Appendix A. Tables
When you kow | Multiply by | To find |
Millimeters | 0.04 | inches |
Centimeters | 0.39 | inches |
Meters | 3.3 | feet |
Kilometers | 0.62 | miles |
Hectares | 2.47 | acres |
Square kilometers | 0.39 | square miles |
Cubic meters | 35.3 | cubic feet |
Liters | 0.26 | gallons |
Kilograms | 2.2 | pounds |
Metric tons | 0.98 | long tons |
| 1.1 | short
tons |
| 2,204 | pounds |
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade) | 1.8 and
add 32 | degrees Fahrenheit |
(in thousands)
Region | 1960 | 1970 | 1984 |
Ashanti | 1,109.1 | 1,481.7 | 2,090.1 |
Brong-Ahafo | 587.9 | 766.5 | 1,206.6 |
Central | 751.4 | 890.1 | 1,142.3 |
Eastern | 777.3 | 1,209.8 | 1,680.9 |
Greater Accra | 491.82 | 903.4 | 1,431.1 |
Northern | 531.6 | 727.6 | 1,164.6 |
Upper East | ---3 | 542.9 | 772.7 |
Upper West | 757.33 | 319.9 | 438.0 |
Volta | 1,094.2 | 947.3 | 1,211.9 |
Western | 626.2 | 770.1 | 1,157.8 |
TOTAL | 6,726.8 | 8,559.3 | 12,296.0
|
1 Latest available data. Ghana's 1993 population is
estimated at 16.7 million, but no regional breakdown is
available.
2 Represents only Accra administrative area. The rest of
what is now Greater Accra Region was part of Eastern Region in
1960.
3 In 1960 Upper East and Upper West regions were
combined in Upper Region.
Source: Based on information from Ghana, Monthly Economic Bulletin,
Accra, 3, May 1970, 2; Ghana, Statistical Service, Quarterly Digest
of Statistics, Accra, December 1991, Table 95; and United States,
Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, Washington, 1993,
147.
| | Population Density1
| | Population Distribution3 |
Region | Area4 | 1970 | 1984 | Gr
owth
Rate2 | Rural | Urban | |
Ashanti | 24,389 | 61 | 86 | 2.5 | 67.5 | 32.5 |
Brong-Ahafo | 39,557 | 19 | 31 | 3.3 | 73.4 | 26.6 |
Central | 9,826 | 91 | 116 | 1.8 | 71.2 | 28.8 |
Eastern | 19,323 | 63 | 87 | 2.4 | 72.3 | 27.7 |
Greater Accra | 3,245 | 278 | 441 | 3.3 | 17.0 | 83.0 |
Northern | 70,384 | 10 | 17 | 3.4 | 74.8 | 25.2 |
Upper East | 8,842 | 61 | 87 | 2.6 | 87.1 | 12.9 |
Upper West | 18,476 | 17 | 24 | 2.3 | 89.1 | 10.9 |
Volta | 20,570 | 46 | 59 | 1.8 | 79.5 | 20.5 |
Western | 23,921 | 32 | 48 | 3.0 | 77.4 | 22.6 |
GHANA | 238,533 | 36 | 52 | 2.6 | 68.0 | 32.0
|
1 In square kilometers.
2 Persons per square kilometer.
3 Average annual compound rate for 1970-84 period, in
percentages.
4 In percentages, for 1984; towns with 5,000 or more
inhabitants.
Source: Based on information from Ghana, Statistical Service,
Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, December 1991, Tables 94,
95, and 96.
