Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Population, Selected Years, 1920- 87

**(in thousands)**
Year	Females	Males	Total
1920	4,112.8	3,874.1	7,986.9
1930	4,436.7	4,248.4	8,685.1
1941	4,755.2	4,560.9	9,316.1
1949	4,781.4	4,423.4	9,204.8
1960	5,157.0	4,804.0	9,961.0
1970	5,318.4	5,003.7	10,322.1
1980	5,520.8	5,188.7	10,709.5
1985	5,508.1	5,149.3	10,657.4
1986	5,501.9	5,138.1	10,640.0
1987	5,494.5	5,126.6	10,621.1

Source: Based on information from Hungary, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Budapest, 1988, 39.

Table 3. Marriages and Divorces, Selected Years, 1921-86

**(per thousand population)**
Year	Marriages	Divorces
1921	11.6	0.8
1930	9.0	0.6
1938	8.1	0.6
1948	10.7	1.2
1960	8.9	1.7
1970	9.3	2.2
1975	9.9	2.5
1980	7.5	2.6
1985	6.9	2.8
1986	6.8	2.8

Source: Based on information from Hungary, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Budapest, 1988, 48.

Table 4. Infant Mortality, Selected Years, 1921-86

**(per thousand live births)**
Year	Total	Year	Total
1921	192.7	1980	23.2
1930	152.5	1981	20.8
1938	131.4	1982	20.0
1948	94.1	1983	19.0
1960	47.6	1984	20.4
1970	35.9	1985	20.4
1975	32.8	1986	19.0

Source: Based on information from Hungary, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Budapest, 1988, 61.

Table 5. Active Earners by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-87

**(in percentages)**
Sector	1949	1960	1970	198 0	1987
Industry	19.4	27.9	36.3	33.9	31.2
Construction	2.2	6.1	7.4	8.2	7.0
Agriculture and forestry	53.8	38.5	24.4	19.0	19.3
Waterworks and supply	0.1	0.2	1.2	1.5	1.6
Transportation and telecommunications	4.4	6.5	7.3	8.1	8.3
Trade	5.3	6.3	7.9	9.8	10.5
Other material activity	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	0.9	1.0
Personal and economic services	3.5	2.5	2.8	3.1	3.7
Sanitary, social, and cultural services	3.8	5.6	7.7	10.4	12.5
Public administration and other services	7.5	6.4	5.0	5.1	4.9
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Percentage of women	29.2	35.5	41.2	43.4	46.0

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Hungary, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Budapest, 1988, 27, 28, 39.

Table 6. Gross Output and Net National Product by Sector, 1970, 1980, and 1986

**(in percentages at constant prices)**
Sector	Gross Output			Net National Product
	1970	1980	1986	1970	1980	1986
Industry	50.2	51.8	50.7	36.2	36.9	36.0
Construction	8.2	7.5	6.3	9.1	8.8	7.4
Agriculture and forestry	17.8	17.4	18.2	22.3	19.6	21.5
Transportation, post, and telecommunications	5.6	5.4	5.6	7.7	7.9	7.8
Wholesale and retail trade	7.2	5.9	6.1	11.8	11.0	10.6
Water works and supply	1.0	1.0	1.1	0.9	1.2	0.9
Other material activities	n.a.	0.5	0.7	n.a.	0.7	1.2
Non-material branches and price differences	10.0	10.5	11.3	12.0	13.9	14.6
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Hungary, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Budapest, 1988, 30.

Table 7. Average Investment by Sector, 1961- 70, 1971-80, and 1981-86

**(in percentages, at current prices)**
Sector	1961-70	1971-80	1981- 86
Industry	38.2	34.6	31.4
Construction	2.5	2.6	1.4
Agriculture	16.6	13.8	12.8
Transportation and communications	12.9	12.0	11.3
Trade	3.1	4.2	4.3
Waterworks and supply	2.9	5.1	6.1
Other material activities	n.a.	n.a.	0.5
Nonmaterial branches	23.8	27.7	32.2
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Hungary, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Budapest, 1988, 30.

