Appendix A. Tables
When you kow | Multiply by | To find |
Millimeters | 0.04 | inches |
Centimeters | 0.39 | inches |
Meters | 3.3 | feet |
Kilometers | 0.62 | miles |
Hectares | 2.47 | acres |
Square kilometers | 0.39 | square miles |
Cubic meters | 35.3 | cubic feet |
Liters | 0.26 | gallons |
Kilograms | 2.2 | pounds |
Metric tons | 0.98 | long tons |
| 1.1 | short
tons |
| 2,204 | pounds |
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade) | 1.8 and
add 32 | degrees Fahrenheit |
Indicator | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 |
1989 |
Gross National Product1 | 102.7 | 128.4 | 169.2 | 204.0 |
Economic growth2 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.2 | 6.5 |
Per capita income3 | 2,503.0 | 3,098.0 | 4,040.0 | 4,830.0 |
Consumer prices4 | 1.4 | 6.1 | 7.2 | 5.2 |
Gross savings5 | 33.1 | 36.3 | 37.7 | 35.8 |
Trade account6 | 4.2 | 7.7 | 11.4 | 4.6 |
Current account6 | 4.6 | 9.9 | 14.2 | 5.0 |
Total foreign debt1 | 44.5 | 35.6 | 31.2 | 30.3 |
Gross investment share4 | 29.3 | 29.4 | 29.9 | 33.4
|
1 In billions of United States dollars.
2 In percentage change.
3 In United States dollars.
4 Annual percentage change.
5 As percentage of gross national product.
6 In billions of United States dollars, balance of payments
basis.
Source: Based on information from Korea Economic Institute of
America, Korea's Economy, Washington, 1990.
(in billions of won)*
Expenditure | 1984 | | 1986 |
| 1987 |
| Amount | Percentage | Amount |
Percentage | Amount | Percentage |
National defense | 3,539.9 | 28.2 | 4,335.5 | 28.3 | 4,793.5 | 26.1 |
General | 6,822.1 | 54.4 | 8,577.0 | 56.0 | 10,009.0 | 54.5 |
Fixed capital formation | 949.6 | 7.6 | 1,284.4 | 8.4 | 1,391.5 | 7.6 |
Net lending | -2.4 | --- | 9.5 | ---
| 0.5 | --- |
Other | 1,225.1 | 9.8 | 1,113.7 | 7.3 | 2,170.7 | 11.8 |
TOTAL | 12,534.3 | 100.0 | 15,320.1 | 100.0 | 18,365.2 | 100.0
|
---means negigible.
*For value of the won--see Glossary.
Source: Based on information from Bank of Korea, Annual
Report, 1987, Seoul, 1987, 68; and The Europa World Year
Book, 1989, 2, London, 1989, 1574.
(in billions of won)*
Source | 1984 | 1986 | 1988 |
Internal taxes | 6,697.4 | 8,464.0 | 12,545.1 |
Customs duties | 1,593.7 | 1,942.5 | 2,573.3 |
Defense surtax | 1,511.3 | 1,878.9 | 2,978.4 |
Education surtax | 284.8 | 372.4 | 512.3 |
Monopoly profits | 866.0 | 984.0 | 874.0 |
Government enterprise receipts (net) | 232.3 | 238.3 | 340.8 |
Other | 2,012.0 | 2,398.5 | 4,185.4 |
TOTAL | 13,197.5 | 16,278.6 | 24,009.3
|
*For value of the won--see Glossary.
Source: Based on information from Bank of Korea, Annual
Report 1987, Seoul, 1987, 68; and The Europa World Year
Book, 1989, 2, London, 1989, 1574.
