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Appendix

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coefficients and Factors

When you know	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204.0	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Central Asia: Demographic Indicators, 1989-93

Indicator	Kazakstan	Kyrgyzstan	Tajikistan	Turkmenistan	Uzbekistan
Live births	316,369	128,352	186,504	124,992	711,000
Birth rate	18.7	28.6	32.5	34.9	33.3
Deaths	156,253	32,163	49,326	27,609	139,900
Death rate6	9.2	7.2	8.6	7.7	6.5
Life expectancy, male	63.8	64.6	66.8	61.8	66.0
Life expectancy, female	73.0	72.7	71.7	68.4	72.1
Marriages	146,161	40,818	53,946	34,890	235,900
Marriage rate6	8.6	9.1	0.9	9.8	11.0
Divorces	45,516	8,043	5,293	4,940	29,953
Divorce rate6	2.7	1.8	0.9	1.4	1.5

Source: Based on information from United Nations, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Demographic Yearbook 1994 , New York, 1996, 140-43.

Table 3. Central Asia: Population Distribution, 1989-92 (in thousands)

Population Group	Kazakstan	Kyrgyzstan	Tajikistan	Turkmenistan4	Uzbekistan4
Urban male	4,577	800	813	783	3,937
Urban female	5,029	881	842	808	4,104
Urban total	9,606	1,681	1,655	1,591	8,041
Urban percentage	57.6	37.9	32.5	43.9	40.6
Rural male	3,539	1,383	1,717	952	5,847
Rural female	3,576	1,388	1,720	980	5,922
Rural total	7,115	2,771	3,437	1,932	11,769
Total male	8,116	2,183	2,530	1,735	9,784
Total female	8,605	2,269	2,562	1,788	10,026
14 and younger	5,248	1,673	2,187	n.a.	8,083
15 to 39	6,851	1,794	1,996	1,453	8,029
50 to 64	3,623	756	717	510	2,894
65 and older	999	228	192	132	804

Source: Based on information from United Nations, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Demographic Yearbook 1994 , New York, 1996, 240-45.

Table 4. Central Asia: Ethnic Composition, Selected Years, 1989-94 (in percentages)

Country and Ethnic Group	1989	1991	1993	1994
Kazakstan
Kazak	39.7	41.9	43.2	44.3
Russian	37.8	37.0	36.5	35.8
Ukrainian	5.4	5.2	5.2	5.1
German	5.8	4.7	4.1	3.6
Uzbek	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.2
Tatar	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz	52.4	n.a.	56.5	n.a.
Russian	21.5	n.a.	18.8	n.a.
Uzbek	12.9	n.a.	12.9	n.a.
Ukrainian	2.5	n.a.	2.1	n.a.
German	2.4	n.a.	1.0	n.a.
Tajikistan
Tajik	62.3	63.8	n.a.	n.a.
Uzbek	23.5	24.0	n.a.	n.a.
Russian	7.6	6.5	n.a.	n.a.
Tatar	1.4	1.4	n.a.	n.a.
Turkmenistan
Turkmen	72.0	n.a.	73.3	n.a.
Russian	9.8	n.a.	9.5	n.a.
Uzbek	9.0	n.a.	9.0	n.a.
Kazak	2.0	n.a.	2.5	n.a.
Uzbekistan
Uzbek	71.4	73.0	n.a.	n.a.
Russian	8.3	7.7	n.a.	n.a.
Tajik	4.7	4.8	n.a.	n.a.
Kazak	4.1	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Tatar	2.4	2.3	n.a.	n.a.

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book 1994 , 2, London, 1994, 1679; The Europa World Year Book 1995 , 2, London, 1995, 1679, 1735, 1823, 2950, 3070, 3363; United States, Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook 1994 , Washington, 1994, 210, 222, 385, 403, 420; and 1995 Britannica Book of the Year , Chicago, 1995, 726, 746.

Table 5. Central Asia: Incidence of Selected Diseases and Mortality, 1989-91

	Kazakstan	Kyrgyzstan	Tajikistan	Turkmenistan	Uzbekistan
Viral hepatitis	465.6	710.8	918.3	735.1	1,074.5
Cancer	289.9	219.0	163.1	203.0	169.2
Tuberculosis2	65.8	53.3	44.4	63.6	46.1
Maternal mortality	53.1	42.7	38.9	55.2	42.8
Infant mortality	27.1	29.6	40.0	46.6	35.8

Source: Based on information from Christopher M. Davis, "Health Care Crisis: The Former Soviet Union," RFE/RL Research Report [Munich], 2, No. 40, October 8, 1993, 36.

