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Nicaragua

 
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Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors

When you kowMultiply byTo find
Millimeters0.04inches
Centimeters0.39inches
Meters3.3feet
Kilometers0.62miles
Hectares2.47acres
Square kilometers0.39square miles
Cubic meters35.3cubic feet
Liters0.26gallons
Kilograms2.2pounds
Metric tons0.98long tons
1.1short tons
2,204pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)1.8 and add 32degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Total Population and Population Density by Department, 1990

DepartmentPopulationInhabitants per Square Kilometer
Boaco117,90028
Carazo150,000137
Chinandega330,50069
Chontales129,60021
Estelí169,10078
Granada162,600164
Jinotega175,60018
León344,50066
Madriz88,70055
Managua1,026,100305
Masaya230,800335
Matagalpa322,30047
Nueva Segovia122,10034
Río San Juan52,2007
Rivas149,80068
Zelaya*298,9005
NICARAGUA3,870,70032

* As of 1993, divided into Región Autónomista Atlántico Norte and Región Autónomista Altántico Sur.

Source: Based on information from Federal Republic of Germany, Statistisches Bundesamt, Länderbericht: Nicaragua, 1991, Wiesbaden, 1991, 24.

Table 3. Socioeconomic Classes and Their Percentage of the Labor Force, 1980*

ClassNumberPercentage of Labor Force
Upper class
(large landowners or owners of large industrial, commercial, and service enterprises employing more than 100 persons)2,2000.2
Middle class
(medium landowners and owners of medium urban enterprises, independent professionals, and salaried administrators and technicians)176,50019.4
Upper peasants
(richer smallholders and their unpaid family workers)125,90013.9
Lower peasants
(poor smallholders)149,30016.4
Rural workers
(landless agricultural workers: permanent, seasonal, and unemployed)100,50011.1
Working class
(salaried workers in construction, mining, industry, commerce, services, and government)153,50016.9
Self-employed workers
(nonsalaried artisans, peddlers, and unskilled workers)79,7008.8
Domestics and urban unemployed120,40013.3
TOTAL908,000100.0

* Landholding categories are defined by size and land use. Mediumlandowners hold 50-500 manzanas (one manzana is equal to 0.7 hectares) in domestic consumption crops; 14-65 manzanas in coffee; 50-200 manzanas in cotton; or 200-1,000 manzanas in cattle. Upper peasants possess 10-50 manzanas in domestic consumption crops; 5-15 manzanas in coffee; 5-50 manzanas in cotton; or 20-200 manzanas in cattle. Large landowners and lower peasants, respectively, have holdings above and below these limits.

Source: Based on information from Richard L. Harris, "The Economic Transformation and Industrial Development of Nicaragua," in Richard L. Harris and Carlos M. Vilas (eds.), Nicaragua: A Revolution under Siege, London, 1985, 47-48.

Table 4. Enrollment by Level of Education, Selected Years, 1970-87

Level of Education1970198019851987
Primary school285,300472,200561,600583,700
Middle school and
high school42,200120,500100,000132,700
Vocational school4,44116,66141,74933,241
Teachers' college1,7572,5609,57011,228
University9,38535,26829,00026,878

Source:Based on information from Federal Republic of Germany, Statistisches Bundesamt, Länderbericht: Nicaragua, 1991, Wiesbaden, 1991, 35.

Table 5. Selected Economic Indicators, 1980- 92

(in billions of United States dollars unless otherwise indicated)
Indicator198019811982 19831984198519861987 19881989 1990199119921
Real GDP22.082.192.172.272.232.152.132.111.881.821.751.721.71
Real GDP34.65.4-0.84.6-1.6-4.1-1.0-0.7-10.9-3.0-4.0-0.7-0.5
Real GDP per
capita4750765734743708656628603520487453435423
Real GDP per
capita growth31.21.9-4.01.2-4.7-7.3-4.3-4.0-13.6-6.2-7.1-4.0-12.1
Inflation3352425313522068291214,3164,77012,33840010
Trade balance5-397-472-364-397-399-562-495-522-562-312-230-415-507
Overall balance
of payments-511-195-236-461-405-417-943-715-567-651-728-682n.a.
External debt1.592.302.783.383.954.585.326.276.778.0710.610.510.1

n.a.--not available.
1 Estimated.
2 GDP--gross domestic product; in constant 1980 United States dollars.
3 In percentages.
4 In United States dollars.
5 In millions of United States dollars.

