Appendix A. Tables
| When you kow |
Multiply by |
To find |
| Millimeters |
0.04 |
inches |
| Centimeters |
0.39 |
inches |
| Meters |
3.3 |
feet |
| Kilometers |
0.62 |
miles |
| Hectares |
2.47 |
acres |
| Square kilometers |
0.39 |
square miles |
| Cubic meters |
35.3 |
cubic feet |
| Liters |
0.26 |
gallons |
| Kilograms |
2.2 |
pounds |
| Metric tons |
0.98 |
long tons |
|
1.1 |
short tons |
|
2,204 |
pounds |
| Degrees Celsius (Centigrade) |
1.8 and add 32 |
degrees Fahrenheit |
|
|
Temperature (in degrees Celsius) |
Humidity (average relative, in percentages) |
| Station |
Precipitation (in millimeters) |
Minimum |
Maximum |
Minimum |
Maximum |
| Banda Aceh |
250* |
21.3 |
33.3 |
85 |
90 |
| Banjarmasin |
169 |
20.0 |
34.7 |
79 |
89 |
| Dili |
110 |
20.2 |
32.2 |
64 |
78 |
| Jakarta |
133 |
22.0 |
33.4 |
73 |
82 |
| Jayapura |
320 |
23.8 |
31.4 |
77 |
81 |
| Mataram |
195 |
20.4 |
35.8 |
68 |
90 |
| Medan |
166 |
22.0 |
33.6 |
81 |
87 |
| Palembang |
254 |
23.0 |
33.2 |
79 |
89 |
| Semarang |
202 |
19.8 |
32.6 |
73 |
84 |
| Surabaya |
129 |
23.6 |
35.0 |
60 |
85 |
| Ujungpandang |
195 |
22.7 |
32.6 |
72 |
82 |
| Yogyakarta |
131 |
19.1 |
33.7 |
77 |
88 |
*1989 data.
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Central Bureau
of Statistics, Statistik Indonesia/Statistical Year Book of
Indonesia, 1990, Jakarta, January 1991, 14-19; and Indonesia,
Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistik Indonesia/Statistical
Year Book of Indonesia, 1991, Jakarta, January 1992, 14-19.
| Year |
Population (in thousands) |
Growth Rate (during previous decade) |
Density (per square kilometer) |
| 1920 |
49,344 |
n.a. |
26 |
| 1930 |
60,593 |
n.a. |
32 |
| 1940 |
70,112 |
n.a. |
37 |
| 1950 |
76,571 |
n.a. |
41 |
| 1961 |
97,019 |
n.a. |
51 |
| 1971 |
119,208 |
2.10 |
62 |
| 1980 |
147,490 |
2.32 |
77 |
| 1990 |
179,379 |
1.98 |
93 |
n.a.--not available.
Source: Based on information from Netherlands Indies, Central
Bureau of Statistics, Department of Economic Affairs, Statistik
Indonesia/Statistical Pocket Book of Indonesia, 1941, Batavia,
February 1941, 5; Indonesia, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistik
Indonesia/Statistical Pocketbook of Indonesia, 1970 and 1971,
Jakarta, August 1971, 22-23; and Indonesia, Central Bureau of
Statistics, Statistik Indonesia/Statistical Year Book of Indonesia,
1991, Jakarta, January 1992, 39-41.
| Provincial-Level Unit |
Area (in square kilometers) |
Population (in thousands) |
Density (per square kilometer) |
|
|
1980 |
1990 |
1980 |
1990 |
| Aceh |
55,392 |
2,611 |
3,416 |
47 |
62 |
| Bali |
5,561 |
2,470 |
2,778 |
444 |
500 |
| Bengkulu |
21,168 |
768 |
1,179 |
36 |
55 |
| Irian Jaya |
421,981 |
1,174 |
1,641 |
3 |
4 |
| Jakarta |
590 |
6,503 |
8,254 |
11,023 |
13,990 |
| Jambi |
44,800 |
1,446 |
2,016 |
32 |
45 |
| Jawa Barat |
46,300 |
27,454 |
35,381 |
593 |
764 |
| Jawa Tengah |
34,206 |
25,373 |
28,522 |
742 |
834 |
| Jawa Timur |
47,921 |
29,189 |
32,504 |
609 |
678 |
| Kalimantan Barat |
146,760 |
2,486 |
3,239 |
17 |
22 |
| Kalimantan Selatan |
37,660 |
2,065 |
2,598 |
55 |
69 |
| Kalimantan Tengah |
152,600 |
954 |
1,396 |
6 |
9 |
| Kalimantan Timur |
202,440 |
1,218 |
1,877 |
6 |
9 |
| Lampung |
33,307 |
4,625 |
6,006 |
139 |
180 |
| Maluku |
74,505 |
1,411 |
1,856 |
19 |
25 |
| Nusa Tenggara Barat |
20,177 |
2,725 |
3,370 |
135 |
167 |
| Nusa Tenggara Timur |
47,876 |
2,737 |
3,269 |
57 |
68 |
| Riau |
94,561 |
2,169 |
3,306 |
23 |
35 |
| Sulawesi Selatan |
72,781 |
6,062 |
6,982 |
83 |
96 |
| Sulawesi Tengah |
69,726 |
1,290 |
1,711 |
18 |
25 |
| Sulawesi Tenggara |
27,686 |
942 |
1,350 |
34 |
49 |
| Sulawesi Utara |
19,023 |
2,115 |
2,479 |
111 |
130 |
| Sumatera Barat |
49,778 |
3,407 |
3,999 |
68 |
80 |
| Sumatera Selatan |
103,688 |
4,630 |
6,277 |
45 |
61 |
| Sumatera Utara |
70,787 |
8,361 |
10,256 |
118 |
145 |
| Timor Timur |
14,874 |
555 |
0,748 |
37 |
50 |
| Yogyakarta |
3,169 |
2,751 |
2,913 |
868 |
919 |
| INDONESIA |
1,919,317 |
147,490 |
179,379 |
77 |
93 |
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Central Bureau
of Statistics, Statistik Indonesia/Statistical Handbook of
Indonesia, 1991, Jakarta, January 1992, 39-41.
(in percentages)
| Religion |
1980 |
1985* |
| Muslim |
87.1 |
86.9 |
| Protestant |
5.8 |
6.5 |
| Catholic |
3.0 |
3.1 |
| Hindu |
2.0 |
1.9 |
| Buddhist |
0.9 |
1.0 |
| Other |
1.2 |
0.6 |
| TOTAL |
100.0 |
100.0 |
n.a.--not available.
*The last year for which total figures on religious
affiliation have been made available by the Indonesian government.
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Central Bureau
of Statistics, Statistik Indonesia/Statistical Handbook of
Indonesia, 1986, Jakarta, January 1987, 168-69.
