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Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Educational Enrollment, Selected Academic Years, 1975-86

Level	1975-76		1980-81		1982-83		1985-86
	All Students	Females	All Students	Females	All Students	Females	All Students	Females
Primary	556,169	256,065	662,843	314,570	721,710	341,979	774,000	n.a.
Secondary	166,122	55,722	296,197	118,953	420,000	n.a.	271,000	n.a
General secondary	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	88,000	n.a.
Technical education	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	26,000	n.a.
Teachers institutes	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	35,000	n.a.
University and institutions of higher education	13,427	2,358	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	37,000	n.a.
Total	735,718	314,145	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	1,245,5081,2	575,0243

n.a.--not available.
1 Includes 15,000 children enrolled in kindergarten.
2 Figures may not add to total because of rounding.
3 Only gross figures available.

Source: Based on information from United Nations, Statistical Yearbook, 1983-84, New York, 1986, Tables 55, 56, and 57; and Az Zahf al Akhdar, Tripoli, September 1, 1986, Joint Publications Research Service, Near East/South Asia Reports, NEA-86-145, November 28, 1986, 44.

Table 3. Number of Teachers, Selected Academic Years, 1975-86

Level	1975-76		1980-81		1982-83		1985-86
	All Students	Females	All Students	Females	All Students	Females	All Students	Females
Primary	24,331	7,086	36,591	17,160	42,696	22,627	n.a.
Secondary	11,819	n.a.	24,323	5,750	30,673	8,483	n.a.
University and equivalent institutions	951	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Total	37,101	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	79,043*

n.a.--not available.
*Only gross figures available.

Source: Based on information from United Nations, Statistical Yearbook, 1983-84, New York, 1986, Tables 55, 56, and 57, and Az Zahf al Akhdar, Tripoli, September 1, 1986, Joint Publications Research Service, Near East/South Asia Reports, NEA-86-145, November 28, 1986, 44.

Table 4. Economically Active Population by Sector of Employment, 1984

Sector	Number of Employed	Percentage
Construction	197,000	21.2
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	171,500	18.5
Transportation and communications	80,000	8.6
Industry	69,000	7.4
Commerce, banking, and insurance	68,000	7.3
Public administration	60,000	6.5
Public utilities	22,500	2.4
Oil and gas, mining	19,000	2.0
Other1	240,000	25.9
Total	927,000	100.02
Total (Libyans)	664,000	71.6
Total (Non-Libyans)	263,000	28.4

1 Includes education and health.
2 Figures may not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Central Bank of Libya, Annual Report, 1984. Tripoli, n.d., 39.

Table 5. Allocations of Development Plans, 1976-80 and 1981-85

**(value in millions of Libyan dinars)1**
	1976-80		1981-85
Sector	Value	Percentage	Value	Percentage
Agriculture	1,476	16.0	3,100	17.9
Industry (light and heavy)	1,205	13.0	4,008	23.1
Public works2	1,131	12.2	3,305	19.1
Transportation and communications	930	10.0	2,204	12.7
Education	522	5.6	100	0.6
Health	276	3.0	621	3.6
Other	3,710	40.1	3,952	22.9
Total	9,250	100.03	17,290	100.03

1 For value of the Libyan dinar--see Glossary.
2 Figure for 1981-85 includes all allocations for utilities and electricity.
3 Percentages may not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Stace Birks and Clive Sinclair, "Libya: Problems of a Rentier State," in Richard Lawless and Allan Findlay, eds., North Africa: Contemporary Politics and Economic Development, New York, 1984, 243; and from Central Bank of Libya, Annual Report, 1984, Tripoli, n.d., 55, 60.

Table 6. Gross Domestic Product by Sector, 1978-84

**(in percentages)**
Sector	1978	1979	1980	198 1	1982	1983	1984
Agriculture	2	2	2	2	3	3	4
Construction	12	10	9	10	13	11	11
Electricity, gas, and water	1	0	0	1	1	1	1
Oil and gas, mining	52	60	65	54	49	47	40
Public service and administration	8	7	5	7	9	10	12
Transportation and communications	5	4	3	4	5	5	5
Other, including manufacturing	18	15	13	20	17	20	26
Total	100*	100*	100*	100*	100*	100*	100*

*Percentages may not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Central Bank of Libya, Annual Report, 1984, Tripoli, n.d., 31.