Source:Based on information from United States, Agency for International Development, Latin America and the Caribbean: Selected Economic Data, Washington, 1992, 122; and Latin America Monitor [London], 10, No. 6, July 1993, 1174.

Table 6. Major Trading Partners,1984, 1989, and 1991

(in percentages)
Country198419891991
Exports
Germany*14.221.114.0
Japan11.56.711.0
Soviet Union2.22.9n.a.
Canada0.421.111.0
United Statesn.a.0.016.4
Imports
Mexico41.112.2n.a.
Costa Rica12.29.07.8
Soviet Union10.319.410.1
Cuba8.115.38.0
United Statesn.a.0.021.3
Venezuelan.a.n.a.7.1

n.a.--not available.
* Prior to 1990, for West Germany only. In 1991 for Germany.

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, 1991-92, London, 1991, 26; and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama [London], No. 4, 1992, 8.

Table 7. Production of Selected Commodities, 1985-89

(in thousands of tons)
Commodity198519861987 19881989
Bananas127101119144132
Beef4245403329
Coffee5043374342
Corn23423427 28299
Cotton6949493322
Rice156144149111104
Shrimp and lobster3 32 33
Sugarcane2,831 2,8102,575 1,9322,300

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, 1991-92, London, 1991, 18.

Table 8. Principal Exports, 1984-88

(in millions of United States dollars)
Commodity198419851986 19871988
Bananas1216161515
Coffee12211811013385
Cotton13491444653
Beef181151519
Shrimp and lobster13139144
Sugarcane2171145

Source:Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, 1991-92, London, 1991, 25.

Table 9. National Assembly Seats, Elections of 1985 and 1990

Party19851990
FSLN16139
MAP-ML22---3
MUR401
PCdeN52---3
PCD614---3
PLI79---3
PPSC86---3
PSC901
PSN102---3
UNO11n.a.51
TOTAL9692

n.a.--not applicable. 1 Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (Sandinista National Liberation Front).
2 Movimiento de Acción Popular--Marxista-Leninista (Popular Action Movement--Marxist-Leninist).
3 Part of the UNO coalition in 1990.
4 Movimiento de Unidad Revolucionaria (Revolutionary Unity Movement).
5 Partido Comunista de Nicaragua (Communist Party of Nicaragua).
6 Partido Conservador Demócrata (Democratic Conservative Party).
7 Partido Liberal Independiente (Independent Liberal Party).
8 Partido Popular Social Cristiano (Popular Social Christian Party).
9 Partido Social Cristiano (Social Christian Party).
10 Partido Socialista Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Socialist Party).
11 Unión Nacional Opositora (National Opposition Union). Coalition formed to compete in the 1990 election.

Source: Based on information from The Europa Year Book, 1988, 2, London, 1988; and South America, Central America, and the Caribbean, 1993, London, 1993, 475.

Table 10. UNO Political Parties, 19921

PartyOrientationLeader
APC2rightMíriam Argüello Morales
MDN3centerRoberto Urroz Castillo
PAN4centerEduardo Rivas Gasteazoro
PANC5rightHernaldo Zúñiga Montenegro
PCdeN6leftEli Altimirano
PCN7rightSilviano Matamoros Lacayo
PDCN8centerAgustín Jarquín Anaya
PICA9-do-Alejandro Pérez Arévalo
PL10-do-Andrés Zúñiga Mercado
PLC11rightJosé Somarriba
PLI12centerVirgilio Godoy Reyes
PPSC13-do-Luis Guzmán
PSD14-do-Guillermo Potoy
PSN15leftGustavo Tablada Zelaya