(in percentages)
|
Provincial-Level Unit |
Muslim |
Protestant |
Catholic |
H indu |
Buddhist |
Other |
Total1 |
| Aceh |
97.75 |
1.50 |
0.25 |
0.02 |
0.47 |
0.01 |
100.00 |
| Bali |
5.22 |
0.58 |
0.47 |
93.18 |
0.55 |
-- - |
100.00 |
| Bengkulu |
97.38 |
1.32 |
0.62 |
0.22 |
0.46 |
--- |
100.00 |
| Irian Jaya |
14.90 |
64.30 |
20.70 |
0.14 |
0.10 |
--- |
100.00 |
| Jakarta |
84.83 |
5.94 |
4.76 |
0.96 |
3.51 |
--- |
100.00 |
| Jambi |
92.16 |
0.73 |
0.73 |
0.20 |
0.34 |
5.842 |
100.00 |
| Jawa Barat |
97.70 |
1.10 |
0.50 |
0.11 |
0.50 |
0.20 |
100.00 |
| Jawa Tengah |
95.50 |
2.20 |
1.60 |
0.20 |
0.40 |
0.10 |
100.00 |
| Jawa Timur |
96.70 |
2.00 |
0.70 |
0.40 |
0.20 |
--- |
100.00 |
| Kalimantan Barat |
54.02 |
9.00 |
19.29 |
0.12 |
2.70 |
14.872 |
100.00 |
| Kalimantan Selatan |
97.61 |
0.82 |
0.34 |
0.30 |
0.20 |
0.732 |
100.00 |
| Kalimantan Tengah |
67.70 |
15.40 |
1.00 |
15.80 |
0.10 |
-- - |
100.00 |
| Kalimantan Timur |
85.68 |
9.54 |
4.01 |
0.22 |
0.55 |
--- |
100.00 |
| Lampung |
94.40 |
1.60 |
1.00 |
2.37 |
0.60 |
0.10 |
100.00 |
| Maluku |
54.80 |
40.90 |
4.00 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.1 |
100.00 |
| Nusa Tenggara Barat |
95.90 |
0.60 |
0.40 |
2.90 |
0.10 |
0.1 |
100.00 |
| Nusa Tenggara Timur |
9.80 |
27.60 |
54.20 |
0.11 |
0.15 |
8.4 |
100.00 |
| Riau |
87.30 |
2.30 |
0.50 |
1.31 |
7.30 |
2.70 |
100.00 |
| Sulawesi Selatan |
88.40 |
8.50 |
1.40 |
0.50 |
0.30 |
1.00 |
100.00 |
| Sulawesi Tengah |
76.00 |
20.30 |
0.30 |
2.80 |
0.20 |
0.4 |
100.00 |
| Sulawesi Tenggara |
98.00 |
1.30 |
0.30 |
0.40 |
0.05 |
--- |
100.00 |
| Sulawesi Utara |
44.10 |
49.10 |
2.90 |
0.58 |
0.20 |
0.1 |
100.00 |
| Sumatera Barat |
97.90 |
0.90 |
0.90 |
0.20 |
0.30 |
--- |
100.00 |
| Sumatera Selatan |
94.30 |
1.30 |
1.10 |
0.30 |
1.80 |
1.30 |
100.00 |
| Sumatera Utara |
63.22 |
27.96 |
4.60 |
0.41 |
3.68 |
0.13 |
100.00 |
| Timor Timur |
1.70 |
2.60 |
91.40 |
0.30 |
0.10 |
3.902 |
100.00 |
| Yogyakarta |
91.20 |
3.50 |
5.00 |
0.30 |
0.10 |
--- |
100.00 |
---means negligible.
1 Figures may not add to total because of rounding.
The source of the information used in this table did not provide
totals. The last year for which total figures on religious affiliation
have been made available by the Indonesian government is 1985.
2 No "other" category was reported. The figure represents
the estimated difference between the total of the other religions
and 100 percent when data provided by the source did not add to
100.
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Department of Information,
Directorate of Foreign Information Services, Indonesia 1992:
An Official Handbook, Jakarta, 1992, 55- 72.
(in percentages of population ten years of age
and over on weekly basis)
| Type of Activity |
Percentage |
| Watching television |
64.4 |
| Listening to radio |
63.1 |
| Participating in social organizations |
49.8 |
| Playing or watching sports |
31.7 |
| Reading newspapers and magazines |
21.6 |
| Attending cultural performances |
8.4 |
| Watching motion pictures |
5.2 |
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Central Bureau
of Statistics, Statistik Indonesia/Statistical Handbook of
Indonesia, 1991, Jakarta, January 1992, 134-35.
| Major Island or Island Group* |
| Island or Region |
| Ethnic Group |
| Sumatra |
| Northern Sumatra |
| Acehnese |
| Angkola |
| Batak |
| Dairi |
| Gayo |
| Karo |
| Kluet Alas |
| Mandailing |
| Pak-pak |
| Simlungen |
| Singkil |
| Toba |
| Central Sumatra |
| Kerinci |
| Melayu |
| Minangkabau |
| Rejang |
| Southern Sumatra |
| Javanese |
| Komering |
| Lampung |
| Islands southwest of Sumatra |
| Simeulue |
| Simeulue |
| Nias |
| Nias |
| Mentawai |
| Mentawai |
| Enggano |
| Enggano |
| Java |
| Javanese |
| Sundanese |
| Madura |
| Madurese |
| Bali |
| Balinese |
| Nusa Tenggara |
| Alor |
| Abui |
| Kabola |
| Kafoa |
| Kelon |
| Kui |
| Woisika |
| Babar |
| Babar |
| Flores |
| Ende-Li'o |
| Kedang |
| Lamaholot |
| Manggarai |
| Ngada |
| Palu'e |
| Riung |
| Sikka |
| Leti |
| Leti |
| Lombok |
| Balinese |
| Sasak |
| Pantar |
| Blagar |
| Lama |
| Nedebang |
| Tewa |
| Roti |
| Roti |
| Savu |
| Savu |
| Sumba |
| Anakalang |
| Kambera |
| Kodi |
| Laboya |
| Mamboru |
| Wanukaka |
| Weyewa |
| Sumbawa |
| Bima |
| Sumbawa |
| Timor |
| Atoni |
| Galoli |
| Kemak |
| Makasai |
| Mambai |
| Tetum |
| Tukudede |
| Kalimantan |
| Northeastern Kalimantan |
| Apokayan |
| Bajau |
| Dusun |
| Kenyah |
| Modang |
| Murut |
| Punan |
| Tidung |
| Central Kalimantan |
| Bakumpai |
| Biatah |
| Bukar Sadong |
| Dohoi |
| Iban |
| Jagoi |
| Kahayan |
| Kapuas (Ngaju) |
| Katingan |
| Kendayan |
| Lara' |
| Maanyan |
| Mbaloh |
| Melanau |
| Merau |
| Ot Danum |
| Siang |
| Silakau |
| Singgie |
| Tunjung |
| Southern Kalimantan |
| Ancalong |
| Banjar |
| Dayak |
| Kutai |
| Lawangan |
| Melayu |
| Meratus (Bukit) |
| Ngaju Dayak |
| Pasir |
| Tenggarong |
| Sulawesi |
| Northern Sulawesi |
| Bintauna |
| Bola'ang Mongondow |
| Gorontalo |
| Kaidipang |
| Minahasa |
| Mongondow |
| Tombulu |
| Tondano |
| Tonsawang |
| Tonsea |
| Tontemboan |
| Central and Southern Sulawesi |
| Bada |
| Balantak |
| Balesan |
| Bugis |
| Bungku |
| Dompelasa |
| Dondo |
| Kaili |
| Kasimbar |
| Mamuju |
| Mandar |
| Mori |
| Pamona (Bare'e) |
| Saluan |
| Sama |
| Tolitoli |
| Tomini |
| Toraja |
| Maluku Islands |
| Ambon |
| Ambonese |
| Aru |
| Kola |
| Ujir |
| Wokam |
| Banda |
| Bandanese |
| Biak |
| Biak |
| Buru |
| Buru |
| Halmahera |
| Galela |
| Kalabra |
| Loloda |
| Modole |
| Pagu |
| Sahu |
| Tehit |
| Tobaru |
| Tobelo |
| Kai |
| Kai |
| Makian |
| Makian |
| Seram |
| Alune |
| Geser |
| Hitu |
| Manusela |
| Nuaulu |
| Sepa-Teluti |
| Watubela |
| Wemale |
| Sula |
| Sula |
| Taliabo |
| Taliabo |
| Tanimbar |
| Tanimbar |
| Ternate |
| Ternate |
| Tidore |
| Tidore |
| Irian Jaya |
| Asmat |
| Boazi |
| Dani |
| Dumut |
| Ekagi |
| Kemtuk |
| Kilmeri |
| Kwerba |
| Marind |
| Mekwei-Gresi-Kansu |
| Mianmin |
| Moni |
| Ngali |
| Nimboran |
| Ok |
| Papasena |
| Saberi (Isirawa) |
| Sempan |
| Sentani |
| Taikat |
| Tanamerah |
| Tor |
| Uhunduni |
| Waris |
| Wodani |
| Yotafa (Tobati) |
* The major islands and island groups in this list
are arranged geographically, generally from west to east. The
category of Coastal Malays, which includes various groups listed
in this table, are people found in northern and southern Sumatra,
and the coast of Kalimantan.
