Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Annual Growth Rate by Region, Intercensal Periods, 1950-82

Region	Annual Growth Rate
	1950-62	1962-74	1974-82
Sierra	2.00	2.50	2.30
Costa	4.11	3.40	2.66
Oriente	3.98	7.28	4.95
Gal pagos	4.79	4.54	4.91
Ecuador	2.95	3.10	2.62

Source: Based on information from Ecuador, Instituto Nacional de Estad¡stica y Censos, IV Censo Nacional de Poblaci¢n y III de Vivienda, 1982--Resumen Nacional: Breve An lisis de los Resultados Definitivos, Quito, 1985, 32.

Table 3. Population and Annual Growth Rate of Guayaquil and Quito, 1950-82

City	Population				Annual Growth Rate*
	1950	1962	1974	1982	1950-62	1962-74	1974-82	1950- 82
Guayaquil	258,966	510,804	823,219	1,199,344	5.82	4.06	4.82	4.91
Quito	209,932	354,746	599,828	866,472	4.47	4.47	4.70	4.53

*Intercensal periods.

Source: Based on information from Carlos Larrea, "Crecimiento Urbano y Din mica de las Ciudades Intermedias en el Ecuador (1950- 1982)," in Fernando Carri¢n (comp.), El Proceso de Urbanizaci¢n en el Ecuador del siglo XVIII al siglo XX--Antolog¡a, Quito, 1986, 104, 106.

Table 4. Urban Growth Rate in the Costa and Sierra Regions and in Ecuador by Size of City, Intercensal Periods, 1950-82

Region
Size of City	1950-62	1962-74	1974- 82	1950-82
Costa
Metropolitan¹	5.82	4.06	4.82	4.91
Intermediate²	7.71	6.24	6.13	6.76
Small³	5.61	3.72	5.51	4.87
Sierra
Metropolitan	4.47	4.47	4.70	4.53
Intermediate	3.96	3.91	4.07	3.97
Small	1.65	2.79	3.42	2.52
Ecuador
Metropolitan	5.24	4.23	4.77	4.74
Intermediate	5.51	5.07	5.21	5.27
Small	3.53	3.44	5.02	3.87

¹ More than 200,000.
² 50,000 to 200,000.
³ Less than 50,000.

Source: Based on information from Carlos Larrea, "Crecimiento Urbano y Din mica de las Ciudades Intermedias en el Ecuador (1950- 1982)," in Fernando Carri¢n (ed.), El Proceso de Urbanizaci¢n en el Ecuador del siglo XVIII al siglo XX--Antolog¡a, Quito, 1986, 113.

Table 5. Landholding in the Sierra and Costa Regions by Size of Farm, 1954 and 1974

Region	1954		1974
Size of Farm¹	Percentage of Farms	Percentage of Agricultural Land	Percentage of Farms	Percentage of Agricultural Land
Sierra
0 to 10	90.4	16.5	87.1	18.3
10 to 20	4.0	4.7	5.7	7.8
20 to 100	4.4	14.5	6.1	25.7
100 to 500	0.9	15.6	0.9	16.4
More than 500	0.3	48.7	0.2	31.8
Total Sierra	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Costa
0 to 10	63.0	7.0	67.4	8.9
10 to 20	12.8	5.1	11.9	7.4
20 to 100	19.4	23.5	17.7	32.2
100 to 500	4.0	23.0	2.9	24.3
More than 500	0.7	41.4	0.4	27.2
Total Costa	100.0²	100.0	100.0²	100.0

¹ In hectares.
² Figures do not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Howard Handelman, Ecuadorian Agrarian Reform: The Politics of Limited Change, American Universities Field Staff Reports, 1980, 49, South America, 12-13.

Table 6. Organization of the Roman Catholic Church, 1986

Structure	Area*	Catholic Population	Number of Priests
Archdiocese
Cuenca	9,672	363,000	109
Guayaquil	20,269	1,805,000	248
Quito	17,090	1,251,540	430
Diocese
Ambato	3,844	336,200	64
Azogues	4,514	181,200	32
Guaranda	3,336	197,000	29
Ibarra	5,669	244,500	75
Latacunga	5,093	314,000	56
Loja	11,000	377,000	80
Machala	5,816	313,000	26
Portoviejo	19,000	1,050,000	86
Riobamba	6,161	507,000	62
Tulc n	5,000	135,000	31
Territorial prelature
Los R¡os	6,521	368,000	18
Apostolic vicariate
Aguarico	28,000	39,600	20
Esmeraldas	15,000	283,300	37
Méndez	35,000	63,700	34
Napo	25,000	52,135	27
Puyo	24,000	27,000	11
San Miguel de Sucumb¡os	20,000	43,500	12
Zamora	20,000	50,400	13
Apostolic prefecture
Gal pagos	7,860	7,000	5
TOTAL	297,845	8,009,075	1,505

*In square kilometers.

