Appendix
Table 1. Metric Conversion Coefficients and Factors

Table 2. Annual Climatic Statistics, Selected Stations, 1990

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Planning, Department of Statistics, Central Statistical Organisation, Statistical Pocket Book, 1991, New Delhi, 1992, 225-28.

Table 3. Area, Population, and Population Density by State and Union Territory, 1981 and 1991

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Census of India 1991: Final Population Totals: Brief Analysis of Primary Census Abstract, Series-1, Paper-2 of 1992, New Delhi, 1993, 78-97.

Table 4. Population and Population Density, Actual and Projected, Selected Years, 1901-2020

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Census of India 1991, Provisional Population Totals, Series-1, Paper-1 of 1991, New Delhi, March 1991, 43; India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Census of India 1991, Final Population Totals: Brief Analysis of Primary Census Abstract, Series-1, Paper-2 of 1992, New Delhi, 1993, 78 and 86; and United States, Bureau of the Census, World Population Profile: 1994, Washington, February 1994, A-5.

Table 5. Distribution of Urban Population by Size of City, Selected Years, 1901-91 (in percentages of total urban population)

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 48.

Table 6. Population and Population Increase in Urban Agglomerates with More Than 1 Million Persons, 1971-91

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 50-52.

Table 7. Infant Mortality, Selected Years, 1911-95

Source: Based on information from Sudipto Mundle, "Recent Trends in the Condition of Children in India: A Statistical Profile," World Development [London], 12, No. 3, 1984, 301; "World Population Data Sheet of the Population Reference Bureau, Inc.," Washington, 1992; United States, Bureau of the Census, World Population Profile: 1994, Washington, February 1994, A-28; and United States, Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, 1995, Washington, 1995, 196.

Table 8. Health Care Services, Selected Fiscal Years, 1960-91 (in thousands)

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1988-89, Bombay, 1988, 175; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 190.

Table 9. Enrollment of School Children by Age, Selected School Years, 1950-91 (in percentages of total population in age-group)

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1988-89, Bombay, 1988, 171; and India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Research and Reference Division, India: A Reference Annual, 1988-89, New Delhi, December 1989, 73.

Table 10. Number of Schools and Teachers, Selected School Years, 1950-51 to 1986-87

Source: Based on information from Tata News Services, Statistical Outline of India, 1988-89, Bombay, 1988, 171; India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Research and Reference Division, India: A Reference Annual, 1988-89, New Delhi, December 1989, 73; and India, Ministry of Planning, Department of Statistics, Central Statistical Organisation, Statistical Abstract, 1990, New Delhi, 1990, 499-500.

Table 11. Enrollment by Education Level, Selected School Years, 1950-51 to 1990-91 (in millions)

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1988-89, Bombay, 1988, 171; Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 187; and India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Research and Reference Division, India: A Reference Annual, 1993, New Delhi, January 1994, 85.

Table 12. Enrollment of School-Age Population by Gender, Selected School Years, 1960-61 to 1986-87 (in percentages)

Source: Based on information from United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, National Studies: India, Bangkok, 1991, 12.

Table 13. Religious Affiliations, 1991

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Census of India 1991: Religion, Series-1, Paper-1 of 1995, New Delhi, January 1995, x-xxiii, 18-60.

Table 14. National Calendar and Government Holidays

Source: Based on information from Hindustan Year Book and Who's Who, 1994, Calcutta, 1994, 26-27; India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity, "List of Government of India Holidays for 1993," New Delhi, 1993; and M.N. Saha and N.C. Lahiri, History of the Calendar in Different Countries Through the Ages, New Delhi, 1992, 254, 258.

Table 15. Vernacular Languages with More Than 1 Million Speakers, 1991

Note: Languages shown in UPPER CASE print are Scheduled Languages (see Glossary). The other Scheduled Language--Sanskrit--has an estimated 2,200 speakers. Some observers estimate that more than 28 million people use English as a first, second, or third language with varying degrees of proficiency.

Source: Based on information from Hindustan Year-Book and Who's Who, 1994, Calcutta, 1994, Part II, 207-208; Barbara F. Grimes, ed., Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Dallas, 1992, 532-65; and Kumar Suresh Singh, ed., People of India, 11: An Anthropological Atlas, New Delhi, 1993, 77.

Table 16. Growth of Gross National Product, Fiscal Years 1951-89 (in percentage change from previous year at constant FY 1980 prices)

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: India, Nepal, 1993-94, London, 1993, 14.

Table 17. Gross Domestic Product by Sector, Selected Fiscal Years, 1987-92 (in percent share)

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: India, Nepal, 1994-95, London, 1995, 21.

Table 18. Government Income and Expenditure, Fiscal Years 1981, 1989, and 1992 (in billions of rupees at current prices)

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1992-93, Bombay, 1992, 20; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 22.

Table 19. Balance of Trade, Selected Fiscal Years, 1980-93 (in billions of rupees)

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1992-93, Bombay, 1992, 93; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 101.