Table 6. Central Asia: Percentage Change in Major Economic Indicators, 1992-93 and 1993-94

	GDP		Industrial Output		Agricultural Output
Country	1992-93	1993-94	1992-93	1993-94	1992-93	1993-94
Kazakstan	-12	-26	-17	-28	-3	-23
Kyrgyzstan	-13	-25	-24	-25	-8	-17
Tajikistan	-21	-12	-20	-31	-4	-26
Turkmenistan	8	-24	6	-24	9	-2
Uzbekistan	-3	-4	-4	1	0	13

Source: Based on information from United States, Central Intelligence Agency, Handbook of International Economic Statistics 1995 , Washington, 1995, 52.

Table 7. Kazakstan: Production of Principal Agricultural Crops, 1992-94 (in thousands of tons)

Crop	1992	1993	1994
Wheat	18,285	11,585	9,052
Barley	8,511	7,149	5,497
Potatoes	2,570	2,295	1,950
Oats	727	802	822
Tomatoes	380	320	300
Rice	467	403	283
Rye	524	835	264
Watermelons	250	202	250
Corn	370	355	233
Sugar beets	1,276	925	169
Millet	447	233	130

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book 1996 , 2, London, 1996, 1811.

Table 8. Kazakstan: Production of Principal Industrial Products, 1991-93 (in thousands of tons unless otherwise indicated)

Product	1991	1992	1993
Coke	3,711	3,404	3,300
Cotton yarn	40	37	39
Crude steel	6,754	6,337	n.a.
Electric power (in millions of kilowatt-hours)	87,379	86,128	79,174
Fabric (in thousands of square meters)	325,461	248,708	n.a.
Footwear (in thousands of pairs)	36,464	35,410	n.a.
Margarine	71	48	n.a.
Pig iron	5,226	4,952	4,666
Rubber tires (in thousands)	2,633	3,029	2,899
Sulfuric acid	3,151	2,815	2,349

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book 1996 , 2, London, 1996, 1811.

Table 9. Kazakstan: Structure of Employment, 1990-92 (in thousands of workers)

Sector	1990	1991	1992
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	1,686	1,715	1,762
Mining and quarrying	235	251	257
Manufacturing	1,247	1,218	1,160
Construction	833	690	681
Trade, restaurants, and hotels	470	461	437
Transport and communications	704	700	665
Community, social, and personal services	1,867	1,901	1,906
Utilities	66	73	83
Other activities	690	736	662
TOTAL	7,798	7,745	7,613

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book, 1995 , 2, London, 1995, 1736.

Table 10. Central Asia: Cost of Living, 1990-93

Country and Category	1990	1991	1992	1993
Kazakstan
Food	n.a.	4.7	100	2,297
Clothing	n.a.	4.7	100	1,606
Rent	n.a.	n.a.	100	16,258
Average for all items	n.a.	3.3	100	2,265
Kyrgyzstan (all items)	100	185.0	954.0	n.a.
Tajikistan
Food	101.8	194.4	1,450.5	n.a.
Alcoholic beverages	100.6	163.4	1,152.1	n.a.
Average for all items	104.0	193.0	1,153.9	n.a.
Turkmenistan (all items)4	104.2	202.5	592.9	n.a.
Uzbekistan (all items)3	100	205.0	627.7	951.1

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book 1995 , 2, London, 1995, 1737, 1825, 2952, 3071, 3364.