Region | Physicians | Medical
Assistants | Dentists | Dental
Assistants | Nurses2 | Nurses3
| Midwives | Pharmacists | Dispensary
Assistants |
Ashanti | 24 | 35 | 2 | 3 | 163 | 379 | 136 | 5 | 108 |
Brong-Ahafo | 19 | 23 | 2 | 5 | 65 | 703 | 74 | 3 | 62 |
Central | 16 | 37 | 5 | 5 | 226 | 730 | 103 | 4 | 74 |
Eastern | 50 | 41 | 4 | 6 | 318 | 1,240 | 287 | 4 | 135 |
Greater Accra | 60 | 39 | 12 | 14 | 1,078 | 1,138 | 335 | 10 | 123 |
Northern | 18 | 36 | --- | 3 | 275 | 544 | 110 | 6 | 44 |
Upper East | 15 | 17 | --- | 4 | 109 | 414 | 90 | 2 | 47 |
Upper West | 9 | 16 | --- | ---
| 138 | 283 | 131 | 3 | 27 |
Volta | 35 | 30 | 2 | 5 | 277 | 901 | 156 | 6 | 69 |
Western | 43 | 40 | 4 | 8 | 394 | 563 | 89 | 5 | 76 |
Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital4 | 121 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 306 | 292 | 170 | 11 | 47 |
Korle-Bu Hospital4 | 218 | --- | 3 | 8 | 649 | 623 | 55 | 8 | 62 |
TOTAL | 628 | 315 | 39 | 70 | 3,998 | 7,810 | 1,736 | 67 | 874
|
---means negligible.
1 Latest available data. Figures do not include medical
personnel working in quasi-governmental institutions.
2 Includes registered nurses and nurse anesthetists.
3 Includes community health nurses.
4 Korle-Bu Hospital in Accra and Komfo Anokye Teaching
Hospital in Kumasi are both teaching hospitals.
Source: Based on information from Ghana, Statistical Service,
Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, December 1991, Table 85.
Education Level | 1980-81 | | 1985-
86 | | 1989-90 | | 1990-91 |
| Student Enrollment | Gender
Breakdown1 | Student Enrollment | Gender
Breakdown1 | Student Enrollment | Gender
Breakdown1 | Student Enrollment | Gender
Breakdown1 |
Primary | |
Males | 766,406 | 56 | 718,173 | 55 | 939,010 | 55 | 991,877 | 55 |
Females | 611,328 | 44 | 577,727 | 45 | 764,064 | 45 | 811,271 | 45 |
Total primary | 1,377,734 | 100 | 1,295,900 | 100 | 1,703,074 | 100 | 1,803,148 | 100 |
Middle2 |
Males | 316,063 | 60 | 315,253 | 58 | 62,117 | 60 | --- | ---
|
Females | 213,632 | 40 | 224,670 | 42 | 40,951 | 40 | --- | ---
|
Total middle | 529,695 | 100 | 539,923 | 100 | 103,068 | 100 | --- | ---
|
Junior secondary2 |
Males | --- | ---
| --- | --- | 366,830 | 59 | 377,108 | 62 |
Females | --- | ---
| --- | --- | 258,188 | 41 | 232,235 | 38 |
Total junior secondary | --- | --- | --- | ---
| 625,018 | 100 | 609,343 | 100 |
Senior secondary |
Males | 78,017 | 69 | 89,220 | 69 | 112,542 | 67 | 133,581 | 67 |
Females | 35,140 | 31 | 40,787 | 31 | 55,458 | 33 | 65,679 | 33 |
Total senior secondary | 113,157 | 100 | 130,007 | 100 | 168,000 | 100 | 199,260 | 100 |
Polytechnics3 |
Males | --- | ---
| 7,2034 | 724 | 8,403 | 73 | n.a. | n.a. |
Females | --- | ---
| 2,7854 | 284 | 3,065 | 27 | n.a. | n.a. |
Total polytechnics | --- | --- | 9,9884 | 1004 | 11,468 | 100 | n.a. | n.a. |
University of Ghana |
Males | 3,098 | 84 | 2,807 | 81 | 3,269 | 81 | 3,076 | 76 |
Females | 607 | 16 | 645 | 19 | 771 | 19 | 976 | 24 |
Total University of Ghana | 3,705 | 100 | 3,452 | 100 | 4,040 | 100 | 4,052 | 100 |
University of Science and Technology |
Males | 2,432 | 86 | 2,702 | 84 | 2,902 | 83 | 3,099 | 82 |
Females | 384 | 14 | 500 | 16 | 575 | 17 | 697 | 18 |
Total University of Science and Technology | 2,816 | 100 | 3,202 | 100 | 3,477 | 100 | 3,796 | 100 |
University of Cape Coast |
Males | 1,139 | 81 | 1,259 | 82 | 1,387 | 80 | n.a. | n.a. |
Females | 266 | 19 | 280 | 18 | 347 | 20 | n.a. | n.a. |
Total University of Cape Coast | 1,405 | 100 | 1,539 | 100 | 1,734 | 100 | n.a. | n.a. |
Total university enrollment |
Males | 6,669 | 84 | 6,768 | 83 | 7,558 | 81 | 6,1755 | 795 |
Females | 1,257 | 16 | 1,425 | 17 | 1,693 | 19 | 1,6735 | 21 |
Total university enrollment | 7,926 | 100 | 8,193 | 100 | 9,251 | 100 | 7,8485 | 1005
|
n.a.--not available.