(in millions of United States
dollars)
Year | Current Account Balance | Trade
Account Balance | Year | Current Account
Balance | Trade Account Balance |
1965 | 9 | -
240 | 1985 | -887 | -19 |
1970 | -623 | -
922 | 1986 | 4,617 | 4,206 |
1975 | 1,887 | -
1,671 | 1987 | 9,854 | 7,659 |
1980 | -5,321 | -
4,384 | 1988 | 14,266 | 11,561
|
(in billions of United States dollars)
| 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 |
1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 |
Exports | 6.28 | 8.26 | 10.52 | 10.78 | 13.92 | 18.38 | 21.47 | 20.64 |
Imports | 5.95 | 6.27 | 6.87 | 6.55 | 6.54 | 8.76 | 12.75 | 15.91 |
Trade balance* | 0.32 | 1.98 | 3.65 | 4.23 | 7.37 | 9.62 | 8.71 | 4.73
|
*Figures may not add because of rounding.
Source: Based on information from United States Department of
Commerce, International Trade Administration, Foreign
Economic Trends and Their Implications for the United States:
Korea, Washington, June 1989; United States, Department of
Commerce, International Trade Administration, Foreign
Economic Trends and Their Implications for the United States:
Korea, Washington, April 1990; and Korea Economic Institute
of America, Korea Economic Update, 1, No.2, Summer 1990,
4.
(in millions of United States
dollars)
1986 Exports | | 1986 Imports |
Country by Rank | Volume | Country by
Rank | Volume |
United States | 13,880 | Japan | 10,869 |
Japan | 5,426 | United States | 6,545 |
Hong Kong | 1,691 | West Germany | 1,216 |
Canada | 1,248 | Australia | 1,080 |
West Germany | 1,242 | Malaysia | 902 |
Britain | 1,034 | Canada | 709 |
Saudi Arabia | 855 | France | 706 |
France | 543 | Saudi
Arabia | 635 |
Australia | 535 | Britain | 454 |
Singapore | 532 | Oman | 440 |
|
1988 Exports | 1988 Imports |
Country by Rank | Volume | Country by
Rank | Volume |
United States | 21,404,087 | Japan | 15,975,786 |
Japan | 12,004,068 | United States | 12,756,657 |
Hong Kong | 3,560,944 | West Germany | 2,073,987 |
West Germany | 2,367,803 | Australia | 1,797,390 |
Britain | 1,950,899 | Malaysia | 1,331,354 |
Canada | 1,692,327 | Canada | 1,196,816 |
Singapore | 1,355,260 | France | 1,134,851 |
Saudi Arabia | 1,130,309 | Taiwan | 1,071,264 |
France | 1,064,886 | Britain | 914,503 |
Australia | 864,821 | Indonesia | 905,297
|
Source: Based on information from Korea Trade Promotion
Corporation, How to Trade with Korea: 1987--A Practical Guide
to Trade and Investment, Seoul, 1987, 20-26; and The
Europa World Year Book,1989, 2, London, 1989, 1574.
Date | Description |
July 4, 1954 (First Republic) | To amend 1948
constitution to allow direct popular election of president rather
than election by National Assembly, in which President Syngman
Rhee's Liberal Party lacked a stable majority. Passed in late-
night National Assembly session under martial law with some
opposition members under arrest and others forcibly assembled to
form quorum. |
November 27, 1954 | To eliminate limits on
presidential terms in office to permit incumbent president (Rhee)
indefinite tenure. Bill carried (after two earlier failures) by
fraudulent rounding of fractional number required for two-thirds
majority. |
June 15, 1960 (Second Republic) | To replace
presidential system with parliamentary form of government
following overthrow of President Rhee. Provided extensive civil
rights and established Central Election Management
Committee. |
November 23, 1960 | To allow ex post facto
legislation for punishment of rigging of March 1960 presidential
elections and other actions by officials under former Rhee
government. |
December 17, 1962 (Third Republic) | To reestablish
presidential form of government in civilian form for military
leaders under Park Chung Hee, who staged coup d'etat in May
1961. |
October 17, 1969 | To remove two-term restriction
to permit President Park indefinite tenure. |
November 21, 1972 (Fourth Republic--yusin
constitution) | To increase executive power by permitting
broad use of presidential emergency measures, to undercut power
of National Assembly, and to restrict many civil rights. Ratified
by referendum under martial law. |
October 22, 1980 (Fifth Republic) | To end
yusin political order and provide new constitutional
framework for military leaders under Chun Doo Hwan, who staged
coup d'etat in May 1980. Restored some civil rights, which were
qualified by accompanying legislation. Ratified by referendum
under martial law; coupled with measures barring all major
civilian politicians from political participation. |
October 28, 1987 (Sixth Republic) | To void Fifth
Republic constitution and provide for direct popular election of
president; coupled with measures restoring rights of political
participation to all politicians barred in 1980. Drafted by joint
committee of ruling and opposition party representatives
following public pledges by ruling party presidential candidate
Roh Tae Woo in June 1987. Restored stronger civil rights
provisions of 1960 and 1962 constitutions. |
Source: Based on information from Korea Annual, 1988,
Seoul, 1989, 91-94; John Kie-Chiang Oh, Korea: Democracy on
Trial, Ithaca, 1968, 43, 48; and Constitution of the Republic
of Korea, Seoul, 1987.