Table 11. Kazakstan: Foreign Trade with Selected Countries, 1992-94

	1992	1993	1994
Imports
Former Soviet Union
Armenia	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijan	1.1	0.6	0.8
Belarus	4.6	3.0	1.9
Estonia	0.1	0.3	0.0
Georgia	0.3	0.4	0.1
Kyrgyzstan	3.2	1.3	0.9
Latvia	0.1	0.5	0.2
Lithuania	0.3	0.7	0.1
Moldova	0.2	0.8	0.1
Russia	72.4	70.9	89.3
Tajikistan	0.9	0.5	0.2
Turkmenistan	2.5	4.7	0.1
Ukraine	10.5	7.3	3.6
Uzbekistan	3.7	9.0	2.6
Exports
Former Soviet Union1
Armenia	0.1	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijan	1.7	3.2	2.0
Belarus	2.7	5.0	2.6
Estonia	0.1	0.0	0.1
Georgia	0.1	0.2	0.0
Kyrgyzstan	2.5	2.3	2.2
Latvia	0.3	0.2	1.2
Lithuania	0.6	0.5	1.3
Moldova	0.3	0.4	0.1
Russia	71.0	69.7	78.7
Tajikistan	1.2	1.4	0.6
Turkmenistan	3.3	2.1	0.7
Ukraine	9.7	8.1	5.2
Uzbekistan	6.5	6.9	5.3
Imports
Other countries
Austria	30	21	16
China	213	80	46
Czech Republic	4	48	n.a.
Finland	25	5	4
France	7	9	21
Germany	19	76	125
Hungary	27	23	14
Italy	30	21	37
Switzerland	15	18	40
Turkey	5	15	17
United Kingdom	23	19	17
United States	6	38	42
Exports
Other Countries2
Australia	835	940	809
Austria	1	21	30
Belgium	11	13	16
Bulgaria	18	22	9
China	237	172	85
Czech Republic3	80	19	14
Finland	43	9	1
France	19	7	5
Germany	123	131	65
Hungary	21	37	12
Italy	40	84	24
Japan	49	37	31
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of	18	22	3
Korea, Republic of	12	46	22
Netherlands	52	49	42
Poland	49	37	13
Slovakia3	80	30	11
Sweden	150	91	5
Switzerland	104	175	345
Turkey	16	56	40
United Kingdom	26	97	87
United States	101	145	121

Source: Based on information from World Bank, Statistical Handbook 1995: States of the Former USSR , Washington, 1995, 152-54.

Table 12. Central Asia: Military Budgets and Personnel, 1992-95 (budgets in millions of United States dollars)

Country	1992	1993	1994	1995
Kazakstan
Budget	1,600	707	450	297
Personnel	63,000	44,000	40,000	40,000
Kyrgyzstan
Budget	47	51	57	13
Personnel	8,0001	12,000	12,000	12,000
Tajikistan
Budget	107	110	115	67
Personnel	6,0001	3,000	3,000	3,000
Turkmenistan
Budget	114	143	153	61
Personnel	34,0001	28,0001	28,0001	11,0001
Uzbekistan
Budget	420	390	375	315
Personnel	15,0001	40,000	39,000	25,000

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1993-1994, London, 1993, 140, 144-45; The Military Balance, 1994-1995 , London, 1994, 156-57, 162-63; The Military Balance, 1995-1996 , London, 1995, 160-61, 165-67; and The Worldwide Directory of Defense Authorities 1996 , 2, Bethesda, 1996.

Table 13. Kyrgyzstan: Production of Principal Agricultural Crops, 1992-94 (in thousands of tons)

Crop	1992	1993	1994
Wheat	634	863	611
Barley	582	539	300
Potatoes	362	291	288
Tomatoes	201	150	160
Corn	281	184	120
Sugar beets	135	207	110
Apples	75	69	65
Tobacco, leaf	56	60	58
Cotton seed	34	38	40
Cabbage	61	32	35
Grapes	31	30	28

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book 1996 , 2, London, 1996, 1900.

Table 14. Kyrgyzstan: Production of Principal Industrial Products, 1991-94

Product	1991	1992	1993	1994
Carpets (in thousands of square meters)	1,661	1,701	1,609	1,083
Cement (in thousands of tons)	1,320	1,095	672	426
Electric power (in millions of kilowatt-hours)	14,170	11,890	11,200	12,900
Fabric (in thousands of square meters)	142,778	123,781	89,138	62,144
Footwear (in thousands of pairs)	9,504	5,343	3,528	1,631
Trucks	23,600	14,800	5,000	200
Washing machines	209,400	94,000	76,800	17,100

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book 1995 , 2, London, 1995, 1824; and The Europa World Yearbook 1996 , 2, London, 1996, 1900.