Source: Based on information from Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 1986, Vatican City, 1986.

Table 7. Enrollment by Level of Education, Selected Years, 1967-85

Level	1967	1971	1975	1979	1983	1984	1985
Primary	897,539	1,052,484	1,254,850	1,427,627	1,677,364	1,672,068	1,741,967¹
Secondary
First Cycle	106,831	161,446	256,196	345,569	405,445	438,718	452,262¹
Second Cycle	44,371	78,135	126,515	189,876	244,833	267,058	277,368¹
Total Secondary	151,202	239,581	382,711	535,445	650,278	705,776	729,630
Higher Education	19,600	45,355	129,130	225,343	---²	---²	---²

¹ Provisional.
² Figures not reported.

Source: Based on information from Banco Central del Ecuador, Bolet¡n Anuario, 8, Quito, 1985, 241; and Banco Central del Ecuador, Bolet¡n Anuario, 11, Quito, 1988, 243.

Table 8. Literacy Rate among Population over Ten Years of Age, Census Years, 1950-82

**(in percentages)**
	1950	1962	1974	1982
Urban
Males	89	92	94	96
Females	79	86	89	94
Total urban	83	89	91	95
Rural
Males	51	63	70	80
Females	38	53	60	71
Total rural	45	58	65	76
Ecuador
Males	62	73	79	88
Females	51	66	73	83
Total Ecuador	56	70	76	85

Table 9. Social Security Participation among Economically Active Population, 1982

**(in percentages)**
	Males	Females	Total
Urban	34	42	36
Rural	9	12	9
Ecuador	21	33	23

Table 10. Gross Domestic Product by Sector, 1950, 1971, and 1987

**(in percentages)**
Sector	1950	1971	1987
Agriculture, livestock, fishing, and forestry	38.8	24.7	17.8
Petroleum and mining	2.3	-3.4	7.6
Manufacturing	16.0	17.0	17.6
Utilities	0.5	0.7	1.6
Construction	2.7	7.6	4.1
Wholesale and retail trade	10.3	17.5	15.7
Transportation and communications	4.8	6.0	8.3
Financial services	1.4	2.4	2.3
Public administration	5.8	8.8	9.3
Other services	9.3	13.6	13.0
Indirect taxes	8.1	5.1	2.7
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0

Source: Based on information from Banco Central del Ecuador, Bolet¡n Anuario, 10, Quito, 1987.

Table 11. Labor Force by Sector, 1974, 1982, and 1987

(in percentages)*
Sector	1974	1982	1987
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	46.2	33.5	34.8
Government and community services	17.0	23.7	23.9
Manufacturing	11.7	12.2	10.8
Commerce	9.7	11.6	10.8
Construction	4.4	6.7	7.3
Utilities and transportation	3.2	4.9	4.9
Finance and insurance	1.0	1.9	2.3
Mining	0.3	0.3	0.1
Other	6.4	5.1	4.9
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0

*Figures do not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Banco Central del Ecuador, Bolet¡n Anuario, 10, Quito, 1987.

Table 12. Production of Selected Agricultural Commodities, 1983, 1984, and 1985

**(in thousands of tons)**
Commodity	1983	1984	1985
Export crops
Bananas	1,642.1	1,677.6	1,969.6
Cacao	45.0	48.7	130.8
Coffee	81.1	97.2	120.9
Sugar (centrifugal)	2,625.5	3,041.9	2,693.6
Sugar (noncentrifugal)	2,994.5	2,656.3	2,301.2
Major food crops
African palm oil	354.2	372.5	457.9
Barley	29.6	25.0	26.7
Cassava	194.8	239.2	228.8
Corn	229.4	325.8	371.4
Oranges	355.2	272.0	230.7
Plantains	687.2	744.0	945.5
Potatoes	314.0	389.6	423.2
Rice (paddy)	273.5	437.2	397.4
Wheat	26.9	25.2	18.5
Other crops
Castor beans	2.2	1.9	1.7
Cotton	4.2	7.8	18.9
Hemp	7.6	18.3	10.0
Soybeans	14.1	47.4	62.9
Tea	2.6	2.8	4.3
Tobacco	1.8	4.4	3.1

Source: Based on information from Vjekoslav Mardesic (ed.), Estad¡sticas del Ecuador, Quito, 1988; and Ecuador, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganader¡a, Estimaci¢n de la superficie cosechada y de la producci¢n agr¡cola del Ecuador, 1983 to 1985, Quito, 1989.