1 UNO--Unión Nacional Opositora (National Opposition Union). The APC, PANC, and PCN announced in 1992 that they would merge as the National Conservative Party (Partido Conservador Nationalista--PCN) for the 1996 elections.
2 Alianza Popular Conservadora (Popular Conservative Alliance).
3 Movimiento Democrático Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Democratic Movement).
4 Partido de Acción Nacional (National Action Party).
5 Partido de Acción Nacional Conservadora (Conservative National Action Party).
6 Partido Comunista de Nicaragua (Communist Party of Nicaragua).
7 Partido Conservador Nacional (National Conservative Party).
8 Partido Demócrata de Confianza Nacional (Democratic Party of National Confidence).
9 Partido Integracionalista Centroamericano (Central American Integrationist Party).
10 Partido Liberal (Liberal Party).
11 Partido Liberal Constitucionalista (Liberal Constitutionalist Party).
12 Partido Liberal Independiente (Independent Liberal Party).
13 Partido Popular Social Cristiano (Social Christian Popular Party).
14 Partido Social Demócrata (Social Democratic Party).
15 Partido Socialista Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Socialist Party).

Table 11. Non-UNO Political Parties, 19921

PartyOrientationLeader
FSLN2leftDaniel José Ortega Saavedra
MUR3-do-Moisés Hassan Morales
PCD4rightJosé Brenes
PCSN5centerErick Ramírez Benevente
PLIUN6centerRodolfo Robelo
PMLN7leftIsidro Téllez Toruño
PPSCA8centerMauricio Díaz Dávila
PRT9leftBonifacio Miranda
PS10rightFernando Agüero
PUCA11-do-Blanca Rojas
PUNC12rightWilliam Estrada

1 UNO--Unión Nacional Opositora (National Opposition Union). The PCD announced that it would merge with three UNO parties as the Nicaraguan Conservative Party (Partido Conservador Nicaragüense) for the 1996 elections.
2 Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (Sandinista National Liberation Front).
3 Movimiento de Unidad Revolucionaria (Revolutionary Unity Movement).
4 Partido Conservador Demócrata (Democratic Conservative Party).
5 Partido Social Cristiano Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Social Christian Party).
6 Partido de Liberal Independiente de Unidad Nacional(Independent Liberal Party of National Unity).
7 Partido Marxista-Leninista de Nicaragua (Nicaraguan Marxist-Leninist Party).
8 Partido Popular Social Cristiano Auténtico (Authenthic Popular Social Christian Party).
9 Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores (Workers' Revolutionary Party).
10 Partido Socialconservadismo (Social Conservative Party).
11 Partido Unionista Centroamericano (Central American Unionist Party).
12 Partido de Unidad Nacional Conservadora (National Conservative Unity Party).

Table 12. Major Items of Military Equipment, 1993

Type and Description Country of OriginInventory
Sandinista People's Army
Tanks
T-55 (heavy)Soviet Union1301
PT-76 (light) -do- 22
Armored reconnaissance
BRDM-2-do- 801
Armored personnel carriers
BTR-60-do- 19
BTR-152 (wheeled) -do- 1001
Towed artillery
D-30 (122mm)-do- 36
D-20 (152mm)-do- 60
Mortars
82mm-do-500
M-43 (120mm)-do- 20
M-160 (160mm)-do- n.a.
Multiple rocket launchers
Type 63 (107mm) China 30
BM-21 (122mm)Soviet Union 30
Antitank weapons
AT-3 Sagger missile -do- 12
ZIS-2 57mm gun -do- 325
ZIS-3 76mm gun -do- 84
M-1944 100mm gun -do- 24
Surface-to-air missiles
S-7,-14,-16 shoulder-fired-do- 500
Sandinista Air Force/Air Defense Force
Combat and counterinsurgency
Cessna 337United States 62
L-39 Aero AlbatrosCzechoslovakia 6
SF-260AItaly 4
Transport
An-2 (light)Soviet Union 8
An-26 (medium) -do- 5
Helicopters
Mi-24, -25 (attack) -do- 2
Mi-8,-17-do- 19
Air defense guns
14.5mm, 23mm, 37mm, 57mm, 100mmVarious 800
Sandinista Navy
Patrol craft
Sin HungNorth Korea 3
ZhukSoviet Union 3
VedetteFrance 2
Minehunters and minesweepers
K-8Poland 42
YevgenyaSoviet Union 72

n.a.--not available.
1 Some stored.
2 May be nonoperational.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1993-1994, London, 1993, 190; and Jane's Fighting Ships, 1993-94, Alexandria, 1993, 442.

Nicaragua - TABLE OF CONTENTS


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