Table 15. Kyrgyzstan: Foreign Trade with Selected Countries, 1992-94

	1992	1993	1994
Imports
Former Soviet Union
Armenia	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijan	0.5	0.6	0.3
Belarus	1.5	0.9	1.2
Estonia	0.0	n.a.	n.a.
Georgia	0.4	0.2	0.1
Kazakstan	23.3	28.9	28.0
Latvia	0.2	n.a.	n.a.
Lithuania	0.3	n.a.	n.a.
Moldova	0.5	0.1	0.0
Russia	49.0	47.1	33.4
Tajikistan	0.7	0.4	0.5
Turkmenistan	6.1	2.1	4.8
Ukraine	8.1	2.0	1.4
Uzbekistan	9.1	17.3	30.2
Exports
Former Soviet Union1
Armenia	0.2	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijan	0.9	1.4	0.7
Belarus	3.0	2.0	1.7
Estonia	0.2	n.a.	n.a.
Georgia	0.4	0.1	0.1
Kazakstan	22.4	29.0	42.9
Latvia	0.3	n.a.	n.a.
Lithuania	1.5	n.a.	n.a.
Moldova	0.6	0.4	0.2
Russia	39.1	45.8	26.0
Tajikistan	1.4	2.5	1.4
Turkmenistan	2.4	3.5	3.4
Ukraine	17.3	5.7	4.0
Uzbekistan	10.4	9.6	19.6
Imports
Other countries
Belgium	n.a.	4.8	n.a.
China	16.3	18.6	11.0
Czech Republic	3.3	5.4	0.0
France	6.3	3.0	1.8
Germany	n.a.	3.0	6.8
Hungary	3.7	n.a.	n.a.
Italy	1.8	0.7	0.9
Japan	0.2	0.1	2.7
Korea, Republic of	0.7	0.2	4.0
Netherlands	n.a.	0.1	1.8
Poland	0.2	8.8	15.0
Slovakia4	3.3	2.7	1.0
Sweden	0.0	0.1	2.6
Switzerland	n.a.	0.3	2.5
Turkey	3.4	4.5	2.0
Exports
Other countries3
Austria	1.0	3.1	0.2
China	28.0	59.1	56.1
France	6.8	0.0	2.2
Italy	0.5	0.4	1.8
Japan	2.7	0.0	0.0
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of	3.4	0.2	0.6
Poland	0.3	2.6	3.9
Sweden	1.5	1.1	n.a.
Turkey	1.8	1.1	2.4
United Kingdom	11.6	30.0	29.5

Source: Based on information from World Bank, Statistical Handbook 1995: States of the Former USSR , Washington, 1995, 288-90.

Table 16. Tajikistan: Production of Principal Agricultural Crops, 1992-94 (in thousands of tons)

Crop	1992	1993	1994
Vegetables	679	552	490
Cottonseed	415	382	401
Wheat	170	175	165
Fruits and berries	181	135	140
Cotton lint	126	150	135
Watermelons	136	107	105
Grapes	100	88	85
Barley	42	32	34
Corn	32	34	23

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book 1996 , 2, London, 1996, 3077.

Table 17. Tajikistan: Foreign Trade with Selected Countries, 1992-94

	1992	1993	1994
Imports
Former Soviet Union
Armenia	0.2	0.0	0.1
Azerbaijan	1.1	0.5	0.1
Belarus	2.8	3.4	0.5
Estonia	0.3	0.1	0.3
Georgia	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kazakstan	12.2	32.9	13.2
Kyrgyzstan	2.0	1.1	0.4
Latvia	0.6	0.5	0.4
Lithuania	0.7	2.2	5.5
Moldova	0.3	0.2	0.0
Russia	46.7	42.1	24.4
Turkmenistan	14.5	13.1	15.9
Ukraine	7.3	2.2	5.5
Uzbekistan	11.0	32.9	33.5
Exports
Former Soviet Union1
Armenia	0.4	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijan	3.9	0.9	0.1
Belarus	4.1	5.6	2.8
Estonia	0.5	0.1	0.5
Georgia	0.1	0.0	0.0
Kazakstan	14.7	13.7	9.2
Kyrgyzstan	2.3	3.5	1.8
Latvia	0.8	6.1	3.1
Lithuania	0.2	3.8	12.4
Moldova	0.4	2.8	1.3
Russia	47.5	52.6	42.0
Turkmenistan	4.3	2.9	1.6
Ukraine	11.7	4.2	4.6
Uzbekistan	8.9	17.0	20.6
Imports
Other countries
Austria	n.a.	13	10
Belgium	n.a.	28	23
France	n.a.	43	2
Italy	n.a.	11	1
Netherlands	n.a.	165	16
Sweden	n.a.	34	2
Switzerland	n.a.	4	98
Turkey	n.a.	5	17
United Kingdom	n.a.	6	68
United States	n.a.	33	32
Exports
Other countries2
Austria	n.a.	12	17
Belgium	n.a.	19	30
Finland	n.a.	10	18
Germany	n.a.	1	13
Japan	n.a.	22	11
Netherlands	n.a.	143	148
Sweden	n.a.	19	1
Switzerland	n.a.	1	45
United Kingdom	n.a.	2	30
United States	n.a.	24	27

