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Location:
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Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and South China Sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia
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Geographic coordinates:
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16 00 N, 106 00 E
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Map references:
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Southeast Asia
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Area:
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total: 329,560 sq km
land: 325,360 sq km
water: 4,200 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly larger than New Mexico
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Land boundaries:
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total: 4,639 km
border countries: Cambodia 1,228 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 2,130 km
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Coastline:
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3,444 km (excludes islands)
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Maritime claims:
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contiguous zone: 24 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
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Climate:
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tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
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Terrain:
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low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Fan Si Pan 3,144 m
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Natural resources:
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phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, forests, hydropower
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Land use:
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arable land: 17.41%
permanent crops: 4.71%
other: 77.88% (1998 est.)
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Irrigated land:
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30,000 sq km (1998 est.)
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Natural hazards:
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occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta
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Environment - current issues:
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logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban
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Geography - note:
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extending 1,650 km north to south, the country is only 50 km across at its narrowest point
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