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Soviet Union [USSR] The Time of Troubles
Ivan IV was succeeded by his son Fedor, who was mentally
deficient. Actual power was exercised by Fedor's brother-in-law,
Boris Godunov, a boyar. Perhaps the most important event of Fedor's
reign was the proclamation of the patriarchate of Moscow in 1589.
The patriarchate culminated the evolution of a separate and totally
independent Russian Orthodox Church.
In 1598 Fedor died without an heir, ending the Rurikid Dynasty.
Boris Godunov called a
zemskii sobor (see Glossary), which
proclaimed him tsar, although various boyar factions refused to
accept him. Widespread crop failures caused a famine between 1601
and 1603, and in the ensuing discontent, a leader emerged who
claimed to be Dmitrii, a son of Ivan IV (the actual Dmitrii had
died in 1591). This First False Dmitrii obtained military support
in Poland and began a march toward Moscow. On his way, he was
joined by dissatisfied elements ranging from peasants to boyars.
Historians speculate that Godunov would have weathered the crisis,
but he died in 1605, and, as a result, the pretender entered Moscow
and was crowned tsar, following the murder of Fedor II, Boris
Godunov's son.
Subsequently, Muscovy entered a period of continuous chaos. The
Time of Troubles included a civil war in which a struggle over the
throne was complicated by the machinations of rival boyar factions,
the intervention of Poland and Sweden, and intense popular
discontent. The First False Dmitrii and his Polish garrison were
overthrown, and a boyar, Vasilii Shuiskii, was proclaimed tsar in
1606. In his attempt to retain the throne, Shuiskii allied himself
with the Swedes. A Second False Dmitrii, allied with the Poles,
appeared. In 1610 the Polish heir apparent was proclaimed tsar, and
the Poles occupied Moscow. The Polish presence led to a patriotic
revival among the Russians, and a new army--financed by northern
merchants and blessed by the Orthodox Church--drove the Poles out
of Moscow. In 1613 a zemskii sobor chose the boyar Mikhail
Romanov as tsar, thus beginning 300 years of Romanov rule.
For over a decade, Muscovy was in chaos, but the institution of
autocracy remained intact. Despite the tsar's persecution of the
boyars, the dissatisfaction of the townspeople, and the gradual
enserfment of the peasantry, efforts at restricting the tsar were
only halfhearted. Finding no institutional alternative to
autocracy, the discontented rallied behind various pretenders.
During this period, politics consisted of gaining influence over an
autocrat or placing one's candidate on the throne. The boyars
fought among themselves, the lower classes revolted blindly, and
foreign armies occupied the Kremlin in Moscow, prompting many to
accept tsarist absolutism and autocracy as necessary to restore
unity and order in Muscovy.
Data as of May 1989
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