Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Population, 1979, 1984 and 1988

**(in thousands)**
Place	1979 Census Population	Estimated 1984 Population	Estimated 1988 Population
Municipalities
Hanoi	2,571	2,878	3,170
Haiphong	1,279	1,397	1,500
Ho Chi Minh City	3,420	3,564	3,685
Provinces
An Giang	1,532	1,765	1,980
Bac Thai	815	903	980
Ben Tre	1,042	1,164	1,275
Binh Tri Thien	1,902	2,020	2,120
Cao Bang	480	540	595
Cuu Long	1,504	1,686	1,850
Dac Lac	490	611	735
Dong Nai	1,305	1,502	1,690
Dong Thap	1,183	1,314	1,430
Gia Lai-Kon Tum	596	692	785
Ha Bac	1,663	1,892	2,110
Ha Nam Ninh	2,781	3,061	3,315
Ha Son Binh	1,537	1,705	1,850
Ha Tuyen	782	881	975
Hai Hung	2,145	2,396	2,625
Hau Giang	2,233	2,495	2,735
Hoang Lien Son	778	866	950
Kien Giang	995	1,123	1,245
Lai Chau	322	378	432
Lam Dong	397	487	580
Lang Son	485	534	580
Long An	957	1,081	1,195
Minh Hai	1,220	1,550	1,900
Nghe Tinh	3,112	3,398	3,655
Nghia Binh	2,095	2,355	2,600
Phu Khanh	1,189	1,332	1,465
Quang Nam-Da Nang	1,530	1,678	1,810
Quang Ninh	750	812	870
Son La	488	562	635
Song Be	659	734	805
Tay Ninh	684	758	830
Thai Binh	1,506	1,653	1,790
Thanh Hoa	2,532	2,780	3,010
Thuan Hai	938	1,085	1,220
Tien Giang	1,265	1,388	1,505
Vinh Phu	1,488	1,656	1,805
Special Zone
Vung Tau-Con Dao	92	94	98
TOTAL	52,742	58,770	64,385

