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Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors

When you kowMultiply byTo find
Millimeters0.04inches
Centimeters0.39inches
Meters3.3feet
Kilometers0.62miles
Hectares2.47acres
Square kilometers0.39square miles
Cubic meters35.3cubic feet
Liters0.26gallons
Kilograms2.2pounds
Metric tons0.98long tons
1.1short tons
2,204pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)1.8 and add 32degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Major Economic Indicators, 1986-89

Indicator198619871988 1989
Gross National Product1102.7128.4169.2204.0
Economic growth212.912.812.26.5
Per capita income32,503.03,098.04,040.04,830.0
Consumer prices41.46.17.25.2
Gross savings533.136.337.735.8
Trade account64.27.711.44.6
Current account64.69.914.25.0
Total foreign debt144.535.631.230.3
Gross investment share429.329.429.933.4

1 In billions of United States dollars.
2 In percentage change.
3 In United States dollars.
4 Annual percentage change.
5 As percentage of gross national product.
6 In billions of United States dollars, balance of payments basis.

Source: Based on information from Korea Economic Institute of America, Korea's Economy, Washington, 1990.

Table 3. Central Government Expenditures, 1984, 1986, and 1987

(in billions of won)*
Expenditure19841986 1987
AmountPercentageAmount PercentageAmountPercentage
National defense3,539.928.24,335.528.34,793.526.1
General6,822.154.48,577.056.010,009.054.5
Fixed capital formation949.67.61,284.48.41,391.57.6
Net lending-2.4---9.5--- 0.5---
Other1,225.19.81,113.77.32,170.711.8
TOTAL12,534.3100.015,320.1100.018,365.2100.0

---means negigible.
*For value of the won--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Bank of Korea, Annual Report, 1987, Seoul, 1987, 68; and The Europa World Year Book, 1989, 2, London, 1989, 1574.

Table 4. Central Government Revenues, 1984, 1986, and 1988

(in billions of won)*
Source198419861988
Internal taxes6,697.48,464.012,545.1
Customs duties1,593.71,942.52,573.3
Defense surtax1,511.31,878.92,978.4
Education surtax284.8372.4512.3
Monopoly profits866.0984.0874.0
Government enterprise receipts (net)232.3238.3340.8
Other2,012.02,398.54,185.4
TOTAL13,197.516,278.624,009.3

*For value of the won--see Glossary.

Source: Based on information from Bank of Korea, Annual Report 1987, Seoul, 1987, 68; and The Europa World Year Book, 1989, 2, London, 1989, 1574.

Table 5. Balance of Payments, Selected Years, 1965-88

(in millions of United States dollars)
YearCurrent Account BalanceTrade Account BalanceYearCurrent Account BalanceTrade Account Balance
19659- 2401985-887-19
1970-623- 92219864,6174,206
19751,887- 1,67119879,8547,659
1980-5,321- 4,384198814,26611,561

Table 6. Trade with the United States, 1982-89

(in billions of United States dollars)
1982198319841985 1986198719881989
Exports6.288.2610.5210.7813.9218.3821.4720.64
Imports5.956.276.876.556.548.7612.7515.91
Trade balance*0.321.983.654.237.379.628.714.73

*Figures may not add because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from United States Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the United States: Korea, Washington, June 1989; United States, Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the United States: Korea, Washington, April 1990; and Korea Economic Institute of America, Korea Economic Update, 1, No.2, Summer 1990, 4.

Table 7. Principal Trading Partners, 1986 and 1988

(in millions of United States dollars)
1986 Exports1986 Imports
Country by RankVolumeCountry by RankVolume
United States13,880Japan10,869
Japan5,426United States6,545
Hong Kong1,691West Germany1,216
Canada1,248Australia1,080
West Germany1,242Malaysia902
Britain1,034Canada709
Saudi Arabia855France706
France543Saudi Arabia635
Australia535Britain454
Singapore532Oman440
1988 Exports1988 Imports
Country by RankVolumeCountry by RankVolume
United States21,404,087Japan15,975,786
Japan12,004,068United States12,756,657
Hong Kong3,560,944West Germany2,073,987
West Germany2,367,803Australia1,797,390
Britain1,950,899Malaysia1,331,354
Canada1,692,327Canada1,196,816
Singapore1,355,260France1,134,851
Saudi Arabia1,130,309Taiwan1,071,264
France1,064,886Britain914,503
Australia864,821Indonesia905,297

Source: Based on information from Korea Trade Promotion Corporation, How to Trade with Korea: 1987--A Practical Guide to Trade and Investment, Seoul, 1987, 20-26; and The Europa World Year Book,1989, 2, London, 1989, 1574.