Source: Based on information from Stephen A. Wurm and Shiro
Hattori (eds.), Language Atlas of the Pacific Area, Canberra,
1981-83, 38-45; Frank M. LeBar (eds.), Ethnic Groups of Insular
Southeast Asia, New Haven, 1972-75, various pages; and Indonesia,
Department of Education and Culture, Directorate of History and
Traditional Values, Petu suku bangsa di Indonesia (Geographic
Distribution of Ethnic Groups in Indonesia), Jakarta, 1991, various
pages.
(in millions of students)
| Level of Education |
1987 |
1990 |
|
Males |
Females |
Males |
Fema les |
| Primary school |
12.76 |
12.17 |
12.82 |
12.34 |
| Junior high school |
4.72 |
4.10 |
4.21 |
3.76 |
| Senior high school |
2.85 |
2.33 |
2.58 |
2.15 |
| Postsecondary institution |
1.33 |
0.87 |
1.45 |
0.97 |
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Central Bureau
of Statistics, Statistik Indonesia/Statistical Year Book of
Indonesia, 1991, Jakarta, January 1992, 103.
(in percentages)
| Region |
Primary School |
Junior High School |
Senior High School |
|
Males |
Females |
Males |
Fema les |
Males |
Females |
| Sumatra |
10 |
12 |
8 |
12 |
6 |
10 |
| Java |
15 |
18 |
13 |
14 |
10 |
10 |
| Bali and Nusa Tenggara |
4 |
4 |
7 |
8 |
1 |
1 |
| Kalimantan |
10 |
11 |
12 |
15 |
9 |
11 |
| Sulawesi |
5 |
6 |
7 |
11 |
7 |
10 |
| Maluku and Irian Jaya |
3 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
7 |
8 |
| INDONESIA |
13 |
15 |
11 |
13 |
9 |
10 |
Source: Based on information from Mayling Oey-Gardiner, "Gender
Differences in Schooling in Indonesia," Bulletin of Indonesian
Economic Studies, April 1991, 63.
(rate per year)
| Type of Use |
|
Level of Education |
|
None |
Primary School |
Secondary School |
| Hospital admissions (per 1,000 persons) |
7.04 |
11.75 |
21.14 |
| Outpatient visits (per person) |
| Government hospitals |
0.023 |
0.467 |
0.567 |
| Private hospitals |
0.003 |
0.042 |
0.071 |
| Health centers |
0.224 |
0.241 |
0.234 |
| Private clinics |
0.001 |
0.005 |
0.005 |
| Physicians |
0.044 |
0.088 |
0.186 |
| Paramedics |
0.084 |
0.085 |
0.060 |
Source: Based on information from World Bank, Indonesia:
Health Planning and Budgeting, Washington, 1991, 8.
| Level of Education |
Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) |
| None |
98.8 |
| Some primary school |
82.5 |
| Primary school completed |
60.1 |
| Secondary and postsecondary institution |
33.9 |
| National average |
75.2 |
Source: Based on information from World Bank, Indonesia:
Health Planning and Budgeting, Washington, 1991, 4.
(in percentages and United States dollars)
| Country |
Year |
Percentage of Central Government Expenditure |
Percentage of GDP2 |
Per Capita Income3 |
| Brunei |
1984 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
140.34 |
| Indonesia |
1985 |
2.56 |
0.56 |
3.37 |
| Malaysia |
1981 |
4.39 |
1.36 |
23.40 |
| Philippines |
1985 |
5.95 |
0.63 |
3.75 |
| Singapore |
1985 |
6.47 |
1.78 |
122.29 |
| Thailand |
1985 |
5.69 |
1.20 |
8.98 |
1 ASEAN--Association of Southeast Asian Nations (see
Glossary).
2 GDP--gross domestic product (see Glossary).
3 In United States dollars.
Source: Based on information from World Bank, Indonesia:
Health Planning and Budgeting, Washington, 1991, 14; and
Brunei, Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning Unit, Statistic
Division, Brunei Darussalam Statistical Yerabook, 1990,
Bandar Seri Begawan, 1991, 189, 196-97.
| Country |
Infant Mortality (per 1,000 live births)2 |
|
Life Expectancy at Birth |
|
1990-94 |
2000-04 |
1990- 94 |
2000-04 |
| Brunei |
10 |
7 |
76.3 |
79.2 |
| Indonesia |
55 |
34 |
63.0 |
68.1 |
| Malaysia |
20 |
13 |
70.8 |
73.6 |
| Philippines |
38 |
26 |
64.9 |
68.3 |
| Singapore |
6 |
5 |
74.9 |
77.4 |
| Thailand |
25 |
16 |
66.9 |
70.8 |
| ASEAN average |
26 |
17 |
69.5 |
72.9 |
| East and Southeast Asia average |
32 |
21 |
69.8 |
72.7 |
1 ASEAN--Association of Southeast Asian Nations (see
Glossary).
2 Of every 1,000 live births, the number that would
die before their first birthday.
Source: Based on information from Eduard Bos, Patience W. Stephens,
My T. Vu, and Rodolfo A. Bulatao, Asia Region Population Projections:
1990-91 Edition, Washington, February 1991, 13, 43, 59, 75,
95, 97, and 105.
(in billions of United States dollars)
|
1982 |
1984 |
1986 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
| Merchandise trade |
| Exports |
19.7 |
20.8 |
14.4 |
19.5 |
23.0 |
26.8 |
| Imports |
-17.9 |
- 15.0 |
-11.9 |
-13.8 |
-16.3 |
-20.7 |
| Trade balance |
1.9 |
5.7 |
2.5 |
5.7 |
6.7 |
6.1 |
| Net services |
-4.4 |
-3.7 |
-3.4 |
- 3.2 |
-3.6 |
-3.9 |
| Net factor income |
-3.0 |
-4.1 |
-3.2 |
- 4.1 |
-4.5 |
-4.8 |
| Transfers |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
| Current account balance |
-5.3 |
-1.9 |
-3.9 |
- 1.4 |
-1.1 |
-2.4 |
| Foreign direct investment |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
1.0 |
| Portfolio investment |
0.3 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
- 0.1 |
-0.2 |
0.0 |
| Official borrowings |
3.7 |
2.9 |
2.6 |
1.9 |
2.8 |
0.8 |
| Other borrowings |
1.4 |
0.3 |
1.0 |
- 0.2 |
-0.4 |
2.0 |
| Capital account balance |
5.6 |
3.4 |
4.2 |
2.2 |
2.9 |
3.8 |
| Errors and omissions |
-2.2 |
-0.6 |
-1.3 |
- 0.9 |
-1.4 |
0.9 |
| Counterpart items |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
- 0.1 |
0.0 |
-0.2 |
| Change in reserves (minus means increase) |
-1.9 |
1.0 |
- 1.0 |
-0.2 |
0.4 |
2.1 |
*Figures may not compute to balance because of rounding.
Source: Based on information from International Monetary Fund,
International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 1991, Washington,
1992, 434-35.