Table 3. Ethnic Composition, 1979

Ethnic group	Alternate names	Principal areas of residence (provinces)	Population 1
Viet	Kinh	Throughout the nation	46,065,400
Hoa (Han, Chinese)	Trieu Chau, Phuc Kien, Quang Dong, Hai Nam, Ha, Xa Phang	Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Hau Ginag, Dong Nai, Minh Hai, Kien Giang, Haiphong Cuu Long	935,100
Tay	Tho, Ngan, Phen, Thu, Lao, Pa, Zi	Cao Bang, Lang Son, Ha, Tuyen, Bac Thai, Hoang Lien Son, Quang Ninh, Ha Bac, Lam Dong	901,800
Thai	Tai, Tai Khao (White Thai), Tay Dam (Black Thai), Tai Moui, Tai Thanh (Man Thanh, Hang Tong (Tai Muong), Pu Thay, Tho Da Bac	Son La, Nghe Tinh, Thanh Hoa, Lai Chau, Hoang Lien, Ha Son Binh, Lam Dong	766,700
Khmer	Cur, Cul, Cu, Tho, Khmer-Vietnamese, Khmer Krom	Hau Giang, Cuu Long, Kien Giang, Minh Hai, Ho Chi Minh City, Song Be Tay Ninh	717,300
Muong	Mol, Mual, Moi, Moi Bi, Ao Ta (Au Ta)	Ha Son Binh, Thanh Hoa, Vin Phu, Hoang Lien Son, Son La, Ha Nam Ninh	686,100
Nung	Xuong, Giang, Nung An, Phan Sinh, Nung Chao, Loi, Quy Rin, Khen Lai	Cao Bang, Lang Son, Bac Thai, Ha Tuyen, Ha Bac, Hoang Lien Son, Quang Ninh, Ho Chi Minh City, Lam Dong	559,700
Hmong (Meo)	Meo Hoa, Meo Xanh, Meo Do, Meo Den, Na Mieo, Man Trang	Ha Tuyen, Hoang Lien Son, Lai Chau, Son La, Cao Bang, Lang Son, Nghe Tinh	411,100
Zao	Man, Dong, Trai, Xa, Ziu, Mien, Kiem Mien, Quan Chet, Lo Gang, Zao Tien, Thanh Thah Y, Lan Ten, Dai Ban, Tieu Ban Coc Ngang, Coc Mun Son Dau	Ha Tuyen, Hoang Lien Son, Cao Bang, Lang Son, Bac Thai, Lai Chau, Son La, Ha Son Binh, Vinh Phu, Ha Bac, Thanh Hoa, Quang Ninh	346,800
Jarai	Giorai, Chorai, Tobuan, Hobau, Hdrung, Chor	Gia Lai-Kon Tum	184,500
Ede	Rhade, De, Kpa, Adham, Krung Ktul, Dlie Rue, Blo, Epan, Mdhur, Bih	Dac Lac, Phu Khanh	140,900
Bahnar	Golar, Tolo, Gho long, (Y-lang), Rengao, Ro Ngao, Kren, Roh, Kon Kde, A-la Kong, Kpang Kong, Bo Man	Gia Lai-Kon Tum, Nghia Binh, Phu Khanh	109,100
San Chay (Cao Lan-San Chi)	Cao Lan, Man Cao Lan, Hon Ban, San Chi (also called Son Tu but excludes the San Chi of Bao Lac and Cho Ra)	Bac Thai, Quang Ninh, Ha Bac, Cao Bang Lang Son, Ha Tuyen	77,100
Cham	Chiem Thanh, Hroi	Thuan Hai, An Giang, Ho Chi Minh City, Nghia Binh, Phu Khan	77,000
Sadang	Xo Teng, Hdang, To Trah, Mo Nam, Ha Lang, Ka Dong, Km Rang, Con Lan, Bri La, Tang	Gia Lai-Kon Tum, Quang Nam-Da-Nang	73,100
Kohor	Xre, Nop (Tu-lop), Codon Chil, Lat (Lach), Trinh	Lam Dong, Thuan Hai	70,500
Hre	Cham Re, Chom, Kre, Luy	Nghia Binh	66,900
San Ziu	San Zeo, Trai, Trai Dat, Man Quan Coc	Bac Thai, Vinh Phu, Ha Bac, Quang Ninh, Ha Tuyen	65,800
Raglai	Ra Clay, Rai, Noang, La Oang	Thuan Hai, Phu Khanh	58,000
Mnong	Phong, Nong, Pre, Bu Zang, Di Pri, Biat, Gar, Ro-lam, Chil	Dac Lac, Lam Dong, Song Be	46,000
Stieng	Xa dieng	Song Be, Tay Ninh	40,800
Bo Ru Van Kieu	Bru, Van Kieu, Mang Cong, Tri, Khua	Binh Tri Thien	33,100
Kho Mu	Khmu, Xe Cau, Mun Xen, Pu Thenh, Tenh, Tay Hay	Nghe Tinh, Son La, Lai Chau, Hoang Lien Son	32,100
Giay	Nhang, Dang, Pau Thin Pu, Na, Cui Chu, Xa	Hoang Lien Son, Ha Tuyen, Lai Chau	27,900
Ko Tu	Ka tu, Cao, Ha, Phuong, Ka Tang	Quang Nam-Da Nang, Binh Tri Thien	27,000
Tho	Keo, Mon, Cuoi, Ho, Dan Lai, Ly Ha, Tay Pong, Con Kha, Xa La Vang	Nghe Tinh, Thanh Hoa	24,900
Ta Oi	Toi Oi, Pa Co, Pa Hi (Ba Hi)	Binh Tri Thien	20,500
Ma	Chau Ma, Ma Ngan, Maxop Ma To, Ma Krung	Lam Dong, Dong Nai	20,300
Jehtrieng	Jeh, Gie, Dgieh, Tareh, Giang Ray, Pin, Trieng, Treng, Ta Rieng, Ve (Veh), La Ve, Ka Tang	Quang Nam-Da Nang, Gia Lai-Kon Tum	16,800
Co	Cor, Col, Cau, Trau	Nghia Binh, Quang Nam-Da Nang	16,800
Ha Nhi	U Ni, Xa U Ni	Lai Chau, Hoang Lien Son	9,400
Cho Ru	Chru, Che-ru, Chu	Lam Dong, Thuan Hai	7,700
Cho Ro	Zo Ro, Chau Ro	Dong Nai	7,100
Xing Mun	Puoc, Pua	Son La, Lai Chau	7000
Phu La	Bo Kho Pa, Mu Zi Pa, Xa Pho, Pho, Va Xo Lao, Pu Zang	Hoang Lien Son, Lai Chau	6,900
Lao	Lao Boc, Lao Noi	Lai Chau, Son La, Thanh Hoa, Hoang Lien Son	6,800
La Chi	Cui Te, La Qua	Ha Tuyen	5,900
La Hu	Khu Xung, Co Xung, Kha Qay	Lai Chau	4,300
La Ha	Xa Khao, Khla Phlao	Lai Chau, Son La	3,200
Lu	Nhuon (Zuon)	Lai Chau	3,000
Chut	Sach, May, Ruc, Ma Lieng, A Rem, Tu Yang, Pa Leng, Xo Lang, To Hung, Cha Cu, Tac Cui, U Mo, Xa La Vang	Binh Tri Thien	3,000
Lo Lo	Mun Zi	Cao Bang, Lang Son, Ha Tuyen	2,700
Mang	Mang U, Xa La Vang	Lai Chau	2,400
Khang	Xa Khao, Xa Sua, Xa Don Xa Dang, Xa Hoc, Xa Ai, Xa Bung, Quang Lam	Lai Chau, Son La	2,300
Pathen	Pa Hung, Tong	Ha Tuyen	2,200
Ngai	Xin, Le, Dan, Khanh Gia	Quang Ninh, Cao Bang, Lang Son	1,300
Boy	Chung Cha, Trong Gia, Tu Zi, Tu Zin	Hoang Lien Son, Ha Tuyen	1,300
Co Lao	none	Ha Tuyen	1,200
Cong	Xan Khong, Mong Nhe, Xa Xeng	Lai Chau	800
Si La	Cu De Xu, Kha Pe	Lai Chau	400
Pu Peo	Ka Beo, Pen Ti, Lo Lo	Ha Tuyen	300
Brau	Brao	Gia Lai-Kon Tum	100
O Du	Tay Hat	Nghe Tinh	100
Romam	n.a.	Gia Lai-Kon Tum	100
Other (including foreign residents)			43,400
Total			52,742,000