1 In percentages.
2 As a result of education reforms of the mid-1980s,
middle schools were phased out and junior secondary schools were
phased in.
3 Full-time and part-time students.
4 1986-87 figures.
5 Enrollment in the University of Ghana and in the
University of Science and Technology only.
Source: Based on information from Ghana, Statistical Service,
Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, December 1991, Tables 69,
70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, and 77; and World Bank, various sources.
| 1986 | 1988 | 1990 | 1992 |
Total GDP (in billions of cedis)2 |
At current prices | 511 | 1,051 | 2,032 | 3,009 |
At constant 1987 prices | 713 | 787 | 854 | 934 |
Real change (in percentages) | 5.1 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 3.9 |
In billions of United States dollars | 4.62 | 5.11 | 5.55 | 6.06 |
Per capital GDP (in thousands of cedis) |
At current prices | 38.8 | 74.8 | 135.5 | 188.5 |
At constant 1987 prices | 54.2 | 56.0 | 56.9 | 58.5 |
Real change (in percentages) | 1.7 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.9 |
In United States dollars | 352 | 364 | 369 | 380 |
1 Latest available data.
2 For value of the cedi--see Glossary.
Source: Based on information from Ghana, Statistical Service,
Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, December 1991, Table 87; and
Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Ghana, 1994-95,
London, 1994, 16.
| 1983 | | 1991 |
Sector | Value2 | Percentage |
Value2 | Percentage |
Agriculture |
Agriculture and livestock | 92,047 | 50.0 | 873,493 | 33.9 |
Cocoa production and marketing | 10,227 | 5.6 | 244,602 | 9.5 |
Forestry and logging | 5,609 | 3.0 | 99,986 | 3.9 |
Fishing | 2,044 | 1.1 | 33,942 | 1.3 |
Total agriculture | 109,927 | 59.7 | 1,252,024 | 48.6 |
Industry |
Mining and quarrying | 1,944 | 1.1 | 45,587 | 1.8 |
Manufacturing | 7,101 | 3.9 | 225,078 | 8.7 |
Electricity and water | 358 | 0.2 | 51,950 | 2.0 |
Construction | 2,796 | 1.5 | 89,195 | 3.5 |
Total industry | 12,199 | 6.6 | 411,811 | 16.0 |
Services |
Transportation and communications | 7,663 | 4.2 | 114,688 | 4.5 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 43,120 | 23.4 | 442,787 | 17.2 |
Finance and insurance | 3,311 | 1.8 | 107,391 | 4.2 |
Government and other | 8,670 | 4.7 | 243,456 | 9.4 |
Total services | 62,764 | 34.1 | 908,322 | 35.3 |
Less imputed bank service charges | -
2,259 | -1.2 | -35,461 | -1.4 |
Import duties | 1,407 | 0.8 | 38,077 | 1.5 |
GDP at market prices | 184,038 | 100.0 | 2,574,774 | 100.0
|
1 Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
2 At current prices, in millions of cedis (for value of
the cedi--see Glossary).