Area of Power | Provision |
Symbolic | Text concerning National Assembly
precedes text concerning executive. |
National Assembly and State Council | National
Assembly member apprehended or detained prior to opening of
session must be released during session on request of National
Assembly (except in cases of flagrante delicto). |
| Requires one-quarter of membership to convene
extraordinary session (versus one-third in 1980
constitution). |
| Deletes provision limiting business in
presidentially called extraordinary session to bills introduced
by president.
|
| Deletes 150-day limit on assembly
sessions. |
| Deletes reference to dissolution of
assembly. |
| Extends power of inspection or investigation of
specific matters of state affairs to include matters under
criminal investigation or trial. |
| Deletes provision disallowing motion for removal
of prime minister or State Council member(s) within first year
after appointment. |
| Deletes provision for removal of entire State
Council if prime minister is removed. |
Judicial appointments | Requires consent of
National Assembly for all appointments to Supreme Court (not just
chief justice). |
Presidency | Vote by majority of National Assembly
breaks tie in presidential elections. |
| Requires convocation of National Assembly if
there is time, prior to emergency measures or presidential orders
having legal effect. Failure to obtain National Assembly approval
voids emergency measures and restores effect of previous
laws. |
Source: Based on information from Republic of Korea,
Ministry of Culture and Information, Korean Overseas Information
Service, Constitution of the Republic of Korea, Seoul, 1980;
and Republic of Korea, Ministry of Culture and Information,
Korean Overseas Information Service, Constitution of the
Republic of Korea, Seoul, 1987.
Year | Developments |
1972 | President Park Chung Hee dismisses nine
Supreme Court justices who had overturned a law denying relatives
of war veterans right to claim compensation from state. Park's
1972 yusin constitution rescinds Supreme Court's power to
review constitutionality of laws. |
1980 | Six Supreme Court justices are interrogated
by security agency and subsequently forced to step down for their
minority views that Kim Chae-gyu, President Park's assassin, had
not conspired to overthrow government. |
Early 1980s | A number of law students are
blacklisted from enrolling in Judicial Training and Research
Institute after demonstrating against 1980 Chun Doo Hwan coup
d'etat. |
1985 | Two Seoul District Court judges are
punitively reassigned to provincial posts after acquitting
accused student demonstrators. A third judge is transferred after
protesting the reassignment. |
| Supreme Court reverses its earlier decision in
appeal case of Kang Chong-gon, a National Security Act offender
under continued detention after his original sentence had
expired. |
1986 | Justice Yi Il-kyu is denied reappointment to
Supreme Court. Among his independent decisions are a 1963
determination that voided coerced confession made by suspect on
spying charges and questioning jurisdiction of 1980 military
court in 1985 appeal by lawyer linked with opposition figure Kim
Dae Jung.
|
Party | Number of Seats |
Direct | Proportional | Percentage
of Vote | Percentage of Seats |
Democratic Justice Party | 87 | 61 | 35.3 | 53.6 |
New Korea Democratic Party | 50 | 17 | 29.2 | 24.3 |
Democratic Korea Party | 26 | 9 | 19.5 | 12.7 |
Korea Nationalist Party | 15 | 5 | 9.2 | 7.2 |
Other and independents* | 6 | 0 | 6.8 | 2.2 |
Total | 184 | 92 | 100.0 | 100.0
|
*Most independents subsequently joined one of the four major
parties.
