Jordan Army
Figure 15. Major Military Installations, 1988
The 74,000 troops of the Jordan Arab Army were organized into
two armored divisions, two mechanized divisions, two independent
brigades, and sixteen independent artillery battalions. After the
June 1967 War, Hussein and his government undertook a major
rebuilding and modernization program for the army. As of 1989, it
was still considered to be the best trained of all the Arab armies
and was larger and better equipped than at any time in its
existence. Nevertheless, it had long been outstripped in equipment
by the Israeli and Syrian armies, which had been expanded and
re-equipped with modern armor and missile systems after the October
1973 War.
The basic organization was pyramidal, with three brigades to a
division and three battalions in each brigade. Each of the two
armored divisions consisted of two tank brigades and one mechanized
infantry brigade. The two mechanized divisions were made up of two
mechanized infantry brigades and one tank brigade. The independent
brigades consisted of a Royal Guards Brigade and a Special Forces
Brigade, the latter made up of three airborne battalions. Some
significant units were missing from each division, and the weapons
inventory of each division was closer to that of a reinforced
brigade. For economy, the divisions did not have fully integrated
organic logistics and support units but depended on main bases for
supplies. Although the ratio of combat to support strength was
favorable, the capability of independent brigades to operate at a
distance from these bases was seriously impaired.
The bulk of the ground forces were concentrated in the north,
at base complexes at Amman and Az Zarqa and at other installations
in the vicinity of Irbid and Al Mafraq. Smaller bases were at Maan
and Al Aqabah to the south
(see
fig. 15). No Jordanian forces were
deployed in the Jordan River valley, where they would have been
exposed to Israeli air power and artillery. They were instead
emplaced on the heights above the valley where they could obstruct
enemy movement up the routes to the central plateau leading to the
main cities. The most forward troop dispositions were at Umm Qays
overlooking the Jordan River in the northwest corner of the country
to counter any potential Israeli flanking movement around the
strong Syrian defenses concentrated in the Golan Heights.
In spite of years of American training, British military
concepts continued to influence individual units. British forms of
organization were particularly evident in administration,
maintenance, and many technical units. The weapons inventory was
predominantly of United States and British origin. Jordan's tank
force consisted of the United States M-60 model, together with its
own conversion of the obsolete British Centurion, known as the
Tarik, and an improved version of the British Chieftain called the
Khalid. Armored personnel carriers were the familiar United States
M-113 model. In 1988 Jordan benefited from a substantial gift of
Chieftain and Scorpion tanks and M-113s captured by Iraq from Iran,
but it was not known whether the equipment could be introduced into
the armored inventory without extensive repair or reconditioning.
The artillery battalions were equipped by the United States with
guns ranging from 105mm to 203mm, both towed and self-propelled
(see
table 15, Appendix).
The ground forces were considered to be insufficiently
protected from attack from the air, although efforts were being
made to overcome the problem by the introduction of Soviet air
defense systems. When the United States refused to replace obsolete
forward air defense weapons, Jordan turned to the Soviet Union for
help in 1981. Initial Soviet deliveries consisted of the SA-8
truck-mounted surface-to-air missile (SAM) with a range of between
ten and fourteen kilometers and the ZSU-23 radar-controlled gun
mounted on a lightly armored carriage. Both weapons had proved
vulnerable to suppression measures by Israel in fighting against
Syria. In spite of this, additional SA-8s were acquired in 1984,
together with infantry SAMs, the shoulder-fired SA-7, and the SA-9.
In 1985 the SA-13 and SA-14 were purchased as successors to the
SA-9 and SA-7, respectively. Separate air defense brigades
(actually, battalion size) were being equipped with the larger
Soviet SAMs to be attached as needed to ground formations to
provide close, mobile tactical air defense.
Antitank defense was based on the TOW (tube-launched,
optically- sighted, wire-guided) antitank missile and the
man-portable Dragon system, both from the United States, together
with more recent acquisition of the Apilas rocket launcher from
France. The LAW-80 antitank missile was acquired from Britain in
1987 to replace the Dragon. In 1985 the air force began taking
delivery of twenty-four Cobra AH-1S helicopters equipped with TOW
missiles; these were eventually to be transferred to the army.
The naval element of the armed forces, although designated the
Royal Jordanian Navy, remained an integral part of the army.
Performing essentially a coast guard mission, it had 300 officers
and men based at Al Aqabah, the country's only port, with access to
the Red Sea. The navy operated five coastal patrol boats of United
States manufacture armed with light machine guns. The navy assisted
in the maintenance of harbor security, operating in conjunction
with customs and immigration personnel to ensure the enforcement of
the country's laws and regulations. In late 1987, three larger
craft of ninety-five tons each were ordered from Britain. When
introduced, each would have a crew of sixteen and would be armed
with 20mm and 30mm guns. Israeli units at the adjacent Israeli
naval facility at Elat similarly consisted of small, lightly-armed
patrol boats.
Data as of December 1989
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