(in percentages)
| Sector |
1967 |
1971 |
1980 |
198 4 |
19892 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing |
| Farm food crops |
35.5 |
n.a. |
14.0 |
14.0 |
14.5 |
| Smallholder plantation crops |
5.4 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
3.1 |
2.9 |
| Estate plantation crops |
2.2 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
0.7 |
0.8 |
| Livestock |
3.9 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
2.3 |
2.5 |
| Forestry |
0.7 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| Fishing |
6.4 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
1.5 |
1.8 |
| Total agriculture, forestry, and fishing |
54.1 |
44.8 |
24.8 |
22.6 |
23.4 |
| Mining |
| Oil and LNG3 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
17.7 |
11.7 |
| Other |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
1.1 |
1.4 |
| Total mining |
2.7 |
8.0 |
25.7 |
18.9 |
13.1 |
| Manufacturing |
| Non-oil and LNG |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
10.5 |
15.1 |
| Oil refinery |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
1.1 |
1.3 |
| LNG |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
3.0 |
2.0 |
| Total manufacturing |
7.3 |
8.4 |
11.6 |
14.6 |
18.4 |
| Utilities |
0.3 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
| Construction |
1.7 |
3.5 |
5.6 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
| Commerce |
17.6 |
16.1 |
14.1 |
14.9 |
17.0 |
| Transportation and communications |
2.2 |
4.4 |
4.3 |
5.6 |
5.5 |
| Financial services |
0.5 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
3.4 |
3.9 |
| Public administration and defense |
4.8 |
5.8 |
6.9 |
7.2 |
6.7 |
| Other services |
8.8 |
7.2 |
4.8 |
7.0 |
6.0 |
| TOTAL |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
| (in billions of rupiahs)4 |
848 |
3,672 |
45,446 |
89,750 |
166,324 |
| Private consumption |
92.7 |
77.2 |
60.5 |
60.2 |
53.4 |
| Government consumption |
7.4 |
9.3 |
10.3 |
10.2 |
9.4 |
| Gross investment |
8.0 |
15.8 |
20.9 |
26.0 |
34.7 |
| Net exports |
-8.1 |
-2.2 |
8.3 |
3.5 |
2.5 |
| Net factor payments |
-1.1 |
-1.8 |
-4.4 |
- 4.7 |
-4.9 |
n.a.--not available.
1Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
2Preliminary.
3LNG--liquefied natural gas.
4For value of the rupiah--see Glossary.
Source: Based on information from Bank Indonesia, Report
for the Financial Year, Jakarta, 1975, 1984, 1989, and 1990,
various pages.
(in percentages)
| Sector |
1967 |
1971 |
19801 |
19842 |
19893 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing |
51.8 |
43.6 |
30.7 |
22.2 |
20.6 |
| Mining |
3.8 |
9.8 |
9.3 |
20.6 |
15.6 |
| Manufacturing |
8.3 |
8.8 |
15.3 |
14.6 |
18.5 |
| Utilities |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
| Construction |
1.6 |
3.1 |
5.7 |
5.3 |
5.5 |
| Transportation and communications |
3.6 |
3.8 |
5.5 |
5.4 |
5.3 |
| Other services |
30.5 |
30.6 |
32.9 |
31.5 |
34.0 |
| TOTAL4 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
| Private consumption |
85.3 |
72.1 |
79.4 |
59.0 |
52.6 |
| Government consumption |
8.0 |
9.5 |
13.3 |
10.1 |
10.2 |
| Gross investment |
7.4 |
15.5 |
25.9 |
27.3 |
27.8 |
| Net exports |
-0.7 |
2.9 |
-18.7 |
3.6 |
9.4 |
1Calculated in 1973 prices.
2Calculated in 1983 prices.
3Preliminary and calculated in 1983 prices.
4Figures many not add to total because of rounding.
Source: Based on information from Bank Indonesia, Report
for the Financial Year, Jakarta, 1975, 1984, 1989, and 1990,
various pages.
(in percentages)
|
Repelita III 1979-83 |
Repelita IV 1984- 88 |
Repelita V, 1989 |
|
|
|
19902 |
1989- 93 |
19912 |
19922 |
| Revenues |
| Domestic revenues |
| Oil and gas revenues |
56.6 |
38.3 |
29.5 |
25.2 |
29.7 |
24.9 |
| Income tax |
9.7 |
10.7 |
14.4 |
15.2 |
15.9 |
19.5 |
| Value-added and sales taxes3 |
4.3 |
11.3 |
15.3 |
15.9 |
16.3 |
19.7 |
| Import duties |
3.6 |
3.4 |
4.2 |
4.6 |
5.1 |
5.4 |
| Excise tax |
4.1 |
4.3 |
3.9 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
| Export tax |
1.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
| Land and building tax |
0.7 |
1.0 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
| Other taxes |
1.1 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
0.7 |
2.1 |
| Nontax revenue |
2.7 |
5.5 |
5.4 |
6.0 |
5.6 |
5.2 |
| Total domestic revenues |
84.3 |
76.7 |
75.3 |
73.7 |
79.5 |
82.9 |
| Development funds4 |
| Program aid |
0.3 |
3.9 |
2.6 |
6.7 |
3.0 |
0.9 |
| Project aid |
15.4 |
19.4 |
22.1 |
19.6 |
17.5 |
16.2 |
| Total development funds |
15.7 |
23.3 |
24.7 |
26.3 |
20.5 |
17.1 |
| Total revenues |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
| Expenditures |
| Routine expenditures |
| Personnel |
16.4 |
16.9 |
16.2 |
16.1 |
15.3 |
16.3 |
| Material |
6.4 |
5.4 |
4.5 |
4.0 |
4.4 |
4.3 |
| Regional subsidies |
8.6 |
10.4 |
9.3 |
9.9 |
9.2 |
9.4 |
| Debt service |
8.6 |
24.4 |
31.3 |
30.3 |
28.4 |
28.3 |
| Other |
8.5 |
1.8 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
3.1 |
0.8 |
| Total routine expenditures |
48.6 |
59.0 |
63.8 |
62.2 |
60.4 |
59.2 |
| Development expenditures |
51.4 |
41.0 |
36.2 |
37.8 |
39.6 |
40.8 Total expenditures |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 100.0 |
| (Total expenditures in trillions of rupiahs)5 |
66.4 |
124.0 |
38.2 |
42.9 |
50.6 |
56.1 |
| (Total expenditures as percentage of GDP)6 |
24.3 |
22.2 |
22.9 |
21.7 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a.--not available.
1Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
2Budget, not actual, figures.
3For definition of value-added tax--see Glossary.
4 Derived from foreign aid and borrowing.
5For value of the rupiah--see Glossary.
6GDP--gross domestic product (see Glossary), based
on calendar year.
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Central Bureau
of Statistics, Statistik Indonesia/Statistical Year Book of
Indonesia, 1990, Jakarta, January 1991, 437-38; Bank Indonesia,
Report for the Financial Year 89-90, Jakarta, 1990, 55;
and Bank Indonesia, Report for the Financial Year 83-84,
Jakarta, 1984.
(in percentages)
| Commodity |
1982 |
1984 |
1986 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
| Food and beverages |
12.7 |
6.5 |
7.2 |
7.7 |
7.6 |
5.1 |
| Raw materials |
3.5 |
3.9 |
4.1 |
5.4 |
5.4 |
4.7 |
| Fuels |
16.2 |
19.5 |
10.3 |
7.2 |
7.7 |
8.9 |
| Ores and metals |
2.4 |
2.6 |
4.3 |
3.9 |
4.4 |
5.0 |
| Machinery and equipment |
33.5 |
36.3 |
38.4 |
38.7 |
37.7 |
42.7 |
| Other |
31.4 |
30.5 |
35.3 |
36.5 |
36.8 |
33.6 |
| TOTAL* |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
| (in billions of United States dollars) |
10.8 |
13.9 |
10.7 |
13.2 |
16.4 |
21.8 |
*Figures may not add to total because of rounding.
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Central Bureau
of Statistics, Statistik perdagangan luar negeri Indonesia:
Impor (Indonesian Foreign Trade Statistics: Imports), Jakarta,
1985, 1987, and 1991, various pages; and United Nations Conference
on Trade and Development, Handbook of International Trade
and Development Statistics, 1990, New York, 1991, 169.