Source: Based on information from Byung Chul Koh, "The 1985
Parliamentary Election in South Korea," Asian Survey,
25, No. 9, September 1985, 883-97.
Party | Number of
Seats | Direct | Proportional | Percentage
of Vote | Percentage of Seats |
Democratic Justice Party | 87 | 38 | 34.0 | 41.8 |
Party for Peace and Democracy | 54 | 16 | 19.3 | 23.4 |
Reunification Democratic Party | 46 | 13 | 23.8 | 19.7 |
New Democratic Republican Party | 27 | 8 | 15.6 | 11.7 |
Other and independents1 | 10 | 0 | 7.2 | 3.3 |
Total2 | 224 | 75 | 100.0 | 100.0
|
1 Most independents subsequently joined one of the four major
parties.
2 Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
Source: Based on information from Chan Wook Park, ""The 1988
National Assembly Election in South Korea: The Ruling Party's
Loss of Legislative Majority,"" Journal of Northeast Asian
Studies, 7, No. 3, Fall 1988, 65.
Year | Number of Events | Comments |
1987 | 3,749 | 70.1
percent over pay. |
1988 | 1,873 | Average duration 10 days; 51.6 percent over pay, 16.9
percent over the right to bargain collectively, 7.1 percent over
working conditions, 5.9 percent over dismissal, 3 percent over
employers' unfair acts. |
1989* | 1,678 | Average duration 17.8 days, 47.6 percent over pay,
25.5 percent over collective bargaining; 69 percent of events
ruled illegal under Labor Dispute Adjustment Law.
|
*January through October.
Date Established | Organization |
April 17, 1985 | National Federation of Student
Associations (Chonhangnyon). Action wing is Struggle Committee
for the Liberation of the Masses, the Attainment of Democracy,
and the Unification of the Nation (Sammint'u). Both outlawed as
""anti-state organizations"" under National Security Act and
suppressed in 1986. |
March 21, 1986 | Struggle Committee Against
Imperialism, the Military, and Fascism, and for the Nation and
Democracy (Mimmint'u) inaugurated at thirty-eight universities.
Mimmint'u ideology emphasizes political linkages and cooperation
among students, workers, and farmers. |
April 11, 1986 | Committee for the Anti-U.S.
Struggle for Independence and the Anti-Fascist Struggle for
Democracy (Chamint'u) formed at Seoul National University and
Korea University. Chamint'u ideology emphasizes struggle and
direct action against the government and the United States
presence in South Korea. |
May 1987 | Seoul Area Council of University Student
Representatives (Sodaehyop). Combines Chamint'u and Mimmint'u
elements. |
August 19, 1987 | National Association of
University Student Councils (Chondaehyop) established in Taejon.
Replaced and enlarged Sodaehyop. |
May 1988 | Seoul Area Federation of Student
Councils (Soch'ongnyon).
|
Source: Based on information from Wonmo Dong, "University
Students in South Korean Politics: Patterns of Radicalization in
the 1980s," Journal of International Affairs [Seoul],
40, No. 2, Winter-Spring 1987, 233-55; and "Monthly Views Two
Dissident Groups' Interactions," Sin tonga [Seoul],
March 1, 1989, 268-85, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service,
Daily Report: East Asia, April 7, 1989, 26-38.
Media | 1986 | 1988 | 1989 |
National newspapers1 | 8 | 9 | 18 |
Local newspapers1 | 10 | 10 | 24 |
News agencies | 2 | 2 | 2 |
National radio stations2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Affiliated local (rebroadcast) stations | 47 | 49 | 48 |
Television stations | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Foreign press representatives | 40 | 50 | 50 |
Periodicals3 | 2,500 | n.a. | 3,500
|
n.a.--not available.
