3,800 feet [1,150 m]) [43].

Vigor of first-year plants after early spring or summer burns may be
reduced by grazing [41].

References for species: Carex rossii

1. Alexander, Robert R.; Hoffman, George R.; Wirsing, John M. 1986. Forest vegetation of the Medicine Bow National Forest in southeastern Wyoming: a habitat type classification. Res. Pap. RM-271. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 39 p. [307]

2. Ash, Maria; Lasko, Richard J. 1990. Postfire vegetative response in a whitebark pine community, Bob Marshall Wilderness, Montana. In: Schmidt, Wyman C.; McDonald, Kathy J., compilers. Proceedings--symposium on whitebark pine ecosystems: ecology and management of a high-mountain resource; 1989 March 29-31; Bozeman, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-270. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 360-361. [11705]

3. Barrett, James W. 1970. Ponderosa pine saplings respond to control of spacing and understory vegetation. Res. Note PNW-106. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 16 p. [15815]

4. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]

5. Bradley, Anne F.; Noste, Nonan V.; Fischer, William C. 1992. Fire ecology of forests and woodlands of Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-287. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 128 p. [18212]

6. Cole, David N.; Hall, Troy E. 1992. Trends in campsite condition: Eagle Cap Wilderness, Bob Marshall Wilderness, and Grand Canyon National Park. Res. Pap. INT-453. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 40 p. [17764]

7. Crouch, Glenn L. 1985. Effects of clearcutting a subalpine forest in central Colorado on wildlife habitat. Res. Pap. RM-258. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 12 p. [8225]

8. Dealy, J. Edward. 1971. Habitat characteristics of the Silver Lake mule deer range. Res. Pap. PNW-125. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 99 p. [782]

9. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]

10. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]

11. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]

12. Garrison, George A.; Rummell, Robert S. 1951. First-year effects of logging on ponderosa pine forest range lands of Oregon and Washington. Journal of Forestry. 49(10): 708-713. [16711]

13. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]

14. Hall, Frederick C. 1973. Plant communities of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon and southeastern Washington. R6-Area Guide 3-1. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 82 p. [1059]

15. Hardy BBT Limited. 1989. Manual of plant species suitability for reclamation in Alberta. 2d ed. Report No. RRTAC 89-4. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Land Conservation and Reclamation Council. 436 p. [15460]

16. Hermann, Frederick J. 1970. Manual of the Carices of the Rocky Mountains and Colorado Basin. Agric. Handb. 374. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 397 p. [1139]

17. Hess, Karl; Alexander, Robert R. 1986. Forest vegetation of the Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests in central Colorado: a habitat type classification. Res. Pap. RM-266. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 48 p. [1141]

18. Hickman, O. Eugene. 1975. Seasonal trends in the nutritive content of important range forage species near Silver Lake, Oregon. Research Paper PNW-187. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 32 p. [1145]

19. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]

20. Houtcooper, Wayne C.; Ode, David J.; Pearson, John A.; Vandel, George M., III. 1985. Rare animals and plants of South Dakota. Prairie Naturalist. 17(3): 143-165. [1198]

21. Klinka, K.; Krajina, V. J.; Ceska, A.; Scagel, A. M. 1989. Indicator plants of coastal British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press. 288 p. [10703]

22. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]

23. Leege, Thomas A.; Godbolt, Grant. 1985. Herebaceous response following prescribed burning and seeding of elk range in Idaho. Northwest Science. 59(2): 134-143. [1436]

24. Lewis, Monte E. 1958. Carex - its distribution and importance in Utah. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. I(II): 1-4. [18788]

25. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No. 14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]

26. Majerus, Mark E. 1991. Yellowstone National Park-Bridger Plant Marterials Center native plant program. In: Rangeland Technology Equipment Council, 1991 annual report. 9222-2808-MTDC. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology and Development Program: 17-22. [17082]

27. Mauk, Ronald L.; Henderson, Jan A. 1984. Coniferous forest habitat types of northern Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-170. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 89 p. [1553]

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30. Munz, Philip A. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]

31. Ramaley, Francis. 1919. The role of sedges in some Colorado plant communities. American Journal of Botany. 6: 120-130. [18409]

32. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]

33. Steele, Robert; Cooper, Stephen V.; Ondov, David M.; [and others]. 1983. Forest habitat types of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-144. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 122 p. [2230]

34. Steele, Robert; Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1987. The grand fir/blue huckleberry habitat type in central Idaho: succession and management. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-228. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 66 p. [8133]

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Related categories for Species: Carex rossii | Ross' Sedge