Source: Based on information from Ghana, Statistical Service,
Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, 1987, Table 74; and
Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Ghana, 1994-95,
London, 1994, 15.
(in millions of United States dollars)
| 1986 | 1988 | 1990 | 1992 |
External debt |
Long-term | 1,754 | 2,214 | 2,705 | 3,131 |
Short-term | 187 | 72 | 312 | 404 |
IMF credit2 | 786 | 762 | 745 | 740 |
Total external debt | 2,726 | 3,048 | 3,761 | 4,275 |
Public disbursed debt |
Official creditors | 1,464 | 1,892 | 2,483 | 2,894 |
Private creditors | 252 | 290 | 189 | 202 |
Total public disbursed debt | 1,716 | 2,182 | 2,672 | 3,096 |
Debt service |
Principal | 112 | 424 | 250 | 185 |
Interest | 111 | 128 | 105 | 115 |
Total debt service | 232 | 552 | 356 | 300
|
1 Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
2 IMF--International Monetary Fund.
Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit,
Country Profile: Ghana, 1994-95, London, 1994, 34.
(in millions of cedis)
| 1988 | 1990 | 1992 | 1994 |
Revenue | 153,791 | 267,347 | 400,000 | 1,078,069 |
Current expenditure | -111,004 | -198,193 | -283,000 | -742,376 |
Balance | 42,787 | 69,154 | 117,000 | 335,693 |
Development expenditure | -32,893 | -56,280 | -157,000 | -174,200 |
Net lending2 | -5,983 | -9,487 | n.a. | -
93,457 |
Overall balance | 3,911 | 3,387 | n.a. | 68,036 |
Financing |
Domestic | -6,166 | -
27,977 | n.a. | -
151,813 |
External | 2,255 | 24,590 | n.a. | 83,777
|
n.a.--not available.
1 For value of the cedi--see Glossary.
2 Net loans, advances, and investment in public boards,
corporations, and companies.
Source: Based on information from Ghana, Statistical Service,
Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Accra, December 1991, Table 33; and
Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Ghana, 1994-95,
London, 1994, 28.
(in millions of United States dollars)
| 1986 | 1988 | 1990 | 1992 |
19942 |
Merchandise exports | 773 | 881 | 891 | 986 | 1,246 |
Merchandise imports | -713 | -993 | -1,199 | -
1,457 | -1,760 |
Trade balance | 61 | -
112 | -308 | -470 | -514 |
Exports of services | 45 | 78 | 93 | 129 | n.a. |
Imports of services | -344 | -400 | -429 | -
505 | n.a. |
Net private transfers | 72 | 172 | 202 | 255 | n.a. |
Net official transfers | 123 | 196 | 214 | 214 | n.a. |
Current account balance | -43 | -66 | -228 | -
378 | -190 |
Direct investment | 4 | 5 | 15 | 22 | n.a. |
Other capital | 59 | 204 | 310 | 299 | n.a. |
Capital account balance | 63 | 209 | 325 | 321 | n.a.
|
n.a.--not available.
1 Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
2 Estimated.
Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit,
Country Profile: Ghana, 1993-94, London, 1993, 32; Economist
Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Ghana [London], No. 3, 1994, 6;
and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Ghana, 1994-95,
London, 1994, 32.
Period | Description |
1897-1920s | British West Africa Aborigine Rights
Protection Society. Founded by small urban elite to protect
property rights from British encroachment. Became a limited vehicle
for later tribal leader protest as well. |
1920s | National Congress of British West Africa.
Regional educated elites' first effort to influence British to
provide some elected voice for Africans. |
1947-55 | United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC).
