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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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WILDLIFE DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Cervis elaphus | Elk
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Elk are most abundantly distributed in the Intermountain West from
mid-central British Columbia and Alberta south through the western
states to mid-central Arizona and New Mexico. They are also found on
the Coast of Washington, Oregon, and northern California, and in
scattered transplanted populations in Canada and some eastern and
midwestern states. The distribution of each of the six subspecies is
listed below [7]:
C. e. ssp. canadensis - once occupied the eastern deciduous
forests, from southern Ontario and Quebec
to central Mississippi, Alabama, and
Georgia, and from just west of the
Eastern Seaboard to the midwestern
states; probably extinct
C. e. ssp. roosevelti - northwestern California, west-central
to coastal Oregon and Washington;
Vancouver Island; introduced to
Afognak Island, Alaska
C. e. ssp. merriami - once present in the mountains of Arizona,
New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico; extinct
C. e. ssp. manitobensis - scattered populations in southern and
central Manitoba and Saskatchewan
C. e. ssp. nelsoni - from mid-central British Columbia and
Alberta, south through western Montana,
Idaho, eastern Washington and Oregon,
Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, northeastern
Nevada, southwestern South Dakota,
northwestern Nebraska, the eastern half of
Arizona, and western half of New Mexico;
introduced populations exist in small
isolated areas of California, Afognak
Island, Alaska, the Yukon Territory,
North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ontario
Pennsylvania, Florida, Texas, Oklahoma,
Kansas, and New Mexico
C. e. ssp. nannodes - isolated regions of California
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
| AK |
AZ |
AR |
CA |
CO |
FL |
ID |
KS |
MI |
MN |
MT |
NE |
| NV |
NM |
ND |
OK |
OR |
SD |
TX |
UT |
VT |
VA |
WA |
WY |
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
15 Black Hills Uplift
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K025 Alder - ash forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K039 Blackbrush
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K047 Fescue - oatgrass
K048 California steppe
K049 Tule marshes
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K053 Grama - galleta steppe
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta - threeawn shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
SAF COVER TYPES :
12 Black spruce
16 Aspen
18 Paper birch
63 Cottonwood
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
207 Red fir
208 Whitebark pine
209 Bristlecone pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood - willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
235 Cottonwood - willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
240 Arizona cypress
241 Western live oak
242 Mesquite
251 White spruce - aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce - white spruce
256 California mixed subalpine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Elk were once distributed across most of North America and inhabited all
of the major forest and plains plant communities, except the western
deserts and the humid ecosystems of the Southeast [44]. Today elk
inhabit primarily forests and mountain grasslands of the West. In the
Pacific Northwest elk inhabit the dense spruce (Picea spp.)-cedar (Thuja
plicata, Chamaecyparis spp.)-hemlock (Tsuga spp.) and redwood (Sequoia
sempervirens) forests. They also inhabit the Tule marshes and
grasslands of southern California. Elk can be found in ponderosa pine
(Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and mixed
conifer forests as well as pinyon (Pinus spp.)-juniper (Juniperus spp.)
woodlands, chaparral, and the western and central grasslands of North
America [5,42,44].
REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
Related categories for Wildlife Species: Cervis elaphus
| Elk
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