Source: Based on information from World Bank, Statistical Handbook 1995: States of the Former USSR , Washington, 1995, 471-73.

Table 18. Turkmenistan: Production of Principal Agricultural Crops, 1992-94 (in thousands of tons)

Crop	1992	1993	1994
Wheat	368	502	1,063
Cottonseed	822	721	830
Cotton lint	390	402	403
Corn	147	202	252
Melons and squash	180	248	250
Tomatoes	133	150	200
Rice	64	88	149
Grapes	91	79	147
Barley	124	197	108
Onions	71	98	100

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book 1996 , 2, London, 1996, 3201.

Table 19. Turkmenistan: Production of Principal Industrial Products, 1990-92 (in thousands of tons unless otherwise indicated)

Product	1990	1991	1992
Carpets and rugs (in thousands of square meters)	1,288	1,384	1,070
Cement	1,085	904	1,051
Cotton yarn	416	420	437
Diesel oil	1,573	2,236	1,942
Electric power (in millions of kilowatt-hours)	16,637	14,915	13,136
Gasoline	773	814	1,031
Heavy fuel oil	1,218	1,991	1,667
Kerosene	110	98	327
Vegetable oil	105	104	85

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book 1995 , 2, London, 1995, 3071.

Table 20. Turkmenistan: Trade with Republics of the Former Soviet Union, 1990-92 (in percentages of total trade with former Soviet republics)

	1990	1991	1992
Imports
Armenia	n.a.	n.a.	0.4
Azerbaijan	n.a.	n.a.	8.5
Belarus	3.6	3.6	4.1
Estonia	2.9	2.9	n.a.
Georgia	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Kazakstan	4.0	4.0	11.8
Kyrgyzstan	n.a.	n.a.	1.4
Latvia	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Lithuania	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Moldova	n.a.	n.a.	0.0
Russia	41.8	41.8	35.1
Tajikistan	n.a.	n.a.	4.3
Ukraine	15.6	15.6	4.6
Uzbekistan	5.7	5.7	8.1
Exports
Armenia	n.a.	2.3	1.6
Azerbaijan	n.a.	3.9	4.3
Belarus	2.1	1.9	0.6
Estonia	2.3	2.4	0.5
Georgia	n.a.	6.7	7.5
Kazakstan	2.6	8.1	12.8
Kyrgyzstan	n.a.	3.1	0.5
Latvia	n.a.	n.a.	0.7
Lithuania	n.a.	n.a.	0.2
Moldova	n.a.	5.8	1.0
Russia	49.8	21.0	10.0
Tajikistan	n.a.	6.5	1.2
Ukraine	7.4	17.5	49.4
Uzbekistan	27.8	17.0	9.7

Source: Based on information from World Bank, Statistical Handbook 1995: States of the Former USSR , Washington, 1995, 503.

Table 21. Uzbekistan: Production of Principal Agricultural Crops, 1992-94 (in thousands of tons)

Crop	1992	1993	1994
Vegetables	4,244	3,500	3,737
Cottonseed	2,452	2,537	2,380
Wheat	964	876	1,200
Potatoes	365	463	562
Fruit	701	520	555
Rice	539	545	544
Grapes	439	480	450
Barley	361	292	340
Corn	367	404	200

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book 1996 , 2, London, 1996, 3501.

Table 22. Uzbekistan: Production of Principal Industrial Products, 1991-93 (in thousands of tons unless otherwise indicated)

Product	1991	1992	1993
Cement	6,191	5,935	5,277
Cotton fabric	392	482	370
Electric power (in millions of kilowatt-hours)	54,164	50,911	49,272
Footwear (in thousands of pairs)	45,400	39,200	39,500
Insecticides	35	28	32
Mineral fertilizers	1,660	1,361	1,273
Paper	20	16	13
Plastics	142	115	53
Refrigerators and freezers (in thousands of units)	212	84	77
Tractors (in thousands of units)	21	17	8

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book 1996 , 2, London, 1996, 3501.