Postwar party of educated Africans demanding a voice in the
government. Brought Kwame Nkrumah back from England as its
secretary. |
1949-66 | Convention People's Party (CPP). Founded
by Nkrumah. Served as main force for independence, then as his
vehicle to power and rule. Abolished by 1966 coup. |
1954-56 | National Liberation Movement (NLM).
Conservative, federalist opposition to CPP in crucial 1956
election. Largely Asante-based. Joined United Party (UP). |
1955-1960s | United Party (UP). Led by K.A. Busia.
Unified NLM and other CPP opponents as CPP's primary opposition.
Gradually crushed by the government. |
1966-70 | National Liberation Council (NLC). Name
adopted by army and police leaders of coup that overthrew Nkrumah.
Dedicated to a return to democratic civilian rule. |
1969-72 | Progress Party (PP). Led by Busia and
consisting of former UP supporters. Won 1969 election. Lost support
of people and army through efforts to impose order on country's
economy. |
| National Alliance of Liberals (NAL). Led by K.A.
Gbedemah and consisting of other followers of CPP's right wing.
Defeated by PP in 1969. Joined others in opposition Justice Party
(JP). |
1972-75 | National Redemption Council (NRC). Name
adopted by Lieutenant Colonel I.K. Acheampong and associates after
overthrow of Busia government. Ruled country without civilian
input, with soldiers assigned to every organization. |
1975-79 | Supreme Military Council (SMC).
Established by Acheampong out of the NRC. After ouster of
Acheampong in 1978, began steps toward civilian rule, calling for
elections in June 1979. On eve of elections, overthrown by junior
officers of Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC). |
1978-81 | People's National Party (PNP). Created to
contest 1979 election. Attracted former NAL members and others.
Chose Hilla Limann as its candidate and won election by slim
majority. |
| Popular Front Party (PFP). Party of former Busia
supporters. Formed opposition in new parliament. |
1979 | Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC).
Name adopted by Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings and associates
after Ghana's first violent coup. Without concrete platform except
to punish corruption. Withdrew in favor of elected Limann
government after four months in power. |
1982-92 | Provisional National Defence Council
(PNDC). Composed of leaders of Rawlings's second coup. With
considerable evolution of personnel and objectives, continued until
1992 to be the sole center of political power in Ghana. |
1992- | National Democratic Congress (NDC), National
Independence Party (NIP), New Patriotic Party (NPP), People's
Heritage Party (PHP), and People's National Convention (PNC) are
major parties organized to contest 1992 presidential election. NDC
party of Rawlings and PNDC; NPP largely Asante-based, nominated Adu
Boahen; NIP, PHP, and PNC all Nkrumahists. NCD elected, formed
first government under Fourth Republic; remaining parties form
opposition. In 1993 NIP and PHP formed (new) People's Convention
Party (PCP).
|
Region | District | Candidates | Regist
ered Voters | Votes Cast | Percentage Turnout |
Ashanti | 18 | 2,211 | 950,222 | 577,735 | 60.8 |
Brong-Ahafo | 13 | 1,629 | 650,143 | 391,489 | 60.2 |
Central | 12 | 1,421 | 549,564 | 307,668 | 56.0 |
Eastern | 15 | 1,825 | 744,160 | 452,449 | 60.8 |
Greater Accra | 5 | 693 | 792,012 | 350,861 | 44.3 |
Northern | 13 | 1,471 | 508,560 | 308,191 | 60.6 |
Upper East | 6 | 822 | 358,174 | 222,068 | 62.0 |
Upper West | 5 | 458 | 212,192 | 143,017 | 67.4 |
Volta | 12 | 1,343 | 568,590 | 334,445 | 58.6 |
Western | 11 | 969 | 589,221 | 328,479 | 55.3 |
GHANA | 110 | 12,842 | 5,922,838 | 3,416,402 | 58.9
|
Source: Based on information from Ghana, Local Government
Information Digest, Special Editions I and II, Nos. 4-5, Accra,
1989.
|