1Newspapers are Korean-language dailies, excluding sports
newspapers.
2Excluding Far Eastern Broadcasting Company.
3Estimated.
Category | South Korea | North
Korea |
Active-duty personnel | 575,0001 | 930,000 |
Military units | 3 army
headquarters | 16 corps headquarters |
| 10 corps headquarters2 | 31 infantry divisions2 |
| 2 mechanized infantry
divisions2 | 15 armored brigades2 |
| 21 infantry divisions2 | 24 infantry brigades2 |
| 7 special forces brigades | 25 special forces brigades |
| 8 independent infantry
brigades | armor | infantry | marine | --- |
| 1 aviation brigade | --- |
| 2 surface-to-surface missile
battalions | surface-to-surface missile
battalions3 |
Equipment | 1,560 tanks | 3,500 tanks |
| 1,550 armored personnel
carriers | 1,960 armored personnel
carriers |
| 4,200 field artillery pieces | 7,800 field artillery pieces |
| 140 multiple rocket
launchers | 2,500 multiple rocker
launchers |
| 5,300 mortars | 11,000 mortars |
| 12 surface-to-surface
missiles | 70 surface-to-surface missiles
|
---means negligible.
1 Includes 25,000 marines.
2 Includes subordinate armor and artillery units.
3 Number of units unknown.
Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1989-
1990, London, 1989, 165-66; and Republic of Korea, Ministry
of National Defense, Defense White Paper, 1989, Seoul,
138-40.
Category | South Korea | North
Korea |
Personnel | 40,000 | 70,000 |
Military units1 | 22 ground
attack | interceptor squadrons | 3 bomber regiments |
| 1 reconnaissance squadron | 18 ground attack regiments |
| 1 search-and-rescue squadron | surface-to-surface missile battalions2
| 4 transport squadrons | 6+
transport regiments | | 2
defense artillery divisons |
| 5 surface-to-surface missile
battalions | 7 air defense regiments |
| 2 air defense artillery
brigades | |
| 1 counterinsurgency squadron | |
Equipment |
Fighter aircraft | 90 F-5A | B | 40 J-7 |
| 36 F-16C | D | 160 J-6 |
| 204 F-5E | F | 100 J-5 |
| 130 F-4 | 40 Q-
5 |
| 20 RF-4 | 5 | 10 Su-25 |
| 23 A-37 | 24 MiG-
29 |
| | 46 MiG-
23 |
| | 120 MiG-
21 |
| | 300 MiG-
17 |
| | 20 Su-
7 |
Bombers | 0 | 80 H-
5 |
Antisubmarine aircraft | 251 | 0 |
Transport | 37 | 280 |
Helicopters | 4003 | 142
|
1 Data on transportation, helicopter, and training units not
available.
2 Number of units unknown.
3 In army and naval aviation units. The army, navy, and air force
have an additional 263
support aircraft, including helicopters, trainers, and
transports.
Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1989-
1990, London, 1989, 165-66; and Republic of Korea, Ministry
of National Defense, Defense White Paper, 1989, Seoul,
1990, 138, 141.
Category | South Korea | North
Korea |
Personnel | 35,000 | 40,000 |
Military units | 3 fleet
commands | East Coast Fleet |
| 1 aviation command | West Coast Fleet |
| 1 amphibious command | |
| 1 logistics command | |
| 1 mine-warfare command | |
| 1 training command | |
Equipment | 3 minisubmarines | 24 submarines |
| 11 destroyers | 2
frigates |
| 17 frigates | 4
corvettes |
| 11 missile-attack craft | 29 missile-attack craft |
| 68 patrol boats | 330 patrol boats |
| 9 minesweepers | 40 minesweepers |
| 52 amphibious craft | 125 amphibious craft |
| 10 Grumman S-2 aircraft | |
| 35 Hughes 500-MD helicopters |
|
Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1989- 1990,
1989, London, 165-66; and Republic of Korea, Ministry of National Defense, Defense
White Paper, 1989, Seoul, 1990, 141.
|