Table 23. Uzbekistan: Foreign Trade with Selected Countries, 1992-94

	1992	1993	1994
Imports
Former Soviet Union
Armenia	0.1	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijan	0.4	0.0	0.0
Belarus	5.8	2.1	0.7
Estonia	0.1	0.1	0.0
Georgia	0.3	0.1	0.0
Kazakstan	12.2	17.2	11.0
Kyrgyzstan	3.4	1.5	1.6
Latvia	0.2	0.5	0.4
Lithuania	0.5	0.3	1.1
Moldova	0.3	0.1	0.1
Russia	52.9	58.9	55.0
Tajikistan	33.2	1.3	18.9
Turkmenistan	7.0	11.3	6.0
Ukraine	13.6	6.5	5.1
Exports
Former Soviet Union1
Armenia	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijan	0.9	0.0	0.0
Belarus	3.5	3.1	1.9
Estonia	0.9	0.1	0.0
Georgia	0.3	0.1	0.0
Kazakstan	11.2	16.9	17.3
Kyrgyzstan	3.7	2.8	3.7
Latvia	0.6	0.1	0.4
Lithuania	1.4	0.8	0.7
Moldova	2.0	0.2	0.1
Russia	53.1	55.5	42.8
Tajikistan	3.0	6.0	19.0
Turkmenistan	5.3	6.6	5.0
Imports
Other countries
Australia	5	19	24
Austria	15	11	27
Belgium	31	13	15
China	67	35	88
Former Czechoslovakia	17	5	16
France	5	14	11
Germany	28	56	164
Hungary	12	21	61
Italy	8	27	24
Korea, Republic of	1	9	26
Netherlands	2	102	52
Poland	15	44	17
Sweden	7	20	12
Switzerland	196	226	321
Turkey	35	229	68
United Kingdom	14	10	18
United States	21	32	95
Exports
Other countries2
Australia	4	16	n.a.
Austria	29	12	42
Belgium	112	46	8
China	40	137	77
France	39	12	1
Germany	94	20	32
Hungary	52	30	2
Italy	11	17	26
Korea, Republic of	3	55	41
Netherlands	20	38	153
Switzerland	16	72	224
Turkey	77	41	42
United Kingdom	117	134	175
United States	38	44	21

Source: Based on information from World Bank, Statistical Handbook 1995: States of the Former USSR, Washington , 1995, 578-80.

1. All figures 1993 except life expectancy (1990).

2. All figures 1992 except life expectancy (1991).

3. All figures 1993 except life expectancy (1989).

4. All figures 1989.

5. All figures 1992 except life expectancy (1989).

6. Per 1,000 population.

7. Figures do not add to totals because of rounding and because of small numbers of unidentified age in census.

8. 1991 figures.

9. 1992 figures.

10. 1989 figures.

11. n.a.--not available.

12. n.a.--not available.

13. Per 100,000 population in 1989.

14. Per 100,000 population in 1990.

15. Deaths per 100,000 live births in 1991.

16. Deaths per 1,000 live births in 1989.

17. GDP--gross domestic product.

18. n.a.--not available.

19. Base year 1992=100.

20. n.a.--not available.

21. Base year 1990=100.

22. Base year 1989=100.

23. Percentage of total trade with former Soviet republics.

24. In millions of United States dollars.

25. 1992 amounts for Czechoslovakia; 1993 and 1994 amounts divided between Czech Republic and Slovakia.

26. n.a.--not available.

27. Under joint control with Russian Federation.

28. Percentage of total trade with former Soviet republics.

29. n.a.--not available.

30. In millions of United States dollars.

31. 1992 amounts for Czechoslovakia; 1993 and 1994 amounts divided between Czech Republic and Slovakia.

32. Percentage of total trade with former Soviet republics.

33. In millions of United States dollars.

34. n.a.--not available.

35. n.a.--not available.

36. Includes melons and squash.

37. Percentage of total trade with former Soviet republics.

38. In millions of United States dollars.

39. For 1993 and 1994, figures of Czech Republic and Slovakia are combined.

40. n.a.--not available.

Kazakhstan - TABLE OF CONTENTS