Table 8. Constitutional Amendments, 1948-90

DateDescription
July 4, 1954 (First Republic)To amend 1948 constitution to allow direct popular election of president rather than election by National Assembly, in which President Syngman Rhee's Liberal Party lacked a stable majority. Passed in late- night National Assembly session under martial law with some opposition members under arrest and others forcibly assembled to form quorum.
November 27, 1954To eliminate limits on presidential terms in office to permit incumbent president (Rhee) indefinite tenure. Bill carried (after two earlier failures) by fraudulent rounding of fractional number required for two-thirds majority.
June 15, 1960 (Second Republic)To replace presidential system with parliamentary form of government following overthrow of President Rhee. Provided extensive civil rights and established Central Election Management Committee.
November 23, 1960To allow ex post facto legislation for punishment of rigging of March 1960 presidential elections and other actions by officials under former Rhee government.
December 17, 1962 (Third Republic)To reestablish presidential form of government in civilian form for military leaders under Park Chung Hee, who staged coup d'etat in May 1961.
October 17, 1969To remove two-term restriction to permit President Park indefinite tenure.
November 21, 1972 (Fourth Republic--yusin constitution)To increase executive power by permitting broad use of presidential emergency measures, to undercut power of National Assembly, and to restrict many civil rights. Ratified by referendum under martial law.
October 22, 1980 (Fifth Republic)To end yusin political order and provide new constitutional framework for military leaders under Chun Doo Hwan, who staged coup d'etat in May 1980. Restored some civil rights, which were qualified by accompanying legislation. Ratified by referendum under martial law; coupled with measures barring all major civilian politicians from political participation.
October 28, 1987 (Sixth Republic)To void Fifth Republic constitution and provide for direct popular election of president; coupled with measures restoring rights of political participation to all politicians barred in 1980. Drafted by joint committee of ruling and opposition party representatives following public pledges by ruling party presidential candidate Roh Tae Woo in June 1987. Restored stronger civil rights provisions of 1960 and 1962 constitutions.

Source: Based on information from Korea Annual, 1988, Seoul, 1989, 91-94; John Kie-Chiang Oh, Korea: Democracy on Trial, Ithaca, 1968, 43, 48; and Constitution of the Republic of Korea, Seoul, 1987.

Table 9. Status of the National Assembly under the 1987 Constitution

Area of PowerProvision
SymbolicText concerning National Assembly precedes text concerning executive.
National Assembly and State CouncilNational Assembly member apprehended or detained prior to opening of session must be released during session on request of National Assembly (except in cases of flagrante delicto).
Requires one-quarter of membership to convene extraordinary session (versus one-third in 1980 constitution).
Deletes provision limiting business in presidentially called extraordinary session to bills introduced by president.
Deletes 150-day limit on assembly sessions.
Deletes reference to dissolution of assembly.
Extends power of inspection or investigation of specific matters of state affairs to include matters under criminal investigation or trial.
Deletes provision disallowing motion for removal of prime minister or State Council member(s) within first year after appointment.
Deletes provision for removal of entire State Council if prime minister is removed.
Judicial appointmentsRequires consent of National Assembly for all appointments to Supreme Court (not just chief justice).
PresidencyVote by majority of National Assembly breaks tie in presidential elections.
Requires convocation of National Assembly if there is time, prior to emergency measures or presidential orders having legal effect. Failure to obtain National Assembly approval voids emergency measures and restores effect of previous laws.

Source: Based on information from Republic of Korea, Ministry of Culture and Information, Korean Overseas Information Service, Constitution of the Republic of Korea, Seoul, 1980; and Republic of Korea, Ministry of Culture and Information, Korean Overseas Information Service, Constitution of the Republic of Korea, Seoul, 1987.

