Dominican Republic The Urban Poor
Residents fetching water from a broken pipe, Barrio San
Juan Bosco, Santo Domingo
Courtesy Inter-American Development Bank
The limited availability of adequately paid and steady
employment defined life for most urban Dominicans.
Unemployment
in the 1980s ranged between 20 and 25 percent of the
economically
active population. In addition, another 25 percent of the
work
force was considered underemployed. In Santo Domingo and
Santiago, the two largest cities, roughly 48 percent of
the selfemployed , more than half of those paid piece rates, and 85
percent of temporary workers were underemployed. A late
1970s
survey of five working-class neighborhoods in Santo
Domingo found
that 60 percent of household heads had no regular
employment
(see Dominican Republic - Labor
, ch. 3). Under such conditions, those workers having
regular employment constituted a relatively privileged
segment of
the urban populace.
Rural-urban migration made the situation of the urban
poor
even more desperate; however, the chances of earning a
living
were slightly better in cities than in rural areas,
although the
advantages of an urban job had to be weighed against the
higher
cost of foodstuffs. Landless, or nearly landless,
agricultural
laborers might find it difficult to work even a garden
plot, but
the rural family could generally get by on its own food
production. For the urban poor, however, the struggle to
eat was
relentless.
Under conditions of chronically high unemployment,
workers
enjoyed little power or leverage. Protective labor laws
were
typically limited in their coverage to workers in private
companies with more than ten employees. Organized labor
made
significant gains in the early 1960s, but by the late
1980s only
a scant 12 to 15 percent of the labor force was unionized
(see Dominican Republic - Labor
, ch. 3). The legal code prohibited nearly half of
all
workers (public employees and utility workers) from
strikes and
job actions
(see Dominican Republic - Interest Groups
, ch. 4).
Roughly one-quarter of urban households surveyed in the
mid1970s were headed by women. Even in families with a male
breadwinner, a woman was frequently the more consistent
income
earner among poorer city dwellers. Women's economic
activities
were diverse--if poorly remunerated. They took in washing
and
ironing, and they did domestic work. The more prosperous
sewed.
Some bought cheap or used items and raffled them off. A
few who
could muster the necessary capital ran stalls selling
groceries,
cigarettes, and candy, but their trade was minimal. In
smaller
towns, women also performed a variety of agricultural
processing
tasks: grinding coffee, husking garlic, winnowing beans,
and
washing pig intestines.
Like more well-to-do city families, the poor tried,
wherever
possible, to maintain ties with their kin in the
countryside. Aid
and assistance flowed both ways. Farmers with relatives in
the
city stayed with them on trips to town and repaid this
hospitality with foodstuffs from their fields. New
rural-urban
migrants were assisted by kin who had already made the
transition. The poor were handicapped in these exchanges
because
they typically had fewer kin in a position to help.
Nonetheless,
the obligation to help was deeply felt. Women who migrated
to
cities returned to their families in the countryside as
economic
conditions and family needs dictated.
The small urban neighborhood functioned as the center
of
social life. Most sharing, mutual aid, and cooperative
activity
took place within the confines of a narrow circle of
neighbors
and kin. Most Dominicans shared a general belief that
neighbors
should assist each other in times of need.
Data as of December 1989
|