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Appendix C -- Belarus and Moldova
THE ALMA-ATA DECLARATION
Signed by eleven heads of state on December 21, 1991.
PREAMBLE
The independent states:
The Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Azerbaijan, the
Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of
Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the
Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Turkmenistan, the Republic
of Ukraine and the Republic of Uzbekistan;
seeking to build democratic law-governed states, the relations
between which will develop on the basis of mutual recognition and
respect for state sovereignty and sovereign equality, the
inalienable right to self-determination, principles of equality and
noninterference in the internal affairs, the rejection of the use
of force, the threat of force and economic and any other methods of
pressure, a peaceful settlement of disputes, respect for human
rights and freedoms, including the rights of national minorities,
a conscientious fulfillment of commitments and other generally
recognized principles and standards of international law;
recognizing and respecting each other's territorial integrity
and the inviolability of the existing borders;
believing that the strengthening of the relations of
friendship, good neighborliness and mutually advantageous co-
operation, which has deep historic roots, meets the basic interests
of nations and promotes the cause of peace and security;
being aware of their responsibility for the preservation of
civilian peace and inter-ethnic accord;
being loyal to the objectives and principles of the agreement
on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States;
are making the following statement:
THE DECLARATION
Co-operation between members of the Commonwealth will be carried
out in accordance with the principle of equality through
coordinating institutions formed on a parity basis and operating in
the way established by the agreements between members of the
Commonwealth, which is neither a state, nor a super-state
structure.
In order to ensure international strategic stability and
security, allied command of the military-strategic forces and a
single control over nuclear weapons will be preserved, the sides
will respect each other's desire to attain the status of a non-
nuclear and (or) neutral state.
The Commonwealth of Independent States is open, with the
agreement of all its participants, to the states--members of the
former USSR, as well as other states--sharing the goals and
principles of the Commonwealth.
The allegiance to co-operation in the formation and development
of the common economic space, and all-European and Eurasian
markets, is being confirmed.
With the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States
the USSR ceases to exist. Member states of the Commonwealth
guarantee, in accordance with their constitutional procedures, the
fulfillment of international obligations, stemming from the
treaties and agreements of the former USSR.
Member states of the Commonwealth pledge to observe strictly
the principles of this declaration.
Agreement on Councils of Heads of State and
Government
A provisional agreement on the membership and conduct of
Councils of Heads of State and Government was concluded between the
members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on December 30,
1991.
PREAMBLE
The member states of this agreement, guided by the aims and
principles of the agreement on the creation of a Commonwealth of
Independent States of 8 December 1991 and the protocol to the
agreement of 21 December 1991, taking into consideration the desire
of the Commonwealth states to pursue joint activity through the
Commonwealth's common coordinating institutions, and deeming it
essential to establish, for the consistent implementation of the
provisions of the said agreement, the appropriate inter-state and
inter-governmental institutions capable of ensuring effective co-
ordination, and of promoting the development of equal and mutually
advantageous co-operation, have agreed on the following:
ARTICLE 1
The Council of Heads of State is the supreme body, on which all
the member-states of the Commonwealth are represented at the level
of head of state, for discussion of fundamental issues connected
with coordinating the activity of the Commonwealth states in the
sphere of their common interests.
The Council of Heads of State is empowered to discuss issues
provided for by the Minsk Agreement on the creation of a
Commonwealth of Independent States and other documents for the
development of the said Agreement, including the problems of legal
succession, which have arisen as a result of ending the existence
of the USSR and the abolition of Union structures.
The activities of the Council of Heads of State and of the
Council of Heads of Government are pursued on the basis of mutual
recognition of and respect for the state sovereignty and sovereign
equality of the member-states of the Agreement, their inalienable
right to self-determination, the principles of equality and non-
interference in internal affairs, the renunciation of the use of
force and the threat of force, territorial integrity and the
inviolability of existing borders, and the peaceful settlement of
disputes, respect for human rights and liberties, including the
rights of national minorities, conscientious fulfillment of
obligations and other commonly accepted principles and norms of
international law.
ARTICLE 2
The activities of the activities of the Council of Heads of
State and of the Council of Heads of Government are regulated by
the Minsk Agreement on setting up the Commonwealth of Independent
States, the present agreement and agreements adopted in development
of them, and also by the rules of procedure of these institutes.
Each state in the council has one vote. The decisions of the
council are taken by common consent.
The official languages of the Councils are the state languages
of the Commonwealth states.
The working language is the Russian language.
ARTICLE 3
The Council of Heads of State and of the Council of Heads of
Government discuss and where necessary take decisions on the more
important domestic and external issues.
Any state may declare its having no interest in a particular
issue or issues.
ARTICLE 4
The Council of Heads of State convenes for meetings no less than
twice a year. The decision on the time for holding and the
provisional agenda of each successive meeting of the Council is
taken at the routine meeting of the Council, unless the Council
agrees otherwise. Extraordinary meetings of the Council of Heads of
State are convened on the initiative of the majority of
Commonwealth heads of state.
The heads of state chair the meetings of the Council in turn,
according to the Russian alphabetical order of the names of the
Commonwealth states.