Table 13. Crude Petroleum Production in the Costa and Oriente Regions, 1980-89

**(in thousands of barrels)**
Year	Costa	Oriente	Total
1980	5,503	742,219	774,769
1981	5,116	765,164	770,280
1982	5,193	765,703	770,896
1983	2,773	864,138	866,611
1984	4,171	934,626	938,797
1985	4,380	1,019,978	1,024,159
1986	4,123	1,065,824	1,069,947
1987	n.a.	n.a.	669,000
1988	n.a.	n.a.	1,240,000
1989	n.a.	n.a.	1,246,000

Source: Based on information from Banco Central del Ecuador, Bolet¡n Anuario, 10, Quito, 1987, 170; and Economist Intelligence Unit, Ecuador: Country Report, No. 4, 1990, London, 1990, 23.

Table 14. Value of Manufacturing Production by Sector, 1986

**(in percentages)**
Sector	Value
Food and tobacco processing	39.7
Textiles	22.1
Minerals and metals	12.2
Paper and printing	6.9
Chemicals and plastics	5.8
Wood products and furniture	5.6
Machinery and metal products	2.9
Other	4.8
TOTAL	100.0

Source: Based on information from Banco Central del Ecuador, Bolet¡n Anuario, 1987, Quito, 1987, 154-55.

Table 15. Principal Exports, 1981-87

(in millions of United States dollars)*
Commodity	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987
Crude petroleum	1,560	1,388	1,639	1,679	1,825	912	739
Fuel oil	150	120	94	156	102	70	78
Bananas	216	213	153	136	220	263	267
Coffee	106	139	149	175	191	299	192
Raw cacao	44	61	8	96	138	71	83
Processed cacao	106	56	26	50	78	77	57
Shrimp and fish	82	128	178	167	169	315	409
Processed food	138	118	56	100	123	110	87
Industrial products and chemicals	113	102	44	48	52	61	105

*Free on board.

Table 16. Merchandise Imports, 1982- 87

(in millions of United States dollars)*
Commodity	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987
Nondurable consumer goods	86	52	76	85	93	116
Durable consumer goods	371	208	230	138	126	139
Fuels and lubricants	220	256	144	158	82	354
Raw materials (agriculture)	45	36	54	64	54	46
Raw materials (industry)	667	490	654	660	624	689
Construction materials	79	32	37	39	50	53
Capital goods (agriculture)	29	9	14	29	31	24
Capital goods (industry)	434	237	246	309	369	447
Transportation equipment	250	88	112	131	203	186
TOTAL	2,181	1,408	1,567	1,613	1,632	2,054

*Free on board.

Table 17. Principal Trading Partners, 1985, 1986, and 1987

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
Country	1985	1986	1987
Imports
Brazil	123	120	119
Italy	50	100	65
Japan	207	205	257
Spain	50	52	58
United States	575	509	575
West Germany	167	165	170
Other	566	625	675
Total imports	1,738	1,776	1,919
Exports
Chile	44	47	31
Colombia	47	30	23
Japan	62	57	48
Panama	120	59	43
United States	1,636	1,322	1,243
West Germany	59	78	80
Other	1,088	578	561
Total exports	3,056	2,171	2,029

Source: Based on information from James W. Wilkie and Enrique Ochoa (eds.), Statistical Abstract of Latin America, 27, Los Angeles, 1989, 639-40.

Table 18. Balance of Payments, 1983- 88

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988
Merchandise*
Exports	2,348	2,622	2,905	2,186	2,021	2,203
Imports	-1,421	- 1,567	-1,611	-1,631	-2,054	-1,614
Trade balance	927	1,055	1,294	555	-33	589
Services
Exports	340	350	418	431	444	446
Imports	-1,295	- 1,573	-1,643	-1,644	-1,674	-1,692
Balance on goods and services	- 28	-168	69	-658	-1,263	- 657
Government unrequited transfers (net)	24	20	80	45	132	60
Current account balance	-4	-148	149	- 613	-1,131	-597
Direct capital investment (net)	50	50	62	70	75	80
Other long-term capital (net)	- 1,200	-896	-752	-339	83	- 891
Short-term capital (net)	-1,098	-267	-287	- 95	72	138
Net errors and omissions	-182	-74	77	- 173	-133	192
Total monetary movement (net)	- 2,434	-1,335	-751	-1,150	-1,034	- 1,078
Valuation changes	14	22	-27	- 29	-62	-23
Exceptional financing	2,473	1,327	881	1,025	936	1,026
Official financing	74	-72	-107	- 47	-1	65
Changes in reserves	127	-58	-4	- 201	-161	-10

*Free on board.

Source: Based on information from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, 43, No. 6, Washington, 1990, 206.