Table 20. Principal Exports, Fiscal Years 1990-93 (in billions of United States dollars)

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1992-93, New Delhi, 1993, 102; and India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1994-95, New Delhi, 1994, 95-96.

Table 21. Principal Imports, Fiscal Years 1990-93 (in billions of United States dollars)

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1992-93, New Delhi, 1993, 100; India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1994-95, New Delhi, 1994, 97-98.

Table 22. Major Trading Partners, Fiscal Years 1990-93 (in billions of United States dollars)

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1992-93, New Delhi, 1993, 102, 105; and India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1994-95, New Delhi, 1994, 98-99.

Table 23. Balance of Payments, Fiscal Years 1988-93 (in billions of United States dollars)

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1992-93, New Delhi, 1993, 96; and India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1994-95, New Delhi, 1994, 87.

Table 24. Share of Public and Private Sectors in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Fiscal Years 1981 and 1992 (in trillions of rupees at current prices)

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1992-93, Bombay, 1992, 20; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 22.

Table 25. Production of Selected Industrial Products, Selected Fiscal Years, 1970-92

Source: Based on information from Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1992-93, Bombay, 1992, 71-73; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1994-95, Bombay, 1994, 79-81.

Table 26. Area Planted in Principal Crops, Selected Fiscal Years, 1950-90 (in thousands of hectares)

Source: Based on information from United States, Embassy in New Delhi, Annual Commodity Report, Oilseeds and Products, 1992, New Delhi, 1992, 2, 13, 18, 21, 24, 32-33; India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1991-92, 2: Sectoral Developments, New Delhi, 1992, S17-S19; India, Ministry of Planning, Department of Statistics, Central Statistical Organisation, Statistical Abstract 1990, India, New Delhi, 1991, 49; and India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Research and Reference Division, India 1993: A Reference Annual, New Delhi, 1994, 398-99.

Table 27. Land Use, Selected Fiscal Years, 1970-87 (in millions of hectares)

Source: Based on information from United States, Embassy in New Delhi, India: Agricultural Situation, Annual Report, 1992, Washington, 1992, table 11; India, Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization, Department of Statistics, Statistical Abstract 1990, India, New Delhi, 1991, 46-47; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1992-93, Bombay, 1992, 56.

Table 28. Harvested and Irrigated Areas, Selected Fiscal Years, 1970-90 (in millions of hectares)

Source: Based on information from United States, Embassy in New Delhi, India: Agricultural Situation, Annual Report, 1992, Washington, 1992, table 10; and Tata Services, Department of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Outline of India, 1992-93, Bombay, 1992, 56-57.

Table 29. Production and Sale of Selected Mechanized Agricultural Equipment, Selected Fiscal Years, 1986-91 (in number of units)

Source: Based on information from Hindustan Year Book and Who's Who, 1994, New Delhi, 1994, 236; and India, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, Annual Report, 1994-95, New Delhi, 1994, 67.

Table 30. Yield of Principal Crops, Selected Fiscal Years, 1950-90 (in kilograms per hectare)

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1991-92, 2: Sectoral Developments, New Delhi, 1992, 5-18; and United States, Embassy in New Delhi, Annual Commodity Report, Oilseeds and Products, 1992, New Delhi, 1992, 22, 25.

Table 31. Production of Principal Crops, Selected Fiscal Years, 1950-90 (in thousands of tons)

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Finance, Economics Division, Economic Survey, 1991-92, 2: Sectoral Developments, New Delhi, 1992, S16; and United States, Embassy in New Delhi, India: Agriculture Situation, Annual Report, 1992, Washington, 1992, table 19.

Table 32. Area under High-Yielding Varieties, Selected Fiscal Years, 1950-90

Source: Based on information from India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Research and Reference Division, India 1993: A Reference Annual, New Delhi, January 1994, 392; and India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, Economic Survey, 1991-92, 2: Sectoral Developments, New Delhi, 1992, S22.

Table 33. Lok Sabha Elections, 1952-91 (in numbers of seats and percentages of total votes)

Source: Based on information from Robert L. Hardgrave and Stanley A. Kochanek, India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation, Forth Worth, 1993, 314, 319-20, 347.

Table 34. Order of Battle for the Armed Forces, 1994

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 153-56; and SP's Military Yearbook, 1993-94, ed., J. Baranwal, New Delhi, 1993, 291, 305, 319, 358, and 363.

Table 35. Major Army Equipment, 1994

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 154; Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 389-90; Jane's Armour and Artillery, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 61-63, 154, 351-52, 543, 614-15, 692, 773; and Jane's Military Vehicles and Logistics, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 34, 199-200.

Table 36. Major Naval Equipment, 1994

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 154-55; Jane's Fighting Ships, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 279-93; and Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 119, 121-23.

Table 37. Major Air Force Equipment, 1994

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 155; Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 117, 119-21, 123; and Jane's Radar and Electronic Warfare Systems, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 242.