1 1979 census figures rounded to the nearest 100.

Source: Based on information from Vietnam Courier, [Hanoi], June 1987, 28-31; and Committee for Social Sciences, Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Vietnam Social Sciences, [Hanoi], March and April 1986, 172-76.

Table 4. Economic Growth Rate, 1976-90

**(in percentages)**
	National Income		Agricultural Production		Industrial Production
Five-Year Plans	Projected	Actual	Projected	Actual	Projected	Actual
Second Five-Year Plan (1976-80)	13-14	0.4	8-10	1.9	16-18	0.6
Third Five-Year Plan (1981-85)	4.5-5	6.4	6.0-7	4.9	4.0-5	9.5
Fourth Five-Year Plan (1986-90)*	8.0	4.3	6.2	1.4	9.0	5.6

*Projected figures through 1987; actual figures for 1986.

Source: Based on information from Tetsusaburo Kimura, Vietnam: International Relations and Economic Development, Tokyo, 1987, 164-65.

Table 5. National Income by Sector, Selected Years, 1975-85

**(in percentages)**
Sector	1975	1980	1982	198 4	1985
Agriculture	46.8	50.1	57.2	42.4	44.6
Industry	24.0	19.9	25.3	32.8	32.4
Commerce	13.5	18.2	10.5	12.8	17.9
Construction	6.2	3.4	2.4	4.5	2.4
Transport and services	4.0	4.1	2.2	2.8	0.9
Other	5.5	4.3	2.4	4.7	1.8
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Table 6. Agricultural and Industrial Production, 1975-84

(in millions of dong)*
	Agriculture	Industry
1975	6,429.5	7,288.4
1976	7,087.8	8,208.9
1977	6,740.2	9,028.9
1978	6,743.6	9,520.1
1979	7,204.1	9,089.9
1980	7,622.5	8,218.4
1981	7,867.1	9,463.0
1982	81,135.6	72,095.0
1983	84,116.3	82,999.8
1984	89,331.8	88,995.2

*1975-81 based on fixed 1970 prices; 1982-84 based on fixed 1982 prices.

Source: Based on information from Tong Cuc Thong Ke, So Lieu Thong Ke, 1930-1984 (Statistical Data, 1930-1984), Hanoi, March 1985, 40-82; Thong Ke (Statistics), Hanoi, March 1985, 31-33; and Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Southeast Asia Report, JPRS-SEA-85-100, June 1985, 96-97.

Table 7. Rice Production, 1975-85

Year	Production (million tons)	Area Cultivated (1,000 hectares)	Yield (100 kilograms/hectare)
1975	10.54	4,940	21.3
1976	11.87	5,314	22.3
1977	10.89	5,409	20.1
1978	10.04	5,442	18.5
1979	10.76	5,483	19.8
1980	11.68	5,544	21.1
1981	12.55	5,645	22.2
1982	14.17	5,709	24.8
1983	14.73	5,603	26.3
1984	15.61	5,671	27.5
1985*	16.50	5,750	28.7

*Estimated.

Source: Based on information from Tong Cuc Thong Ke So Lieu Thong Ke, 1930-84 (Statistical Data, 1930-84), Hanoi, March 1985, 93.