(in percentages)
| Commodity |
1982 |
1984 |
1986 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
| Agricultural products |
| Rubber |
2.7 |
4.3 |
4.8 |
6.5 |
4.6 |
3.3 |
| Coffee |
1.5 |
2.6 |
5.6 |
2.9 |
2.2 |
1.5 |
| Palm oil |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
2.3 |
1.8 |
1.2 |
| Timber |
2.5 |
1.7 |
1.9 |
3.1 |
4.1 |
1.1 |
| Other |
3.4 |
4.9 |
8.2 |
9.2 |
8.6 |
9.1 |
| Total agricultural products |
10.6 |
14.0 |
21.3 |
24.0 |
21.3 |
16.2 |
| Crude minerals and nonferrous metals |
| Petroleum and petroleum products |
69.4 |
57.0 |
37.2 |
27.0 |
27.3 |
28.8 |
| Natural gas |
13.0 |
16.2 |
18.8 |
13.0 |
11.8 |
14.3 |
| Aluminum |
0.1 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
0.9 |
| Tin |
1.6 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
0.7 |
| Other |
1.4 |
1.5 |
2.4 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
3.5 |
| Total crude minerals and nonferrous metals |
85.5 |
76.9 |
60.7 |
46.5 |
45.9 |
48.2 |
| Manufactures |
| Plywood |
1.4 |
3.6 |
7.6 |
11.7 |
10.9 |
10.9 |
| Clothing |
0.5 |
1.4 |
3.5 |
4.1 |
5.3 |
6.4 |
| Fabric and yarns |
0.2 |
0.9 |
2.1 |
3.5 |
3.8 |
4.8 |
| Footwear |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.4 |
1.0 |
2.2 |
| Furniture |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
| Other |
1.7 |
3.2 |
4.7 |
9.4 |
11.1 |
10.2 |
| Total manufactures |
3.8 |
9.1 |
18.0 |
29.5 |
32.9 |
35.6 |
| TOTAL* |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
| (in billions of United States dollars) |
22.3 |
21.9 |
14.8 |
19.2 |
22.2 |
25.7 |
* Figures may not add to total because of rounding.
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Central Bureau
of Statistics, Statistik perdagangan luar negeri Indonesia:
Ekspor (Indonesian Foreign Trade Statistics: Exports), Jakarta,
1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, and 1991, various pages.
(in percentages)
| Country |
1982 |
1984 |
1986 |
19 88 |
1989 |
1990 |
| Asia |
| Japan |
25.4 |
23.8 |
29.2 |
25.4 |
23.3 |
24.9 |
| ASEAN countries2 |
| Singapore |
16.7 |
12.9 |
9.0 |
6.6 |
6.3 |
5.8 |
| Philippines |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
1.3 |
| Thailand |
1.4 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
| Malaysia |
1.2 |
0.4 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
1.3 |
0.8 |
| Brunei |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
| Total ASEAN countries |
19.6 |
14.0 |
10.5 |
9.8 |
10.3 |
8.2 |
| China |
1.4 |
1.6 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
| Other (includes South Korea and Taiwan) |
6.8 |
5.9 |
6.8 |
9.8 |
12.1 |
13.4 |
| Total Asia |
53.2 |
45.3 |
49.6 |
48.0 |
49.0 |
49.5 |
| Western Hemisphere |
| United States |
14.3 |
18.4 |
13.8 |
12.9 |
13.5 |
11.5 |
| Other |
1.7 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
4.6 |
4.2 |
| Total Western Hemisphere |
16.0 |
21.7 |
17.4 |
16.7 |
18.1 |
15.7 |
| Europe |
| EEC countries3 |
| West Germany |
7.1 |
5.9 |
6.7 |
6.7 |
5.6 |
6.9 |
| France |
3.4 |
3.1 |
2.6 |
3.6 |
2.5 |
3.0 |
| Britain |
2.6 |
2.1 |
3.2 |
2.5 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
| Netherlands |
1.1 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
2.6 |
| Other |
2.1 |
2.3 |
2.9 |
4.5 |
3.9 |
4.3 |
| Total EEC countries |
16.3 |
15.3 |
17.2 |
19.3 |
15.8 |
18.8 |
| Other |
3.7 |
3.1 |
3.8 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
| Total Europe |
20.0 |
18.4 |
21.0 |
23.5 |
19.9 |
22.6 |
| Middle East |
6.9 |
9.9 |
6.3 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
5.0 |
| Australia and New Zealand |
2.7 |
3.2 |
4.5 |
5.0 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
| Other |
1.2 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
1.1 |
| TOTAL |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
---means negligible.
1Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
2ASEAN--Association of Southeast Asian Nations (see
Glossary).
3EEC--European Economic Community.
Source: Based on information from International Monetary Fund,
Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook, 1989, Washington,
1990, 224-25; and International Monetary Fund, Direction of
Trade Statistics Yearbook, 1991, Washington, 1992, 224-25.
1
(in percentages)
| Country |
1982 |
1984 |
1986 |
19 88 |
1989 |
1990 |
| Asia |
| Japan |
50.1 |
47.3 |
44.9 |
41.7 |
42.2 |
42.5 |
| ASEAN countries2 |
| Singapore |
14.0 |
9.7 |
8.4 |
8.5 |
8.2 |
7.4 |
| Philippines |
1.3 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
| Malaysia |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| Thailand |
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.7 |
| Brunei |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
| Total ASEAN countries |
15.7 |
11.3 |
10.3 |
10.6 |
11.0 |
9.7 |
| China |
0.1 |
--- |
0.9 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
3.2 |
| Other (includes South Korea and Taiwan) |
4.6 |
6.3 |
8.0 |
10.9 |
10.4 |
12.2 Total Asia |
70.5 |
64.9 |
64.1 |
65.7 |
66.0 |
67.6 |
| Western Hemisphere |
| United States |
15.9 |
20.6 |
19.6 |
16.2 |
15.8 |
13.1 |
| Other |
4.2 |
4.9 |
1.6 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
| Total Western Hemisphere |
20.1 |
25.5 |
21.2 |
17.0 |
16.5 |
14.0 |
| Europe |
| EEC countries3 |
| Netherlands |
1.2 |
1.5 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
3.1 |
2.8 West Germany |
1.1 |
1.1 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
2.9 |
| Britain |
0.6 |
0.8 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
| France |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
| Other |
0.9 |
1.4 |
2.1 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
| Total EEC countries |
4.1 |
5.0 |
9.4 |
11.2 |
10.5 |
11.7 |
| Other |
0.4 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
| Total Europe |
4.5 |
6.0 |
10.7 |
12.2 |
11.8 |
12.8 |
| Australia and New Zealand |
4.2 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
| Middle East |
0.5 |
0.8 |
1.5 |
2.2 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
| Other |
0.2 |
0.4 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
| TOTAL |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
---means negligible.
1Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
2ASEAN--Association of Southeast Asian Nations (see
Glossary).
3EEC--European Economic Community.
Source: Based on information from International Monetary Fund,
Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook, 1989, Washington,
1990, 224-25; and International Monetary Fund, Direction of
Trade Statistics Yearbook, 1991, Washington, 1992, 224-25.
(in thousands of tons unless otherwise indicated)
| Commodity |
1977-79 Annual Average |
1987- 891 Annual Average |
Growth Rate2 |
| Cassava |
13,047 |
15,272 |
1.6 |
| Cloves |
32 |
78 |
9.5 |
| Coconut (copra) |
1,558 |
2,183 |
3.4 |
| Coffee |
216 |
409 |
6.6 |
| Corn |
3,593 |
6,107 |
5.4 |
| Cotton |
1 |
20 |
37.6 |
| Eggs |
149 |
471 |
12.2 |
| Fish, freshwater |
421 |
710 |
5.4 |
| Fish, saltwater |
1,234 |
2,148 |
7.3 |
| Meat |
476 |
941 |
7.0 |
| Milk (in millions of liters) |
65 |
259 |
14.8 |
| Palm kernels |
101 |
326 |
12.4 |
| Palm oil |
552 |
1,713 |
12.0 |
| Peanuts |
426 |
557 |
2.7 |
| Pepper |
45 |
55 |
1.9 |
| Rice, hulled |
17,091 |
28,345 |
5.2 |
| Rubber |
860 |
1,256 |
3.9 |
| Soybeans |
607 |
1,230 |
7.3 |
| Sugarcane |
1,518 |
2,189 |
3.7 |
| Sweet potatoes |
2,246 |
2,082 |
-0.8 |
| Tea |
97 |
139 |
3.6 |
| Teak (in thousands of cubic meters)3 |
514 |
737 |
4.1 |
| Tobacco |
84 |
125 |
4.1 |
| Other timber (in thousands of cubic meters)3 |
24,714 |
27,202 |
1.1 |
1 Preliminary data for 1988 and 1989.
2 Growth rate calculated as annual rate compounded
from 1977-79 to 1987-89 or 1986-88.