Table 19. Law-Making Process, 19

Step	Description
Step 1	Bill is initiated by legislators or Plenary of Legislative Commissions (PCL), the president of the republic, judicial organs, or popular initiatives.
Step 2	Text is provided to each legislator fifteen days prior to debate in Congress.
Step 3	Proposed bill is discussed in two debates on different days. After first debate, it may be returned to the originating commission, which must report on new observations to modify, alter, or change it.
Step 4	At second debate, observations may be presented only if supported by two-thirds of the legislators present.
Step 5	If the president has presented the proposed bill, he may intervene in a specially convened discussion without voting rights.
Step 6	On being approved by Congress or the PCL, proposed bill must be submitted to the president, who may approve or object to it. President may also approve it tacitly by allowing ten days to pass without vetoing it. President may object either totally or partially. If the objection is partial, the part not objected to must be adopted immediately. In that case, Congress may accept the partial objection, correct the bill accordingly, and resubmit it to the president. Congress may also insist on the original version of the proposed bill by a vote of two-thirds of its members and proceed to promulgate it.
Step 7	Final stage is promulgation, which requires publishing the law in Registro Oficial del Estado (Official Register of the State).

Table 20. Major Army Equipment, 1988

Type	Country of Origin	Number in Inventory*
Tanks
M-3	United States	45
AMX-13	France	104
Armored vehicles
AML 60/90 reconnaissance	-do-	35
EE-9 Cascavel reconnaissance	Brazil	10
M-113 tracked personnel carriers	United States	20
AMX-VCI personnel carriers	France	60
EE-11 Urutu wheeled personnel carriers	Brazil	18
Artillery
Oto Melara M-56 105mm	Italy	n.a.
M-101 105mm	United States	50
M-198 155mm	-do-	10
MK 73 155mm self-propelled	France	10
Mortars
Soltam 160mm	Israel	12
Recoilless rifles
M-67 90mm and M-40 106mm	United States	400
Air defense guns
M-1935 20mm	-do-	28
Oerlikon GDF-002 twin 30mm	Sweden	30
Bofors M-1A1 40mm	-do-	30
Surface-to-air missiles
Blowpipe shoulder-fired	Britain	150
Aircraft
Liaison, utility, and survey, various types	United States	21
Helicopters
SA-330 Puma	France	3
SA-315 Lama	-do-	3
AS-332 Super Puma	-do-	4
SA-342 Gazelle	-do-	4

n.a.--not available.
*Estimated.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1988- 1989, London, 1988, 195.

Table 21. Major Naval Equipment, 1988

Type	Country of Origin	Number in Inventory	Date Commissioned
Destroyer
Gearing-class, 3,500 tons, four 5-inch guns	United States	1	1946; modernized 1980
Frigate
Lawrence-class, 2,130 tons, one 5-inch gun	-do-	1	1943
Submarines
Shyri (T-209), 1,300 tons	West Germany	2	1977-78
Corvettes
Esmeraldas, 550 tons, each with six Exocet missiles	Italy	6	1982-84
Fast attack craft
Quito (Lürssen 45), 255 tons, each with four Exocet missiles	West Germany	3	1976-77
Manta (Lürssen 36), 120 tons, each with four Gabriel missiles	-do-	3	1971
Coastal patrol craft
77-foot	-do-	3	1954-55
65-foot	United States	3	Delivered 1976
Amphibious
Landing ship, tank, 1,650 tons	-do-	1	Recommissioned 1977
Landing ship, medium, 750 tons	-do-	1	1945

Source: Based on information from Jane's Fighting Ships, 1988- 89, London, 1988, 139-43.

Table 22. Major Air Force Equipment, 1988

Type	Country of Origin	Number in Inventory
Fighters (ground attack)
Jaguar S, B	Britain	12
Kfir C-2, TC-2	Israel	11
Fighters
Mirage F-1J	France	16
Light attack and jet conversion training
Cessna A-37B	United States	7
Lockhead At-33 (reconditioned T-33)	-do-	25
Strikemaster Mk 89	Britain	6
Transports
TAME
Boeing 727	United States	4
Lockheed C-130H Hercules	-do-	1
C-160	France	1
BAe 748	Britain	2
DHC-6 Twin Otter	Canada	3
Ecuatoriana
Boeing 720	United States	3
Boeing 707	-do-	2
Helicopters (liaison and sea-air rescue)
AS-332 Superpuma	France	2
SA-330 Puma	-do-	1
Alouette III	-do-	6
Bell 212, 214	United States	3
Bell UH-1H	-do-	3
Trainers
Beech T-34C	-do-	20
Cessna T-41	-do-	2

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1988- 1989, London, 1988, 195-96; and DMS Market Intelligence Report: South America/Australasia, Greenwich, Connecticut, 1989.

Ecuador - TABLE OF CONTENTS