Table 8. Share of Social Sectors in Employment and National Income, 1970, 1980, and 1986

**(in percentages)**
Sector	Distribution of Active Earners			Contribution to National Income
	1970	1980	1986	1970	1980	1986
State sector	67.7	71.1	70.5	70.7	69.8	63.4
Cooperative sector	28.1	25.5	24.4	23.6	23.0	23.0
Auxiliary farms of persons employed outside agriculture	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	3.1	3.7	6.6
Private sector	4.2	3.4	5.1	2.6	3.5	7.0
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Hungary, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Budapest, 1988, 30; and Janos Kornai, "The Hungarian Reform Process: Visions, Hopes, and Reality," Journal of Economic Literature, 24, December 1986, 1692.

Table 9. Output of Selected Agricultural Products, 1976-87

Product	1976-80¹	1981- 85¹	1986	1987
Wheat²	5,186	6,066	5,740	5,674
Corn²	6,374	6,977	7,029	6,987
Potatoes²	1,567	1,446	1,264	1,270
Sugarbeets²	3,979	4,461	3,760	4,224
Sunflowerseed²	300	615	857	787
Cattle³	1,926	1,919	1,766	1,725
Hogs³	7,805	8,953	8,280	8,687
Poultry³	63,002	65,082	61,570	67,010
Sheep3	2,560	3,044	2,465	2,337
Beef and Veal³	203	204	196	200
Pork²	922	1,097	1,048	1,038
Poultry Meat²	328	320	440	470
Milk²	2,283	2,752	2,778	2,786
Eggs⁴	4,475	4,351	4,290	4,120

¹ Average.
² By 1,000 tons.
³ By 1,000 head.
⁴ By million prices.

Source: Based on information from Hungary, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Budapest, 1988, 181, 187, 188; and Nancy J. Cochrane and Miles J. Lampert, Agricultural Performance in Eastern Europe, 1987, Washington, 1988, 19-20.

Table 10. Contribution to Agricultural Gross Output by Type of Farm, Selected Years, 1966-86

**(in percentages)**
Type of Farm	1966	1975	1980	1986
State farms	16.4	18.0	16.8	17.6
Cooperative farms	48.4	50.5	50.4	51.0
Household plots	23.7	19.0	18.5	16.4
Auxiliary and private farms	11.5	12.5	14.3	14.9
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	99.9*

*Figures do not add to 100 percent because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Janos Kornai, "The Hungarian Reform Process: Visions, Hopes, and Reality," Journal of Economic Literature, 24, 1986, 1701; and Hungary, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Budapest, 1988, 174.

Table 11. Structure of Imports and Exports, 1986

**(in percentages)**
Commodity Group	Imports	Exports
Fuel and electricity	19.4	3.5
Raw materials, semifinished goods, and spare parts	44.8	30.2
Machinery and capital goods	16.7	30.0
Industrial consumer goods	11.7	16.2
Agricultural goods	7.4	20.1
TOTAL	100.0	100.0

Source: Based on information from Hungary, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Budapest, 1988, 272.

Table 12. Agricultural Imports and Exports, 1976-86

(in thousands of tons)^*
	Average 1976-80		Average 1981- 85		1986
Product	Imports	Exports	Imports	Exports	Imports	Exports
Grain
Wheat	8	682	26	1,363	n.a.	1,669
Corn	116	330	23	250	23	478
Other	500-167	23	49	32	118	27
Total grain	291	1,035	98	1,645	141	2,174
Oilseed Meal	614	5	679	32	566	31
Meat Products	13	285	14	423	19	421
Sugar	84	31	28	43	n.a.	5

n.a.--not available.
¹ No information reported on amounts less than 1,000 tons.
² Average.

Source: Based on information from Nancy J. Cochrane and Miles J. Lampert, Agricultural Performance in Eastern Europe, 1987, Washington, 1988, 13-14, 17-18.