Table 10. Executive Domination of the Judiciary, 1972-86

YearDevelopments
1972President Park Chung Hee dismisses nine Supreme Court justices who had overturned a law denying relatives of war veterans right to claim compensation from state. Park's 1972 yusin constitution rescinds Supreme Court's power to review constitutionality of laws.
1980Six Supreme Court justices are interrogated by security agency and subsequently forced to step down for their minority views that Kim Chae-gyu, President Park's assassin, had not conspired to overthrow government.
Early 1980sA number of law students are blacklisted from enrolling in Judicial Training and Research Institute after demonstrating against 1980 Chun Doo Hwan coup d'etat.
1985Two Seoul District Court judges are punitively reassigned to provincial posts after acquitting accused student demonstrators. A third judge is transferred after protesting the reassignment.
Supreme Court reverses its earlier decision in appeal case of Kang Chong-gon, a National Security Act offender under continued detention after his original sentence had expired.
1986Justice Yi Il-kyu is denied reappointment to Supreme Court. Among his independent decisions are a 1963 determination that voided coerced confession made by suspect on spying charges and questioning jurisdiction of 1980 military court in 1985 appeal by lawyer linked with opposition figure Kim Dae Jung.

Table 11. National Assembly Election Returns, February 1985

PartyNumber of Seats
DirectProportionalPercentage of VotePercentage of Seats
Democratic Justice Party876135.353.6
New Korea Democratic Party501729.224.3
Democratic Korea Party26919.512.7
Korea Nationalist Party1559.27.2
Other and independents*606.82.2
Total18492100.0100.0

*Most independents subsequently joined one of the four major parties.

Source: Based on information from Byung Chul Koh, "The 1985 Parliamentary Election in South Korea," Asian Survey, 25, No. 9, September 1985, 883-97.

Table 12. National Assembly Election Returns, April 1988

PartyNumber of SeatsDirectProportionalPercentage of VotePercentage of Seats
Democratic Justice Party873834.041.8
Party for Peace and Democracy541619.323.4
Reunification Democratic Party461323.819.7
New Democratic Republican Party27815.611.7
Other and independents11007.23.3
Total222475100.0100.0

1 Most independents subsequently joined one of the four major parties.
2 Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
Source: Based on information from Chan Wook Park, ""The 1988 National Assembly Election in South Korea: The Ruling Party's Loss of Legislative Majority,"" Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, 7, No. 3, Fall 1988, 65.

Table 13. Strikes and Labor Disputes, 1987-90

YearNumber of EventsComments
19873,74970.1 percent over pay.
19881,873Average duration 10 days; 51.6 percent over pay, 16.9 percent over the right to bargain collectively, 7.1 percent over working conditions, 5.9 percent over dismissal, 3 percent over employers' unfair acts.
1989*1,678Average duration 17.8 days, 47.6 percent over pay, 25.5 percent over collective bargaining; 69 percent of events ruled illegal under Labor Dispute Adjustment Law.

*January through October.

Table 14. Principal Radical Organizations, 1988-89

Date EstablishedOrganization
April 17, 1985National Federation of Student Associations (Chonhangnyon). Action wing is Struggle Committee for the Liberation of the Masses, the Attainment of Democracy, and the Unification of the Nation (Sammint'u). Both outlawed as ""anti-state organizations"" under National Security Act and suppressed in 1986.
March 21, 1986Struggle Committee Against Imperialism, the Military, and Fascism, and for the Nation and Democracy (Mimmint'u) inaugurated at thirty-eight universities. Mimmint'u ideology emphasizes political linkages and cooperation among students, workers, and farmers.
April 11, 1986Committee for the Anti-U.S. Struggle for Independence and the Anti-Fascist Struggle for Democracy (Chamint'u) formed at Seoul National University and Korea University. Chamint'u ideology emphasizes struggle and direct action against the government and the United States presence in South Korea.
May 1987Seoul Area Council of University Student Representatives (Sodaehyop). Combines Chamint'u and Mimmint'u elements.
August 19, 1987National Association of University Student Councils (Chondaehyop) established in Taejon. Replaced and enlarged Sodaehyop.
May 1988Seoul Area Federation of Student Councils (Soch'ongnyon).

