Dominican Republic The National Police
Figure 9. Organization of the National Police, 1989
The country's first police organization was a municipal
force
set up in 1844 in Santo Domingo. Beginning in 1847, other
towns
formed similar organizations. Eventually, there were
independent
police forces in every province. These forces were largely
controlled by local caudillos, and the national executive
branch
had only nominal influence over them. These local forces
were
disbanded in 1916 during the United States occupation; the
United
States Marines, and later members of the Dominican
Constabulary
Guard, assumed police duties. The National Police was
created in
1936. After that time, police activities in the nation
were
completely centralized, and no independent provincial or
municipal forces existed.
In 1989 police personnel numbered some 10,000; the
strength
of the police had remained relatively constant since the
1950s.
The director general of the National Police was a police
major
general, who was directly subordinate to the secretary of
state
of interior and police. The police maintained a close
relationship with the armed forces, and until the 1980s,
the
chief of the National Police was quite often a senior
officer
from one of the armed services. The director general was
assisted
by a deputy director and two sections: internal affairs
and
planning, and special operations. Three sections, each
headed by
an assistant director general, carried out the
administration and
operation of the National Police. These were the
Administration
and Support Section, the Police Operations Section, and
the
Special Operations Section.
The Administration and Support Section supervised
personnel,
police education and training, and finances. It was
responsible
for the logistical system, communications, transportation,
records, the police radio station, the police laboratory,
and the
data processing center. This section administered the
police
academy at Hatillo in San Cristóbal Province. The Police
Operations Section oversaw normal police operations. It
was
segmented into several functional departments, including
robbery
investigation, homicide investigation, felonies and
misdemeanors
against private property, highway patrol, and narcotics
and
dangerous drugs. Police patrolled on foot, on horseback,
and by
motorcycle and automobile. The customs and harbor police
employed
a small number of boats.
The deputy director of police functioned as the
immediate
superior of five regional directors. These officers,
usually
police brigadier generals, were responsible for five
territorial
zones: the Northeastern Zone (headquartered at San
Francisco de
Macorís), the Northern Zone (Santiago), the Southern Zone
(Barahona), the Central Zone (San Cristóbal), and the
Eastern
Zone (San Pedro de Marcorís). The police regions each
covered
several provinces; forces within the regions were broken
down
into provincial, company, detachment, and local police
post
divisions.
The Special Operations Section was responsible for the
administration of the secret service, which in 1989 was
headed by
a police brigadier general. The secret service performed
undercover surveillance of domestic political groups and
foreigners suspected of espionage or of inciting political
or
economic disorder. In this capacity, the secret service
coordinated its efforts with the National Department of
Investigations (Departamento Nacional de
Investigaciones--DNI),
which was under the direct control of the president.
Created in
1962, the DNI was authorized to "investigate any act
committed by
persons, groups, or associations that conflict with the
Constitution, laws, or state institutions, or that attempt
to
establish any totalitarian form of government." The DNI
was an
investigative body and, unlike the police, it did not
generally
have arrest authority. The functions of the DNI were
closely
coordinated with those of the armed forces' intelligence
units,
as well as with the functions of the police. In 1989 the
DNI was
commanded by a retired army general.
Approximately half of all police personnel were
stationed in
the capital area, both because Santo Domingo was by far
the
nation's largest city and because police headquarters, as
well as
several special police units, were located there. Among
the
special units garrisoned in the capital was a paramilitary
special operations battalion with some 1,000 personnel.
The unit
was used for riot-control in Santo Domingo, although
elements
could also be deployed rapidly to any section of the
country.
Other specialized police units included a specialized bank
guard
corps and a sappers corps that performed firefighting and
civil
defense duties.
Like the armed forces, the police participated actively
in
civic-action projects. Police medical and dental teams
provided
services for poor residents throughout the country. The
police
also made donations to organizations set up to assist the
poor.
The public image of the police had improved since the
1970s,
but excesses on the part of police personnel, including
beatings
of suspects, continued to receive media publicity. Both
government and police officials had announced their intent
to
monitor such activities and to take corrective measures,
but
complaints about such abuses continued to surface during
the late
1980s. The role of the police in quelling disturbances and
in
supporting the government's political agenda also
continued to
spark controversy.
Data as of December 1989
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