Table 38. Major Coast Guard Equipment, 1994

Source: Based on information from Kailish Kohli, "Aviation in Indian Coast Guard," Sainik Samachar [New Delhi], 41, No. 5, January 30, 1994, 11; Jane's Fighting Ships, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 294-95; and Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 123.

1. The 1981 census was not conducted in Assam. The population figures for 1981 for Assam have been calculated by interpolation by Indian census officials.

2. The 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. The population figures for 1991 for Jammu and Kashmir were projected by the Standing Committee of Experts on Population Projections in October 1989. They do not include the population of areas controlled by Pakistan and China.

3. Numbers may not add to totals because of rounding.

4. Data before 1951 include population of prepartition India, which included areas that later became Pakistan and Bangladesh.

5. Projected by United States Bureau of the Census.

6. Figures for 1981 and 1991 exclude Assam and Jammu and Kashmir.

7. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

8. Greater Bombay. The population of the Bombay Municipal Corporation was 9,910,000.

9. Figures for primary health centers relate to a fiscal year--see Glossary.

10. Includes beds in dispensaries and other nonhospital health care facilities.

11. n.a.--not available.

12. n.a.--not available.

13. n.a.--not available.

14. Data for middle and high school combined for 1970-71.

15. Data for middle and high school combined for 1986-87.

16. Provisional.

17. n.a.--not available.

18. Sixty-three "other religions" were listed, including animists (1,458), atheists (1,782), Jews (5,271), non-Christians (9,615), pagans (1,711), Zoroastrians (76,382), and unclassified (212,652).

19. Total tabulated for religious affiliations is different from total tabulated for total national population. (846,302,688), which includes a projected figure for Jammu and Kashmir where the census was not taken in 1991.

20. n.a.--not applicable.

21. Starts on March 21 in leap year.

22. Fixed date on Gregorian calendar.

23. GNP--gross national product (see Glossary).

24. Provisional.

25. Including administrative departments and departmental enterprises, excluding railroads and telecommunications.

26. For value of the rupee--see Glossary.

27. As published.

28. GNP--gross national product (see Glossary).

29. For value of the rupee--see Glossary.

30. Including reexports.

31. Figures may not add to balances because of rounding.

32. Provisional figures.

33. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

34. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

35. European Community.

36. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

37. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

38. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

39. European Union, the successor to the European Community as of November 1, 1993.

40. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

41. Provisional data.

42. "Quick estimates."

43. Free on board.

44. Cargo, insurance, and freight.

45. Includes nonfactor services, investment income, private transfers, and grants.

46. Includes India Development Bonds.

47. Includes delayed export receipts, errors and omissions, and, for FY 1992, errors and omissions arising out of dual exchange rates.

48. International Monetary Fund--see Glossary.

49. Minus means increase, plus means decrease.

50. GDP--see Glossary.

51. For value of the rupee--see Glossary.

52. Provisional figures.

53. Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

54. For value of the rupee--see Glossary.

55. Preliminary.

56. n.a.--not available.

57. --means negligible.

58. n.a.--not available.

59. Gross area harvested divided by net area harvested.

60. Gross irrigated area divided by gross harvested area.

61. Preliminary.

62. n.a.--not available.

63. Numbers in this row represent weighted averages rather than totals.

64. Preliminary.

65. --means negligible.

66. Preliminary.

67. n.a.--not available.

68. --means did not participate in election.

69. DMK--Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Dravidian Progressive Federation).

70. AIADMK--All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (All-India Anna Dravidian Progressive Federation).

71. DMKP--Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party (Oppressed Workers' and Peasants' Party).

72. AGP--Asom Gana Parishad (Assam People's Party).

73. BJP--Bharatiya Janata Party (Indian People's Party).

74. The number of seats won by political parties may not add to total seats authorized; because of unsettled conditions, elections may not be held in all constituencies, thus occasionally leaving some seats vacant.

75. Prototype; developed since 1974; completed trials in 1993; no production as of June 1994; production expected to start 1996.

76. n.a.--not available.

77. 120 sought from foreign source, 1994; 480 to be produced under license in India.

78. Under contract with France.

79. Under development.

80. Prototype, shared with Air Force.

81. Two built in Germany, two built in India; one other under construction; one more planned in India.

82. Two launched but not yet commissioned; one other under construction.

83. Two more under construction; one more planned.

84. One more under construction; two more planned.

85. Five built in Soviet Union, four built in India; two more planned.

86. Three built in South Korea, five built in India; one more planned.

87. Two built in Britain, two built in India.

88. One more under construction.

89. Prototype.

90. Under license with Germany.

91. Seventeen more planned or in production.

92. n.a.--not available.

93. Some assembled in India; additional inventory to be manufactured in India under license with Britain.

94. Under license with Soviet Union and Russia.

95. n.a.--not available.

96. Prototype; first flights expected in 1995 and 1996; initial operational capability in 2002; up to 200 units.

97. With India, French, and German equipment.

98. Prototype, shared with army.

99. Three built in Germany, eight built in India; twenty-two more on order.

India - TABLE OF CONTENTS