Source: Based on information from Wonmo Dong, "University Students in South Korean Politics: Patterns of Radicalization in the 1980s," Journal of International Affairs [Seoul], 40, No. 2, Winter-Spring 1987, 233-55; and "Monthly Views Two Dissident Groups' Interactions," Sin tonga [Seoul], March 1, 1989, 268-85, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: East Asia, April 7, 1989, 26-38.

Table 15. Media Statistics, 1986, 1988, and 1989

Media198619881989
National newspapers18918
Local newspapers1101024
News agencies222
National radio stations2333
Affiliated local (rebroadcast) stations474948
Television stations222
Foreign press representatives405050
Periodicals32,500n.a.3,500

n.a.--not available.
1Newspapers are Korean-language dailies, excluding sports newspapers.
2Excluding Far Eastern Broadcasting Company.
3Estimated.

Table 16. Orders of Battle and Major Equipment for Ground Forces of South Korea and North Korea, 1990

CategorySouth KoreaNorth Korea
Active-duty personnel575,0001930,000
Military units3 army headquarters16 corps headquarters
10 corps headquarters231 infantry divisions2
2 mechanized infantry divisions215 armored brigades2
21 infantry divisions224 infantry brigades2
7 special forces brigades25 special forces brigades
8 independent infantry brigadesarmorinfantrymarine---
1 aviation brigade---
2 surface-to-surface missile battalionssurface-to-surface missile battalions3
Equipment1,560 tanks3,500 tanks
1,550 armored personnel carriers1,960 armored personnel carriers
4,200 field artillery pieces7,800 field artillery pieces
140 multiple rocket launchers2,500 multiple rocker launchers
5,300 mortars11,000 mortars
12 surface-to-surface missiles70 surface-to-surface missiles

---means negligible.
1 Includes 25,000 marines.
2 Includes subordinate armor and artillery units.
3 Number of units unknown.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1989- 1990, London, 1989, 165-66; and Republic of Korea, Ministry of National Defense, Defense White Paper, 1989, Seoul, 138-40.

Table 17. Order of Battle and Major Equipment for Air Forces of South Korea and North Korea, 1990

CategorySouth KoreaNorth Korea
Personnel40,00070,000
Military units122 ground attackinterceptor squadrons3 bomber regiments
1 reconnaissance squadron18 ground attack regiments
1 search-and-rescue squadronsurface-to-surface missile battalions2 4 transport squadrons6+ transport regiments2 defense artillery divisons
5 surface-to-surface missile battalions7 air defense regiments
2 air defense artillery brigades
1 counterinsurgency squadron
Equipment
Fighter aircraft90 F-5AB40 J-7
36 F-16CD160 J-6
204 F-5EF100 J-5
130 F-440 Q- 5
20 RF-4510 Su-25
23 A-3724 MiG- 29
46 MiG- 23
120 MiG- 21
300 MiG- 17
20 Su- 7
Bombers080 H- 5
Antisubmarine aircraft2510
Transport37280
Helicopters4003142

1 Data on transportation, helicopter, and training units not available.
2 Number of units unknown.
3 In army and naval aviation units. The army, navy, and air force have an additional 263 support aircraft, including helicopters, trainers, and transports.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1989- 1990, London, 1989, 165-66; and Republic of Korea, Ministry of National Defense, Defense White Paper, 1989, Seoul, 1990, 138, 141.

Table 18. Orders of Battle and Major Equipment for Naval Forces of South Korea and North Korea, 1990

CategorySouth KoreaNorth Korea
Personnel35,00040,000
Military units3 fleet commandsEast Coast Fleet
1 aviation commandWest Coast Fleet
1 amphibious command
1 logistics command
1 mine-warfare command
1 training command
Equipment3 minisubmarines24 submarines
11 destroyers2 frigates
17 frigates4 corvettes
11 missile-attack craft29 missile-attack craft
68 patrol boats330 patrol boats
9 minesweepers40 minesweepers
52 amphibious craft125 amphibious craft
10 Grumman S-2 aircraft
35 Hughes 500-MD helicopters

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1989- 1990, 1989, London, 165-66; and Republic of Korea, Ministry of National Defense, Defense White Paper, 1989, Seoul, 1990, 141.

South Korea - TABLE OF CONTENTS


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