3 Final figures for 1987-88 and preliminary data for
1989.
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Department of Finance,
Nota keuangan dan rancangan anggaran pendapatan dan belanja
negara: tahun, 1990-91 (Financial Note and Estimated National
Budget, Fiscal Year 1990-91), Jakarta, 1990, 312-13, 359.
1
(in percentages)
| Region and Province |
Irrigated Rice Paddy |
Dryland Rice Paddy |
Corn |
Cassava |
Sweet Potatoes |
Peanuts |
Soybeans |
| Java |
| Jawa Barat |
23.4 |
16.6 |
4.3 |
13.1 |
23.9 |
18.7 |
6.5 |
| Jawa Timur |
18.7 |
9.5 |
38.3 |
23.4 |
12.5 |
22.7 |
31.7 |
| Jawa Tengah |
18.0 |
6.9 |
22.5 |
22.3 |
12.3 |
20.6 |
16.0 |
| Other |
1.3 |
4.3 |
1.7 |
4.5 |
0.7 |
6.0 |
4.6 |
| Total Java |
61.4 |
37.2 |
66.8 |
63.3 |
49.4 |
68.0 |
58.8 |
| Sumatra |
| Sumatera Utara |
5.8 |
5.9 |
2.8 |
2.2 |
7.0 |
2.6 |
1.9 |
| Sumatera Selatan |
2.8 |
8.5 |
0.4 |
2.1 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
1.0 |
| Lampung |
2.6 |
9.9 |
7.4 |
10.3 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
7.8 |
| Other |
8.9 |
10.1 |
2.1 |
3.6 |
7.1 |
8.0 |
13.0 |
| Total Sumatra |
20.1 |
34.4 |
12.7 |
18.2 |
17.7 |
14.4 |
23.7 |
| Sulawesi |
9.2 |
4.0 |
10.7 |
5.7 |
8.3 |
7.9 |
6.5 |
| Kalimantan |
4.1 |
17.3 |
0.7 |
2.9 |
4.6 |
2.8 |
0.8 |
| Nusa Tenggara and Timor Timur |
3.2 |
6.3 |
7.3 |
6.6 |
8.5 |
4.3 |
7.8 |
| Bali |
2.0 |
0.2 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
4.6 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
| Maluku and Irian Jaya |
0.1 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
1.5 |
7.0 |
0.6 |
0.2 |
| TOTAL |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
| Total production (in million of tons) |
42.82 |
2.42 |
6.7 |
15.8 |
2.0 |
0.6 |
1.5 |
| Total area (in millions of hectares) |
9.4 |
1.1 |
3.2 |
1.3 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
1.3 |
1 Figures many not add to totals because of rounding.
2 Production measured in dry-stalk paddy.
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Central Bureau
of Statistics, Buletin ringkas (Summary Bulletin), Jakarta,
January 1992, 96-98.
(in thousands of tons)
| Crop |
1978 |
1982 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
| Cloves |
21 |
32 |
70 |
76 |
84 |
| Coconut (copra) |
| Smallholders |
1,554 |
1,707 |
2,054 |
2,083 |
2,268 |
| Private estates |
21 |
11 |
20 |
16 |
35 |
| Government estates |
--- |
--- |
24 |
25 |
25 |
| Total coconut (copra) |
1,575 |
1,718 |
2,098 |
2,124 |
2,328 |
| (Exports) |
324 |
337 |
381 |
387 |
n.a. |
| Coffee |
| Smallholders |
206 |
262 |
368 |
375 |
412 |
| Private estates |
7 |
6 |
8 |
11 |
11 |
| Government estates |
10 |
13 |
13 |
13 |
17 |
| Total coffee |
223 |
281 |
389 |
399 |
440 |
| (Exports) |
222 |
234 |
286 |
299 |
n.a. |
| Cotton |
1 |
18 |
18 |
20 |
23 |
| Palm kernels |
| Private estates |
22 |
47 |
76 |
76 |
104 |
| Government estates |
72 |
110 |
243 |
280 |
300 |
| Total palm kernels |
94 |
157 |
319 |
356 |
404 |
| (Exports) |
7 |
6 |
4 |
1 |
n.a. |
| Palm oil |
| Private estates |
165 |
285 |
352 |
362 |
496 |
| Government estates |
367 |
599 |
1,154 |
1,328 |
1,446 |
| Total palm oil |
532 |
884 |
1,506 |
1,690 |
1,942 |
| (Exports) |
412 |
231 |
648 |
853 |
n.a. |
| Pepper |
46 |
34 |
49 |
56 |
59 |
| (Exports) |
38 |
37 |
30 |
41 |
n.a. |
| Rubber |
| Smallholders |
612 |
585 |
795 |
902 |
943 |
| Private estates |
110 |
125 |
135 |
157 |
161 |
| Government estates |
162 |
189 |
200 |
236 |
239 |
| Total rubber |
884 |
899 |
1,130 |
1,295 |
1,343 |
| (Exports) |
918 |
861 |
1,092 |
1,132 |
n.a. |
| Sugarcane |
| Smallholders |
485 |
1,352 |
1,654 |
1,743 |
1,817 |
| Private estates |
71 |
72 |
109 |
111 |
108 |
| Government estates |
960 |
195 |
323 |
347 |
354 |
| Total sugarcane |
1,516 |
1,619 |
2,086 |
2,201 |
2,279 |
| Tea |
| Smallholders |
17 |
17 |
25 |
26 |
32 |
| Private estates |
15 |
16 |
21 |
26 |
26 |
| Government estates |
59 |
61 |
80 |
84 |
97 |
| Total tea |
91 |
94 |
126 |
136 |
155 |
| (Exports) |
61 |
76 |
90 |
93 |
n.a. |
| Tobacco |
| Smallholders |
68 |
97 |
110 |
116 |
140 |
| Government estates |
13 |
9 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
| Total tobacco |
81 |
106 |
113 |
119 |
143 |
| (Exports) |
27 |
19 |
19 |
18 |
n.a. |
---means negligible.
n.a.--not available.
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Department of Finance,
Nota keuangan dan rancangan anggaran pendapatan dan belanja
negara: tahun, 1990-91 (Financial Note and Estimated National
Budget, Fiscal Year 1990-91), Jakarta, 1990, 328-33.