Sittings of the Council of Heads of State are generally to be
held in Minsk. A sitting of the Council may be held in another of
the Commonwealth states by agreement among those taking part.
ARTICLE 5
The Council of Heads of Government convenes for meetings no less
frequently than once every three months. The decision concerning
the scheduling of and preliminary agenda for each subsequent
sitting is to be made at a routine session of the Council, unless
the Council arranges otherwise.
Extraordinary sittings of the Council of Heads of Government
may be convened at the initiative of a majority of heads of
government of the commonwealth states.
The heads of government chair meetings of the Council in turn,
according to the Russian alphabetical order of the names of the
Commonwealth states.
Sittings of the Council of Heads of Government are generally to
be held in Minsk. A sitting of the Council may be held in another
of the Commonwealth states by agreement among the heads of
government.
ARTICLE 6
The Council of Heads of State and of the Council of Heads of
Government of the Commonwealth of Independent States may hold joint
sittings.
ARTICLE 7
Working and auxiliary bodies may be set up on both a permanent
and interim basis on the decision of the Council of Heads of State
and of the Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth
states.
These are composed of authorized representatives of the
participating states. Experts and consultants may be invited to
take part in their sittings.
Agreement on Strategic Forces
Concluded between the 11 members of the Commonwealth of
Independent States on December 30, 1991.
PREAMBLE
Guided by the necessity for a coordinated and organized solution
to issues in the sphere of the control of the strategic forces and
the single control over nuclear weapons, the Republic of Armenia,
the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic
of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova,
the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of
Turkmenistan, the Republic of Ukraine and the Republic of
Uzbekistan, subsequently referred to as 'the member-states of the
Commonwealth,' have agreed on the following:
ARTICLE 1
The term 'strategic forces' means: groupings, formations, units,
institutions, the military training institutes for the strategic
missile troops, for the air force, for the navy and for the air
defenses; the directorates of the Space Command and of the airborne
troops, and of strategic and operational intelligence, and the
nuclear technical units and also the forces, equipment and other
military facilities designed for the control and maintenance of the
strategic forces of the former USSR (the schedule is to be
determined for each state participating in the Commonwealth in a
separate protocol).
ARTICLE 2
The member-states of the Commonwealth undertake to observe the
international treaties of the former USSR, to pursue a coordinated
policy in the area of international security, disarmament and arms
control, and to participate in the preparation and implementation
of programs for reductions in arms and armed forces. The member-
states of the Commonwealth are immediately entering into
negotiations with one another and also with other states which were
formerly part of the USSR, but which have not joined the
commonwealth, with the aim of ensuring guarantees and developing
mechanisms for implementing the aforementioned treaties.
ARTICLE 3
The member-states of the Commonwealth recognize the need for
joint command of strategic forces and for maintaining unified
control of nuclear weapons, and other types of weapons of mass
destruction, of the armed forces of the former USSR.
ARTICLE 4
Until the complete elimination of nuclear weapons, the decision
on the need for their use is taken by the president of the Russian
Federation in agreement with the heads of the Republic of Belarus,
the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Ukraine, and in
consultation with the heads of the other member-states of the
Commonwealth.
Until their destruction in full, nuclear weapons located on the
territory of the Republic of Ukraine shall be under the control of
the Combined Strategic Forces Command, with the aim that they not
be used and be dismantled by the end of 1994, including tactical
nuclear weapons by 1 July 1992.
The process of destruction of nuclear weapons located on the
territory of the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Ukraine
shall take place with the participation of the Republic of Belarus,
the Russian Federation and the Republic of Ukraine under the joint
control of the Commonwealth states.
ARTICLE 5
The status of strategic forces and the procedure for service in
them shall be defined in a special agreement.
ARTICLE 6
This agreement shall enter into force from the moment of its
signing and shall be terminated by decision of the signatory states
or the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth.
This agreement shall cease to apply to a signatory state from
whose territory strategic forces or nuclear weapons are withdrawn.
Agreement on Armed Forces and Border Troops
Concluded between the members of the Commonwealth of
Independent States on December 30, 1991.
PREAMBLE
Proceeding from the need for a mutually acceptable settlement of
matters of defense and security, including guarding the borders of
the Commonwealth member-states, the member-states of the
Commonwealth of Independent States have agreed the following:
THE AGREEMENT
The commonwealth member-states confirm their legitimate right to
set up their own armed forces;
jointly with the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, to
examine and settle, within two months of the date of this
agreement, the issue of the procedure for controlling general
purpose forces, taking account of the national legislations of the
Commonwealth states and also the issue of the consistent
implementation by the Commonwealth states of their right to set up
their own armed forces. For the Republic of Ukraine, this will be
from 3 January 1991;
to appoint I. Ya. Kalini[n]chenko Commander-in-Chief of Border
Troops;
to instruct the Commander-in-Chief of Border Troops to work
out, within two months and in conjunction with the leaders of the
Commonwealth member-states, a mechanism for the activity of the
Border Troops, taking account of the national legislations [sic] of
the Commonwealth states, with the exception of states with which a
mechanism for the activity of Border Troops has already been
agreed.
Note: In addition, Marshal Yevgeny Shaposhnikov was
confirmed as acting Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the
Commonwealth of Independent States.
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