Table 7. Production of Selected Agricultural Commodities, 1981-84

Commodity	Unit	1981	1982	1983	1984*
Barley	thousands of metric tons	120.0	99.6	202.4	86.9
Beans	-do-	7.0	7.0	8.4	9.5
Eggs	millions	290.0	320.0	547.8	614.0
Fruits	thousands of metric tons	195.0	730.9	781.4	819.9
Meat	-do-	66.0	68.0	93.3	103.5
Milk	-do-	112.0	115.2	139.8	145.0
Olives	-do-	155.3	138.1	147.9	148.9
Tobacco	thousands of kilograms	487.8	329.5	487.5	n.a.
Vegetables	thousands of metric tons	739.8	730.9	781.4	819.9
Wheat	-do-	123.1	183.4	208.9	183.6

n.a.--not available.
*Preliminary figures.

Source: Based on information from Central Bank of Libya, Annual Report, 1984, Tripoli, n.d., 33.

Table 8. Balance of Payments

**(in millions of United States dollars)1**
	1978	1979	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985
Current account (excluding exceptional financing)
Export of goods2	9,900	15,981	21,919	14,731	13,701	12,348	11,028	10,345
Import of goods2	-5,764	-8,647	-10,368	-14,563	-10,976	-8,978	-8,464	-5,705
Merchandise trade balance	4,136	7,334	11,551	168	2,725	3,370	2,564	4,640
Other goods, services, income (incl. shipping) net	-2,348	-2,660	-2,204	-2,485	-2,611	-2,911	-2,767	-1,983
Private transfers	-972	-859	-1,089	-1,570	-1,597	-2,045	-1,240	-767
Official transfers	-78	-43	-46	-76	-78	-58	-81	n.a.
Current account balance	738	3,772	8,214	-3,963	-1,560	-1,643	-1,524	1,890
Capital account Long-term capital	-1,068	-930	-1,372	-1,724	-282	-557	-218	-316
(of which direct investment)	-720	-609	-1,136	-769	-411	-327	-18	-316
Short-term capital	-236	-369	-331	1,203	-331	658	404	-90
Counterpart items (incl. valuation changes in reserves)	-179	-189	-335	-678	56	-54	-241	-64
Liabilities on foreign reserves	-101	n.a.	n.a.	9	-12	-8	n.a.	n.a.
Errors and omissions	47	-253	-104	-329	172	-236	-6	850
Total capital account	-1,179	-1,363	-1,472	-879	-397	-197	-61	-380
Total changes in reserves3	-442	-2,409	-6,742	4,842	1,957	1,841	1,586	-2,270

n.a.--not available.
1 Converted from International Monetary Fund Special Drawing Rights (SDRs).
2 Free on board.
3 Because of rounding, total changes in reserves plus total capital account may not equal current account balance.

Source: Based on information from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, 1987, Washington, 1987, 457.

Table 9. Direction of Trade, 1978-84

**(in percentages)**
Country	1978	1979	1980	19 81	1982	1983	1984
Exports
Britain	1.7	1.1	0.4	0.9	4.2	2.8	2.1
France	3.6	3.6	2.7	2.8	4.0	6.9	8.1
Italy	16.2	18.5	15.3	18.5	19.4	21.8	27.5
Spain	6.3	4.8	5.1	7.4	7.6	7.9	10.5
Turkey	2.0	1.3	1.5	4.4	5.8	6.5	6.6
United States	37.5	33.5	33.0	30.3	3.5	0.0	0.0
West Germany	16.0	18.3	19.1	18.3	20.9	20.0	21.8
Other	16.7	18.9	22.9	17.4	34.6	34.1	23.4
Total exports	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Imports
Britain	7.1	7.4	7.5	6.8	6.2	4.6	4.1
France	8.3	9.0	7.5	6.5	5.7	3.7	2.6
Italy	24.1	26.6	28.6	30.6	28.8	23.4	20.6
Japan	7.5	7.5	5.9	7.6	3.8	3.8	2.6
United States	6.3	6.5	5.7	5.8	4.0	2.1	2.5
West Germany	12.8	16.3	14.1	10.6	15.8	9.4	10.0
Other	33.9	26.7	30.7	32.1	35.7	53.0	57.6
Total imports	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Sources: Based on information from The Economist Intelligence Unit, Quarterly Economic Review of Libya, London, 1983; The Economist Intelligence Unit, Quarterly Economic Review of Libya, London, 1985; and Middle East Economic Digest, Quarterly Economic Review of Libya, Tunisia, Malta: Annual Supplement 1984, London, 1984.