Table 13. Rank Order of Hungary's Principal Trading Partners, 1984, 1985, and 1986

**(in percentages)**
	1984		1985		1986
Country	Imports	Exports	Imports	Exports	Imports	Exports
Soviet Union	29.1	30.1	30.0	33.6	30.9	33.9
West Germany	10.7	7.4	11.4	7.8	12.4	8.4
East Germany	6.4	5.9	6.5	6.1	6.7	6.4
Austria	5.1	5.3	6.4	5.3	6.2	5.3
Czechoslovakia	5.0	5.2	5.0	5.7	5.2	5.9
Poland	4.4	4.2	4.7	3.8	4.7	4.2
Italy	2.4	3.3	2.8	2.9	2.7	3.2
Yugoslavia	3.9	3.4	3.5	3.6	2.7	3.1
United States	2.5	2.7	3.0	2.3	2.0	2.3
Switzerland	2.0	2.2	2.0	2.0	2.1	1.9
Romania	1.8	1.5	1.8	1.7	1.9	2.0
China	0.6	0.8	0.9	1.3	1.8	1.9
France	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.4	1.9	1.5
Britain	1.8	1.5	1.9	1.5	1.8	1.3
Bulgaria	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.6
Netherlands	1.3	1.1	1.3	0.9	1.4	1.1
Japan	1.1	0.4	1.7	3.4	1.5	0.5
Belgium	1.0	0.5	1.1	3.8	1.3	0.7
Sweden	1.0	0.7	1.1	0.7	1.1	0.8
Brazil	3.1	n.a.	1.7	0.3	1.2	0.5
Others	13.7	20.6	9.9	10.5	9.1	13.5
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

n.a.--not available.
^*Percentages of imports and exports for each year, ranked according to the total for 1986.

Source: Based on information from "Hungary," The Europa Yearbook 1988, London, 1988, 1309; and Hungary, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook, 1986, Budapest, 1988, 276-77.

Table 14. National Economic Indicators, Selected Years, 1950-86

**(1950=100)**
Indicator	1950	1960	1970	1980	1986
National income	100	177	300	467	501
National income in industry (percentage of total)	27	37	46	48	46
National income in agriculture (percentage of total)	48	31	22	16	19
Industrial output	100	228	456	804	919
Agricultural output	100	106	103	115	124
Investment (excluding private)	100	197	448	708	618
Investment in industry (percentage of total investment)	n.a.	41	34	31	29
Production per person in state industry	100	148	226	381	462
Agricultural hauling power (in thousands of kilowatts)	302	1,325	3,824	7,461	8,509
Fertilizer per hectare (in thousands of kilograms)	5	23	122	211	212

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Hungary, Central Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook, 1986, 1988, 7-9, 15, 79; and Diane Flaherty, "Regional Policy and the Reform of Central Planning: An Assessment of the GDR, Hungarian, and Yugoslav Approaches," Contributions to Political Economy, 3, March 1984, 42.

Table 15. Foreign Trade and Current Account Balance, 1981-87

	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987
Current account balance¹	- 730	-64	298	338	-459	- 1440	-945
Trade account balance¹	- 83	459	533	608	112	- 440	-20
Gross hard-currency debt²	8.7	7.7	8.3	8.8	11.8	15.1	17.7
Net hard-currency debt²	7.0	6.6	6.8	6.7	8.6	12.0	15.5

¹ In millions of United States dollars.
² In billions of United States dollars.

Source: Based on information from Przemyslaw T. Gajdeczka, "International Market Perceptions and Economic Performance: Lending to Eastern Europe," Eastern European Politics and Societies, 2, No. 3, Fall 1988, 10; and Nancy J. Cochrane and Miles J. Lampert, Agricultural Performance in Eastern Europe, 1987, Washington, 1988, 566-67.

Hungary - TABLE OF CONTENTS