Jordan NATURAL RESOURCES
Jordan's mineral wealth and extractive industries constituted
a major source of its gross output manufacturing as well as of its
total value added in manufacturing
(see Jordan - Manufacturing
, this ch.).
Such natural resources also represented a significant element in
Jordan's exports.
Phosphates
Phosphate mine, southern Jordan
Unloading phosphates, Al Aqabah Port
Phosphate deposits were Jordan's primary natural resource and
a major source of export income. Estimates of Jordan's proven,
indicated, and probable reserves ranged from 1.5 billion to 2.5
billion tons. Even if the more conservative figure were the most
accurate, Jordan could produce at its present rate for hundreds of
years. Total 1987 production was 6.7 million tons, of which 5.7
million tons were exported as raw rock. The remainder was upgraded
into fertilizer at several facilities and either retained for
domestic use or exported. Jordan was the third ranked phosphate
exporter in the world, after Morocco and the United States, and it
had the capacity to produce well over 8 million tons annually. In
1986 phosphate sales generated US$185 million in income, which made
up 25 percent of export earnings and gave Jordan a 10 percent share
of the world market. Sales by volume in 1986 increased
approximately 14 percent over the previous year, but profits rose
only 4 percent, an indication of the depressed price for phosphates
on the world market. In 1986 long-term agreements were concluded
with Thailand and Yugoslavia that assured the added export of
almost 1 million tons per year.
In 1985 the Jordan Phosphate Mines Company closed the country's
original phosphate mine at Ar Rusayfah near Amman because it
produced low-grade rock; this left major phosphate mines in
operation at Al Hasa and Wadi Abu Ubaydah near Al Qatranah in
central Jordan, and a new high-grade mine at Ash Shidiyah, forty
kilometers south of Maan, where according to one estimate, reserves
were more than 1 billion tons.
Among Jordan's major development projects was the construction
of a US$450 million processing facility near Al Aqabah, completed
in 1982, to produce monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate
fertilizer, and other chemicals such as phosphoric acid from raw
phosphate rock. The project was envisioned as a boon to the
extractive industry because it would increase value added in its
major export commodity. Instead, it became an encumbrance as the
prices of sulfur and ammonia (which Jordan had to import to produce
the diammonium phosphate) rose while the price of diammonium
phosphate on the world market slumped. Production costs of
diammonium phosphate at various times between 1985 and 1987 ranged
from 110 percent to 160 percent of world market price for the
product. Nevertheless, Jordan remained cautiously optimistic about
the long-term prospects for the fertilizer industry because of its
geographic proximity to the large Asian markets. In 1985 Jordan
exported more than 500,000 tons of fertilizer, primarily to India
and China.
Data as of December 1989
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