Table 8. Electricity and Coal Production, Selected Years, 1975- 85

	1975	1978	1980	1983	1984	1985
Electricity1	2428	3846	3680	4184	4853	5400
Coal2	5.20	6.00	5.30	6.20	4.90	6.00

1Millions of kilowatt hours.
2Millions of tons.

Source: Based on information from Statisticheskii ezhegodnik stranchlenov Soveta Ekonomicheskoi Vzaimopomoshchi (Statistical Yearbook of Member Countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), Moscow, 1986, 73, 74. Translation of Hanoi, Statistical General Department, Statistics Publishing House, So Lieu Thong Ke, 1930-84, 1985, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Southeast Asia Report, Reference Aid, Vietnam, Statistical Data 1930-84, JPRS-SEA-86-108, June 25, 1986, 44.

Table 9. Soviet Economic and Military Assistance to Vietnam, 1978-86

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
Year	Economic Assistance	Military Assistance	Total	Military Assistance as Percentage of Total
1978	700-1,000	600-800	1,300-1,800	46.1-44.4
1979	800-1,100	900-1,400	1,700-2,500	52.9-56.0
1980	2,900-3,200	800-900	3,700-4,100	21.6-22.0
1981	900	900-1,000	1,800-1,900	50.0-52.6
1982	1,200	1,000	2,200	45.4
1983	1,300	1,200	2,500	48.0
1984	1,400	1,300	2,700	48.1
1985	1,600	1,700	3,300	51.5
1986*	1,800	1,500	3,300	45.4

*Estimated.

Source: Based on information from Douglas Pike, Vietnam and the Soviet Union, Boulder, Colorado, 1987, 139.

Table 10. Foreign Trade, 1976-86

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
Year	Imports	Exports	Trade Balance
1976	825.9	215.0	-610.9
1977	1,044.1	309.0	-735.1
1978	1,465.8	406.7	-1,059.1
1979	1,653.0	383.1	-1,269.9
1980	1,576.7	398.6	-1,178.1
1981	1,697.3	388.3	-1,309.0
1982	1,599.6	479.7	-1,119.9
1983	1,689.2	534.5	-1,154.7
1984	1,802.5	570.5	-1,232.0
1985	2,046.3	660.3	-1,386.0
1986	2,506.9	739.5	-1,767.4

Source: Based on information from International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook, Washington, 1987, 412-13.

Table 11. Trade with the Soviet Union, 1976-86

**(in millions of United States dollars)**
Year	Imports	Exports	Trade Balance	Total	Trade with Soviet Union as Percentage of Total Foreign Trade
1976	308.4	84.4	-224.0	392.8	37.7
1977	372.0	176.1	-195.9	548.1	40.5
1978	446.4	222.5	-223.9	668.9	35.7
1979	680.3	225.0	-455.3	905.3	44.5
1980	700.1	242.4	-457.7	942.5	47.7
1981	1,006.4	232.2	-774.2	1,238.6	59.4
1982	1,107.4	284.4	-823.0	1,391.8	66.9
1983	1,213.9	315.3	-898.6	1,529.2	68.8
1984	1,230.1	316.0	-914.1	1,546.1	65.2
1985	1,410.9	339.3	-1,071.6	1,750.2	64.7
1986	1,878.1	419.2	-1,458.9	2,297.3	70.8

Table 12. Ministries, State Commissions, and Special Agencies of the Council of Ministers, 1987

Ministries
Agriculture and Food Industry	Home Trade
Building	Information
Communications and Transportation	Interior
Culture	Justice
Education	Labor, War Invalids, and Social Welfare
Energy	Light Industry
Engineering and Metals	Marine Products
Finance	National Defense
Foreign Affairs	Public Health
Foreign Trade	Supply
Forestry	Water Conservancy
Higher and Vocational Education
State Commissions
Capital Construction Commission	State Planning Commission
Commission for Economic Relations with Foreign Countries	State Price Commission
State Prize Commission
State Inspection Commission	State Science and Technology Commission
State Law Commission	State Bank of Vietnam
State Nationalities Commission
Special Agencies
Commissions
Vietnam News Agency	Social Science Commission
Government Organization Commission
Departments
Chemicals General Department	Meteorology and Hydrology General Department
Civil Aviation Department	Oil and Natural Gas General Department
Food Administration Department	Physical Education and Sports General Department
Forestry Administration Department
General Information Department	Political Tasks Department
General Rubber Department	Posts and Telecommunications Department
Geography Department	Railway General Department
Geology Department	Statistics General Department
Land Management General Department	Vocational Training General Department

Source: Based on information from United States Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Intelligence, Directory of Officials of Vietnam, Washington, July 1985, 27-52.

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