| Commodity |
Unit of Measure |
1978 1985 19891 |
| Fuels |
| Refined petroleum fuels2 |
millions of barrels |
n.a. |
131 |
172 |
| Liquefied natural gas |
trillions of BTUs3 |
192 |
789 |
1,001 |
| Wood products |
| Plywood |
thousands of cubic meters |
424 |
4,715 |
7,692 |
| Sawn timber |
-do-2 |
9,437 |
10,854 |
| Chemicals |
| Urea fertilizer |
thousands of tons |
1,437 |
3,690 |
4,596 |
| Non-urea fertilizer |
-do-141 |
1,533 |
1,850 |
| Cement |
-do- |
3,629 |
10,027 |
15,636 |
| Paper |
-do- |
155 |
516 |
1,133 |
| Textiles |
| Fabric |
millions of meters |
1,576 |
2,498 |
4,494 |
| Yarn |
thousands of bales |
837 |
1,877 |
3,438 |
| Equipment and vehicles4 |
| Tires, automobile |
thousands of units |
2,540 |
4,086 |
7,377 |
| Tires, motorcycle |
-do- |
1,658 |
2,313 |
5,490 |
| Automobiles |
-do- |
109 |
140 |
177 |
| Motorcycles |
-do- |
331 |
227 |
281 |
| Pesticide sprayers |
-do- |
37 |
229 |
284 |
| Diesel engines |
-do- |
30 |
42 |
47 |
| Airplanes |
units |
16 |
8 |
7 |
| Helicopters |
-do- |
16 |
7 |
5 |
| Hand tractors |
-do- |
280 |
973 |
5,645 |
| Hullers |
-do- |
2,200 |
2,771 |
1,272 |
| Metal products |
| Sponge iron |
thousands of tons |
--- |
1,086 |
1,442 |
| Steel ingot |
-do- |
80 |
1,023 |
1,736 |
| Other steel products |
-do- |
518 |
1,350 |
2,028 |
| Galvanized iron sheet |
-do- |
185 |
274 |
156 |
| Aluminum plate |
-do- |
10 |
27 |
27 |
| Steel vessels |
thousands of BRT5 |
12 |
18 |
22 |
| Other |
| Kretek cigarettes |
billions of pieces |
43,500 |
84 |
129 |
| White cigarettes |
-do- |
25,700 |
24 |
17 |
| Refined coconut oil |
thousands of tons |
319 |
396 |
486 |
| Olein |
-do- |
38 |
490 |
847 |
| Soap and detergent |
-do- |
263 |
306 |
368 |
| Electric cords |
-do- |
16 |
58 |
65 |
| Cassette players |
thousands of units |
2,024 |
2,236 |
2,876 |
| Television sets |
-do- |
733 |
750 |
797 |
| Refrigerators |
-do- |
90 |
149 |
138 |
| Sewing machines |
-do- |
600 |
171 |
34 |
| Storage batteries |
-do- |
690 |
5,688 |
6,412 |
| Dry-cell batteries |
millions of units |
420 |
952 |
1,077 |
| Light bulbs |
-do- |
30 |
86 |
138 |
| Toothpaste |
millions of tubes |
109 |
351 |
589 |
| Matches |
millions of boxes |
540 |
2,214 |
2,837 |
n.a.--not available.
---means negligible.
1 Preliminary data.
2 Calendar year.
3 BTU--British Thermal Units.
4 Mostly assembly.
5 BRT--Brute Registered Tons.
Source: Based on information from Bank Indonesia, Report
for the Financial Year, 89-90, Jakarta, 1990, 124; Bank Indonesia,
Report for the Financial Year, 83-84, Jakarta, 1984,
120; and United States, Embassy in Jakarta, The 1991 Petroleum
Report: Indonesia, Jakarta, 1991, 127.
(in thousands of tons unless otherwise indicated)
| Mineral |
1976-78 Average |
1986- 88* Average |
Minimum Production Year |
Amount |
Maximum Production Year |
Amount |
| Crude oil (in millions of barrels) |
591 |
507 |
1969 |
284 |
1978 |
589 |
| Natural gas (in millions of standard cubic feet) |
615 |
1,768 |
1974 |
206 |
1988 |
1,887 |
| Tin ore concentrate |
26 |
28 |
1969 |
18 |
1981 |
36 |
| Copper concentrate |
199 |
273 |
1972 |
10 |
1988 |
303 |
| Nickel ore |
1,424 |
1,781 |
1969 |
311 |
1988 |
1,882 |
| Bauxite |
1,078 |
586 |
1988 |
514 |
1971 |
1,288 |
| Coal |
229 |
3,645 |
1974 |
172 |
1988 |
5,196 |
| Iron sands concentrate |
246 |
193 |
1970 |
54 |
1974 |
349 |
| Silver (in tons) |
3 |
60 |
1983 |
2 |
1988 |
64 |
| Gold (in kilograms) |
274 |
4,126 |
1981 |
173 |
1988 |
5,050 |
*Preliminary data for 1988.
Source: Based on information from Indonesia, Department of Finance,
Nota keuangan dan rancangan anggaran pendapatan dan belanja
negara: tahun, 1990-91 (Financial Note and Estimated National
Budget, Fiscal Year 1990-91), Jakarta, 1990, 397-99, 402-14.
| Party |
1971 |
1977 |
1982 |
1987 |
1992 |
| Golkar1 |
62.8 |
62.1 |
64.3 |
73.2 |
68.0 |
| PPP2 |
27.13 |
29.3 |
27.8 |
16.0 |
17.0 |
| PDI4 |
10.13 |
8.6 |
7.9 |
10.9 |
15.0 |
| TOTAL5 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
1 Golongan Karya (literally, Functional groups--see
Glossary).
2 Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (United Development
Party).
3 Numbers represent the aggregate votes of the parties
included in the PPP and PDI since 1973.
4 Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (Indonesian Democratic
Party).
5 Figures may not add to total because of rounding.
Source: Based on information from R. William Liddle, "Indonesia
in 1987: The New Order at the Height of Its Power," Asian
Survey, February 1988, 182; and Suhaini Aznam, "Indonesia:
No Surprises, Election Confirms Golkar's Firm Grip on Power,"
Far Eastern Economic Review [Hong Kong], June 25, 1992,
14-15.
| Branch and Units |
Personnel or Units |
| Army |
| Personnel |
217,000 |
| Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad) |
1 |
| Division headquarters |
2 |
| Armored cavalry brigade |
1 |
| Battalions |
2 |
| Infantry brigades |
3 |
| Battalions |
10 |
| Airborne brigades |
3 |
| Battalions |
8 |
| Field artillery regiments |
2 |
| Battalions |
6 |
| Air defense artillery regiment |
1 |
| Battalions |
2 |
| Combat engineer battalions |
2 |
| Military Regional Commands (Kodams) |
10 |
| Infantry battalions |
63 |
| Cavalry battalions |
8 |
| Airborne infantry battalions |
4 |
| Field artillery battalions |
8 |
| Air defense artillery battalions |
9 |
| Construction engineer regiments |
2 |
| Engineer battalions |
6 |
| Special Forces Command (Kopassus) |
1 |
| Special Forces Groups (1 training) |
3 |
| Aviation Command |
1 |
| Composite aviation squadron |
1 |
| Light helicopter squadron |
1 |
| Navy |
| Personnel |
| Line and staff |
30,000 |
| Naval aviation |
1,000 |
| Marines |
13,000 |
| Total |
44,000 |
| Fleets (Armadas) |
2 |
| Main naval bases |
6 Military Sea Communications Command |
1 |
| Marine Corps |
| Infantry brigades |
2 |
| Battalions6 Combat Support Regiment* |
1 |
| Air force |
| Personnel |
27,000 |
| Paracommando battalions (about 4,000 personnel) |
4 |
| Operations Commands (Ko-Ops) |
2 |
| Tactical fighter squadrons |
2 |
| Counterinsurgency squadron |
1 |
| Fighter-interceptor squadrons |
2 |
| Helicopter squadrons |
3 |
| Transport squadrons |
5 |
| Marine reconnaissance squadron |
1 |
| Training squadrons |
4 |
| Air Materiel Command |
1 |
| Air Training Command |
1 |
| Training squadrons |
3 |
| National Air Defense Command |
1 |
| National Police |
| Personnel |
180,000 |
| Police Regional Commands (Poldas) |
17 |
| Sea and Air Police Unit |
1 |
| Mobile Brigade |
1 |
| Explosive Ordinance Devices Unit |
1 |
| Total Armed Forces Personnel |
468,000 |
*Field artillery and air defense artillery.
Source: Based on information from The Military Balance,
1991- 1992, London, 1991, 164-65.
| Island and Ethnic Group |
Muslim |
Christian |
Hindu |
| Java |
| Javanese |
35 |
9 |
0 |
| Sundanese |
10 |
0 |
0 |
| Madurese |
2 |
0 |
0 |
| Total Java |
47 |
9 |
0 |
| Sumatra |
| Batak |
1 |
2 |
0 |
| Total Sumatra |
1 |
2 |
0 |
| Bali |
| Balinese |
0 |
1 |
4 |
| Total Bali |
0 |
1 |
4 |
| Other |
15 |
4 |
0 |
| TOTAL |
63 |
16 |
4 |
*Includes top officials of Department of Defense and Security
(minister through director general of the Armed Forces of the
Republic of Indonesia--ABRI); army, navy, air force, and national
police (chiefs of staffs through principal staff officers); military
academy and staff college governors; and all service regional
commanders and chiefs of staff.