Table 10. Major Army Equipment, 1986

Type	Estimated number in Inventory	Country of Origin
Tanks
T-54 (100mm gun)	n.a.	Soviet Union
T-55 (100mm gun)	2,200	-do-
T-62 (115mm gun)	n.a.	-do-
T-72 (120mm gun)	160	-do-
Armored Vehicles
BRDM-2 reconnaissance	250	-do-
BMP personnel carrier	800	-do-
BTR-50/-60 personnel carrier	700	-do-
OT-62/-64 personnel carrier	400	Brazil
EE-9 reconnaissance	n.a.	-do-
EE-11 personnel carrier	100	-do-
Howitzers and Guns
D-74 122mm field gun	60	Soviet Union
M-46 130mm field gun	360	-do-
M-101 105mm howitzer	60	United States
M-1938, D-30 122mm howitzer	330	Soviet Union
M-1974 122mm howitzer, self-propelled	120	-do-
M-1973 152mm howitzer, self-propelled	48	-do-
Palmaris 155mm howitzer, self-propelled	200	Italy
Mortars
81mm, 120mm, 160mm, 240mm	450	various
Multiple Rocket Launchers
BM-21/RM-70 122mm	n.a.	n.a.
M-51 130mm	600	Soviet Union
Surface-to-Surface Missiles
FROG-7	48	-do-
Scud-B	70	-do-
Antitank Guided Missiles
Vigilant	n.a.	Britain
Milan	3,000	France
AT-3 Sagger	n.a.	Soviet Union
Surface-to-Air Missiles
SA-7	n.a.	-do-
Crotale	n.a.	France

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1986-1987, London, 1986, 103.

Table 11. Major Navy Equipment, 1986

Type	Number in Inventory	Country of Orogin
Frigates
Vosper with Otomat and Aspide missiles	1	Britain
Koni-class with SS-N-2C missiles	1	Soviet Union
Submarines
Foxtrot class	6	-do-
Mala class submersible	2	Yugoslavia
Corvettes
Wadi/Assad class with Otomat missiles	4	Italy
Nanuchka II with SS-N-2C missiles	3	Soviet Union
Fast-Attack Craft
La Combattante II with Otomat missiles	9	France
Osa II with Styx missiles	12	Soviet Union
Susah class	3	Britain
Coastal Patrol Boats
Gharyan and Benina classes	8	-do-
Landing Ships
PS-700	2	France
Polnochniy	3	Poland
Minesweepers
Natya	7	Soviet Union

Source: Based on information from International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1986-1987, London, 1986, 103.

Table 12. Major Air Force Equipment, 1986

Type	Number in Inventory	Country of Origin
Bombers
Tu-22 Blinder	7	Soviet Union
Interceptors
Mirage F-1	32	France
MiG-23 Flogger	135	Soviet Union
MiG-25 Foxbat	55	-do-
Ground Attack
Mirage 5	63	France
Mirage F-1	14	-do-
MiG-23 Flogger	54	Soviet Union
Su-20/-22 Fitter	50	-do-
Counterinsurgency
J-1 Jastreb	30	Yugoslavia
Transport
An-26 Curl	20	Soviet Union
I1-76 Candid	15	-do-
C-130H Hercules	7	United States
Boeing 707	2	-do-
C-140 Jetstar	2	-do-
G-222	17	Italy
Helicopters
Mi-24 Hind	30	Soviet Union
Mi-14 Haze	30	-do-
SA-321 Super Frelon	8	France
CH-47C Chinook	19	United States
Mi-8 Hip	12	Soviet Union
AB-212	2	Italy
SA-316B Alouette III	10	France
AB-47	9	Italy
Trainers
MiG-25 Foxbat	5	Soviet Union
MiG-23 Flogger	14	-do-
G-2 Galeb	61	Yugoslavia
L-39 Albatros	100	Czechoslovakia
SF-260	120	Italy
CM-170 Magister	12	France

Source: Based on information from International Institute of Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1986-1987, London, 1986, 103-104.

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