Source: Based on information from United States Embassy, Jakarta.
| Type and Description |
Country of Origin |
In Inventory |
| Armored vehicles |
| AMX-13 light tanks |
France |
100 |
| PT-76 light tanks |
Soviet Union |
411 |
| Saladin scout cars |
Britain |
56 |
| Ferret scout cars |
-do- |
58 |
| AMX-VCI armored personnel carriers (APCs) |
France |
200 |
| Saracen APCs |
Britain |
56 |
| V-150 APCs |
scout cars |
United States |
60 |
| BTR-40 APCs |
Soviet Union |
801 |
| BTR-152 APCs |
-do- |
241 |
| Artillery |
| M-48 76mm towed howitzers |
Yugoslavia |
150 |
| M101 105mm towed howitzers |
United States |
170 |
| FV Mk61 105mm self-propelled howitzers |
West Germany |
50 |
| 81mm mortars |
United States |
500 |
| M-67 90mm recoilless rocket launchers |
-do- |
400 |
| M-40 106mm recoilless rifles |
-do- |
n.a. |
| M-43 120mm mortars |
Yugoslavia |
n.a. |
| 20mm Oerlikon air defense guns |
Switzerland |
20 |
| 40mm Bofors air defense guns |
Sweden |
90 |
| S-60 57mm air defense guns |
Soviet Union |
200 |
| Rapier surface-to-air missile system |
Britain |
n.a. |
| Aircraft |
| Fixed wing |
| BN-2 Islander |
Britain |
1 |
| C-47 transports |
United States |
2 |
| NC-212 transports |
Indonesia2 |
4 |
| Cessna 185 |
United States |
2 |
| Cessna 207 |
-do- |
2 |
| Cessna 310 |
-do- |
2 |
| Aero Commander 680 |
-do- |
2 |
| Helicopters |
| Bo-105 |
Indonesia3 |
13 Soloy-Bell 47G (trainers) |
-do- |
8 |
| Bell 205 |
United States |
16 |
| NB 412 |
Indonesia4 |
28 |
| Hughes 300C (trainers) |
-do- |
20 |
| Maritime ships |
| LST |
United States |
1 |
| LCU (300-ton cargo) |
Various |
201 |
| LCU (transport) |
-do- |
141 |
n.a.--not available.
1 Operational status uncertain.
2 On license with Spain.
3 On license with West Germany.
4 On license with the United States.
Source: Based on information from The Military Balance,
1991- 1992, London, 1991, 164-65; and Jane's Infantry
Weapons, 1991-92, Ed., Ian V. Hogg, Coulsdon, Surrey, United
Kingdom, 1991, 745.
| Type and Description |
Country of Origin |
In Inventory |
| Submarines |
| Type 209 |
West Germany |
21 |
| Whiskey class |
Soviet Union |
1 |
| Frigates |
| Ahmad Yani class (Van Speijk), 1 with Wasp helicopter, Harpoon
surface-to-surface missile |
Netherlands |
6 |
| Fatahillah class, 1 Wasp helicopter, Exocetsurface-to- surface
missile |
-do- |
3 |
| Samadikun class (Claude Jones) |
United States |
4 |
| M.K. Tiyahahu class (Tribal), 1 Wasp helicopter |
Britain |
3 |
| Hajar Dewantara (trainer) |
Yugoslavia |
1 |
| Patrol craft |
| Siada class (Attack class) |
Australia |
8 |
| Sabola class (Carpentaria class) |
-do- |
6 |
| PGM 39 class |
United States |
22</td>
|
| Submarine chaser (Hui class) |
-do- |
1 |
| Missile attack boats (Dagger class) |
South Korea |
4 |
| Torpedo boats (Lurssen FPB 57 class) |
West Germany |
8 |
| Mine warfare ships |
| Rengat class |
Netherlands |
2 |
| T-43 class |
Soviet Union |
23 |
| Amphibious ships |
| Teluk Langsa class LST, 200 troops, 16 tanks, |
United States |
7 |
| Teluk Amboina class LST, 200 troops, 16 tanks |
-do- |
1 |
| Teluk Semangka class LST, 200 troops, 12 tanks |
South Korea |
6 |
| Miscellaneous transport |
support |
Various |
644 |
| Fixed-wing aircraft |
| CASA 212 |
Indonesia |
8 |
| Aero Commander |
United States |
4 |
| F-33 Bonanza (trainers) |
-do- |
2 |
| PA-38 (trainers) |
-do- |
6 |
| Helicopters |
| NAS-332B |
Indonesia5 |
3 |
| Wasp |
Britain |
9 |
| Marine Reconnaissance |
| N-22 Searchmaster B Nomad |
Australia |
12 |
| N-22 Searchmaster L Nomad |
-do- |
6 |
| Marine Corps equipment |
| PT-76 light tanks |
Soviet Union |
306 |
| AMX-10 armored infantry |
| fighting vehicles |
France |
40 |
| AMX-10 armored personnel carriers (APCs) |
-do- |
25 |
| BTR-50 APCs6 |
Soviet Union |
32 |
| M-38 122mm towed artillery |
-do- |
40 |
| 130mm rocket launchers |
Yugoslavia |
n.a. |
n.a.--not available.
1 Not operational.
2 Operational status uncertain.
3 Possibly were decommissioned in 1988.
4 Operational status varies.
5 On license with France.
6 Limited operational capability.
Source: Based on information from The Military Balance,
1991- 1992, London, 1991, 164-65; and Jane's Armour and
Artillery, 1991-92, Ed, Christopher F. Foss, Coulsdon, Surrey,
United Kingdom, 1991, 778.
| Type and Description |
Country of Origin |
In Inventory |
| Fighters |
| A-4E Skyhawk |
United States |
28 |
| F-16 Fighting Falcon |
-do- |
12 |
| Interceptors |
| F-5E Tiger II |
-do- |
10 |
| F-5F Tiger II |
-do- |
4 |
| Counterinsurgency aircraft |
| OV-10F Bronco |
-do- |
12 |
| Maritime reconnaissance aircraft |
| 737-100 |
-do- |
3 |
| C-130H-MP |
-do- |
2 |
| Hu-16 |
-do- |
4 |
| Transports |
| C-130 Hercules |
-do- |
19 |
| Boeing 707 |
-do- |
1 |
| C-47 |
-do- |
7 |
| Cessna 401 |
-do- |
5 |
| Cessna 402 |
-do- |
2 |
| F-27 Friendship |
Netherlands |
7 |
| F-28 Friendship |
-do- |
1 |
| CASA NC-212 |
Indonesia1 |
10 |
| Skyvan |
Britain |
1 |
| Trainers |
| AS-202 |
Switzerland |
20 |
| C-47 |
United States |
2 |
| Cessna 172 |
-do- |
2 |
| Cessna 207 |
-do- |
5 |
| Cessna T41D |
-do- |
10 |
| Beech T34C |
-do- |
23 |
| Hawk T-53 |
Britain |
15 |
| Helicopters |
| UH-34T |
United States |
12 |
| Bell 204-B |
-do- |
2 |
| Bell 206-B |
-do- |
2 |
| Hughes 500 |
-do- |
12 |
| NAS-332 Super Puma |
Indonesia2 |
7 |
| NAS-330 Puma |
-do- |
13 |
| NBo-105 |
Indonesia3 |
12 |
| SE-316 Alouette III |
France |
3 |
1 On license with Spain.
2 On license with France.
3 On license with West Germany.
Source: Based on information from The Military Balance,
1991- 1992, London, 1991, 164-65.
|
